EĞİM ANTRENMANLARININ SPRİNT KOŞU PARAMETRELERİNE ETKİSİ

Öz

Koşu performansının geliştirilmesi üzerine yapılan birçok çalışma, herhangi bir eğimin olmadığı yüzeylerde koşu sırasında alt ekstremite kinematiğini anlamak üzerine kurulmuştur. Eğimli yüzeylerde yapılan sprint çalışmalarının antrenman programlarına eklenmesi ile birlikte, adım parametrelerinin koşunun her bir evresindeki katkıları daha iyi anlaşılmıştır. Farklı eğim derecelerinin performansa olan etkisinin bilinmesi etkili ve pratik bazı antrenman yöntemlerinin uygulanmasına olanak verecektir. Son zamanlarda literatürde sıklıkla rastlanan bu yöntemlerin ve spor bilimleri alanındaki son gelişmelerin ülkemizde yaygınlaşması, ülkemiz sporu açısından büyük önem taşıdığı düşünülmektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı, farklı eğim antrenman yöntemlerinin farklı koşu performansları üzerine etkilerini yazılı kaynaklarda yer alan çalışma sonuçları ile özetlemek ve bu alanda çalışan araştırmacı, antrenör ve sporculara kullanabilmesi için önerilerde bulunmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• koşu,eğim koşuları,adım uzunluğu,adım frekansı,performans

EFFECTS OFSLOPE TRAINING ON SPRINT RUNNING PARAMETERS

Öz

A great number of studies conducted on developing running performance have been built on understanding the lower extremity kinematics while running on surfaces where there is no slope. With the addition of sprints on sloped surfaces to the training programs, the contributions of stride parameters to every stage of sprint have been better understood. Knowing the effect of different slope degrees on performance will enable the application of some effective and practical training methods. The fact that these methods which are frequently seen in literature recently and the recent developments in the field of sport sciences have become commonplace in our country is thought to be very important in terms of sport in our country. The purpose of this review is to summarize the effects of different slope training methods on different sprint performances through the results of studies in written sources and to make suggestions to researchers, coaches and athletes working in the field. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Running,slope surface running,stride length,stride frequency,performance

Kaynakça

1. Brüggemann GP, Glad B. Biomechanical analyses of the jumping events: Time analysis of the sprint and hurdle events. In: IAAF Scientific Research Project at the Games of the XXIVth Olympiad – Seoul, Final Report. IAAF, Monaco, 1988
2. Ferro A, Rivera A, Pagola I, Ferreruela M, Martin A, Rocandio V. Biomechanical analysis of the 7th World Championships in Athletics Seville 1999. New Stud. Athl. 2001;16:25-60
3. Babić V, Čoh M, Dizdar D. Differences in Kinematic Parameters of Athletes of Different Running Quality, Biol. Sport 2011;28(2):115-121, doi:10.5604/946493
4. Debaere S, Jonkers I, Delecluse C. The Contribution of step characteristics to sprint running performance in high level male and female athletes, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2012; 27(1)/116-124, doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825183ef
5. Chatzilazaridis I, Panoutsakopoulos V, Papaiakovou G. Stride characteristics progress in a 40-m sprinting test executed by male preadolescent, adolescent and adult athletes. Biology of Exercise, 2012; 8(2): 58-77, doi:10.4127/jbe.2012.0060
6. Padulo J, Annino G, Migliaccio GM, D’ottavio S, Tihanyi J. Kinematics of running at different slopes and speeds, 
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2012; 26(5):1331–1339, doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318231aafa
7. Hunter JP, Marshall RN, Mc Nair PJ. Interaction of step length and step rate during sprint running. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2004; 36:261-271, doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000113664.15777.53
8. Mero, A, Komi, PV, Gregor, RJ. Biomechanics of sprint running. Sports Med, 1992; 13:376-392

9. Mero A, Komi PV. Effect of supramaximal velocity on biomechanical variables in sprinting. Int J Sport Biomech, 1985; 1: 240–252, doi: 10.1123/ijsb.1.3.240
10. Luhtanen R, Komi PV. Mechanical factors influencing running speed. [w:] Assmussen, Jorgensen (red.), Biomechanics VI-B. International series on Biomechanics, 2 B, 1978:23–29
11. Milakov M, Cox V. Improving speed by training on sloping surfaces. Track Technique. 1962;8:254–255.
12. Paradisis GP, Bissas A, Cooke, CB. Combined uphill and downhill sprint running training is more efficacious than horizontal. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2009;4:229-243, doi:10.1123/ijspp.4.2.229
13. Paradisis GP,Cook CB. The effects of sprint running training on sloping surface. National Strength and Conditioning Assosiation, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2006; 20(4):767-777, doi: 10.1519/R-16834.1
14. Ebben WP, Davies JA, Clewien RW. Effects of Degree of Hill Slope on Acute Downhill Running Velocity and Acceleration, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2008; 22(3): 898-902, doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816a4149
15. Kunz H. Kaufmann D. Biomechanics of hill sprinting, Track Tech, 1981; 82: 2603-2605
16. Dintiman G,Ward RW, Tellez T. Sports speed, 2nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1998
17. Cetin E, Hindistan IE, Ozkaya YG. Effect of Different Training Methods on Stride Parameters in Speed Maintenance Phase of 100m Sprint Running, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001977
18. Arakawa K. Biomechanical study on downhill running for sprint training, Research Reports of Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1993; A-17:1-4
19. Baron B, Deruele F, Molullan F, Dalleau G, Verkindt C, Noakes TD. The eccentric muscle loading influences the pacing strategies during repeated downhill sprint intervals, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2009; 105(5):749-757, doi: 10.1007/s00421-008-0957-6
20. Paradisis GP, Cooke CB. Kinematic and postural characteristics of sprint running on sloping surface, Journal of Sports Sciences, 2001; 19:149-159, doi: 10.1080/026404101300036370
21. Paradisis GP, Bissas A, Cooke CB. Changes in leg strength and kinematics with uphill-downhill sprint training, International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 2013; 8(3):543-556, doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.8.3.543
22. Padulo J, Ardigo LP, Attene G, Cava C, Wong DP, Chamari K and et al. The effect of slope on repeated sprint ability in young soccer players, Research in Sports Medicine, 2016; 24:4, 320-330, doi: 10.1080/15438627.2016.1222276
23. Padulo J, Powell D, Milia R, Ardigo LP. A paradigm of uphill running, PLoS ONE, 2013; 8(7): e69006. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069006
24. Snyder LK, Farley CT. Energetically optimal stride frequency in running: the effects of incline and decline, The Journal of Experimental Biology, 2011; 214(Pt 12):2089-2095, doi: 10.1242/jeb.053157
25. Swanson SC, Caldwell GE. An integrated biomechanical analysis of high speed incline and level treadmill running. Med Sci Sports Exerc., 2000;32(6):1146–55.
26. Klein RM, Potteiger JA, Zebas CJ. Metabolic and biomechanical variables of two incline conditions during distance running, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 1997; 29(12):1625–1630.
27. Hamill CL, Clarke IE, Frederick EG, Goodyear LJ, Howley ET. Effects of grade running on kinematics and impact force, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 1984; 16(2):185.
28. Chu D, Korchemny R. Sprinting stride actions: Analysis and evaluation. 6, National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal., 1989, Cilt 11, s. 6-9
29. Mackala, K. Optimisation of performance through kinematic analysis of the different phases of the 100 metres. New Studies in Athletics, 2007; 22(2): 7-16
30. Armstrong, L, Costil, LD, and Gehlse, D. Biomechanical comparison of university sprinters and marathon runners. Track Tec 87:2781–2782,1984.
31. Summers, RL. Physiology and biophysics of the 100 m sprint. News Physiol Sci 12: 131-136, 1997
32. Shen, W. The effects of stride length and frequency on the speeds of elite sprinters in 100 meter dash, Biomechanical Proceedings of XVIII International Symposium of Biomechanics in Sports, Hong- Kong, 2000. pp. 333-336.