FARKLI DİZ AÇILARI VE SÜRELERDE YAPTIRILAN STATİK GERMENİN, SIÇRAMA PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE AKUT ETKİSİ

Öz

Statik germenin, vertikal sıçrama performansına akut etkisinin olumsuz olduğu ile ilgili bilimsel çalışmalar yapıldıktan sonra, antrenörlerin sporcu ısınma protokollerinde statik germe egzersizlerini kullanmadıkları görülmüştür. Bu araştırma, farklı diz açıları ve sürelerde yaptırılan statik germenin, vertikal sıçrama performansı üzerine akut etkisini tespit etmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya, Çukurova Üniversitesi Spor Kulübü’nde oynayan 19 erkek futbolcu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Katılımcıların vertikal sıçramaları, farklı diz açılarında (150⁰-130⁰) ve sürelerde (0sn-15sn-30sn-45sn) uygulanmıştır. Ölçümler, 150⁰ (birinci gün) ve 130⁰  (ikinci gün)diz açısında 4 farklı sürede (0sn-15sn-30sn-45sn) statik germe ve vertikal sıçrama yaptırılmıştır. Her sıçrama sonrası, germe süresi kadar dinlenim verilmiştir. Katılımcıların vertikal sıçramaları Takei marka Jump Meter ile yapılırken, diz açıları baseline marka plastik goniometer (30cm) ile ölçülmüştür. Verilerin analizinde; SPSS 21 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Verilerin normal dağılımlarında; Shapiro-Wilk testine bakılmıştır. Sadece 45sn statik germe değerlerinin normal dağılım göstermediği tespit edilmiştir (p=0,046). Bu nedenle grup içi; nonparametrik testlerden Wilcoxon Testi ile gruplararası karşılaştırmalarda ise; Mann Whitney U Testi kullanılmıştır. Normal dağılım gösteren parametreler için; grupiçi paired t-testi, gruplararası independent t-testi yapılmıştır. Katılımcıların sadece 130⁰ lik diz açısında 45sn statik germe sonunda yaptıkları vertikal sıçramanın 0sn deki sıçramadan daha iyi olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p=0,04). Ancak, aynı diz açısında 15sn statik germenin ise vertikal sıçramayı negatif etkilediği görülmüştür (p=0,05). Diğer ölçümler arasında anlamlı bir farklılık çıkmamıştır (p>0,05). Sonuç olarak; sporcu ısınmalarında statik germenin belirli bir diz açısı ve sürede yapılmasının, vertikal sıçrama performansında olumsuzluk yaratmayabileceği vurgulanabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• vertikal sıçrama,farklı diz açıları,süre,statik germe,süre,vertikal sıçrama

THE ACUTE EFFECT OF STATIC STRETCHING AT DIFFERENT KNEE ANGLES AND DURATIONS ON JUMP PERFORMANCE

Öz

After the scientific studies about the negative effect of static stretching on vertical jumping performance, it was observed that coaches did not use static stretching exercises in athletic warming protocols. This study was conducted to find out the acute effect of static streching performed at different knee angles and durations on vertical jump performance.

19 male football players playing in Cukurova University Sports Club participated in this study voluntarily. Vertical jumps of the participants were applied at two different knee angles (150⁰-130⁰) and durations (0s-15s-30s-45s). Measurements were performed in two days. At 150⁰ (first day) and 130⁰ knee angle (second day), static stretching and vertical stretching were made for 4 different durations (0s-15s-30s-45s). After each jump, rest time equal to stretching time was given. While vertical jump measurements of participants were made with Takei brand jump meter, knee angles measurements of participants were performed with baseline brand plastic goniometer (30cm). Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS 21 package program. Shapiro-Wilk test was conducted for normality distribution of the data. It was found that only static stretching values of 45 sec did not show normal distribution (p = 0,046). For this reason, Wilcoxon Test and Mann Whitney U Test were used for nonparametric tests. For paramaters which were normally distributed, paired t-test and independent t-test were performed.

Vertical jump after static stretching (45s) was found to be higher than baseline jump (0s) measurements only at 130 degree knee angles of the participants (p=0.04). However, at the same knee angle, 15 seconds of static stretching had a negative effect on the vertical jump (p = 0.05). There was no significant difference between the other measures (p> 0.05). As a result; it can be emphasized that static stretching exercise which is done at a certain angle of knee and duration in warm-up may not create a negative impact on vertical jump performance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Duration,Knee angles,Static stretching,Vertical jump

Kaynakça

1. Page P. Current concepts ın muscle stretching for exercise and rehabilitation. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2012;7(1):109-119.
2. Bandy WD, Irion JM, Briggler M. The effect of time and frequency of static stretching on flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Phys Ther. 1997;77:1090-1096.
3. Power K, Behm D, Cahill F, Carroll M, Young W. An acute bout of static stretching: effects on force and jumping performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36:1389-1396.
4. Smith C. The warm-up procedure: to stretch or not to stretch: a brief review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1994;19:12-17.
5. Young WB. The use of static stretching in warm-up for training and competition. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2007;2:212-216. Young W, Behm D. Should static stretching be used during a warm-up for strength and power activities? Strength Cond J. 2002;24:33-37.
6. Behm DG, Chaouachi A. A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011;111(11):2633-51. doi: 10.1007/s00421-011-1879-2.
7. Ruan M, Zhang Q, Wu X. Acute effects of static stretching of hamstring on performance and anterior cruciate ligament ınjury risk during stop-jump and cutting tasks ın female athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2017;31(5):1241–1250.
8. Kokkonen J, Nelson AG, Cornwell A. Acute muscle strength ınhibits maximal strength performance research. Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 1998;69:411-415.

9. Robbins JW, Scheuermann BW. Varying amounts of acute static stretching and its effect on vertical jump performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(3):781-6. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816a59a9.
10. Damasceno MV, Duarte M, Pasqua LA, Lima-Silva AE. MacIntosh BR, Bertuzzi R. Static stretching alters neuromuscular function and pacing strategy, but not performance, during a 3-km running time-trial. PLoS One. 2014;6;9(6): e99238. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099238.
11. Tsoukos A, Bogdanis GC, Terzis G. Veligekas P. Acute ımprovement of vertical jump performance after ısometric squats depends on knee angle and vertical jumping ability. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(8):2250-7. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001328.
12. Bishop D. Performance changes following active warm up and how to structure the warm up. Sports Med 2003;33(7):483-498. 0112-1642/03/0007-0483/$30.00/0. McGowan CJ, Pyne DB, Thompson KG, Rattray B. Warm-Up strategies for sport and exercise: mechanisms and applications. Sports Med. 2015;45(11):1523-46. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0376-x.
13. Gates DH, Walters LS, Cowley J, Wilken JM, Resnik L. Range of motion requirements for upper limb activities of daily living. Am J Occup Ther. 2016;70:7001350010p1-7001350010p10.
14. Behm DG, Blazevich AJ, Kay AD, McHugh M. Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2016;41:1–11 dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0235.
15. Rubini EC, Costa AL, Gomes, PS. The effects of stretching on strength performance. Sports Med. 2007;37:213–224. doi:10.2165/00007256-200737030-00003. PMID:17326697.
16. Shrier I. Does stretching improve performance?: A systematic and critical review of the literature. Clin. J. Sport Med. 2004;14:267–273. doi:10.1097/00042752- 200409000-00004. PMID:15377965.
17. Costa PB, Graves BS, Whitehurst M, Jacobs PL. The acute effects of different durations of static stretching on dynamic balance performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(1):141-7. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818eb052.
18. Unick J, Kieffer H, Cheesman W, Feeney A. The acute effects of static and ballistic stretching on vertical jump performance in trained women. J Strength Cond Res. 2005;19(1):206-12.
19. Çoknaz H. Ün Yıldırım N. Özengin N. Artistik cimnastikçilerde farklı germe sürelerinin performansa etkisi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2008;6(3)151-157.
20. Krishnan C, Williams GN. Effect of knee joint angle on side-to-side strength ratios. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(10):2981-7. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000476.
21. Rousanoglou EN, Barzouka KG, Boudolos KD. Seasonal changes of jumping performance and knee muscle strength in under-19 women volleyball players. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(4):1108-17. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182606e05.
22. Gheller RG, Dal Pupo J, Ache-Dias J, Detanico D, Padulo J, dos Santos SG. Effect of different knee starting angles on intersegmental coordination and performance in vertical jumps. Hum Mov Sci. 2015;42:71-80. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.04.010.
23. Mitchell LJ, Argus CK, Taylor KL, Sheppard JM, Chapman DW. The effect of ınitial knee angle on concentric-only squat jump performance. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2017;88(2):184-192. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2017.1293777.
24. Palmieri RM, Ingersoll CD, Hoffman MA. The hoffmann reflex: Methodologic considerations and applications for use in sports medicine and athletic training research. Journal of Athletic Training. 2004;39(3):268-277.
25. Cramer JT, Housh TJ, Johnson GO, Miller JM, Coburn JW, Beck TW. Acute effects of static stretching on peak torque in women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2004;18(2):236-241.
26. Avloniti A, Chatzinikolaou A, Fatouros IG, Avloniti C, Protopapa M, Draganidis D, Stampoulis T, Leontsini D, Mavropalias G, Gounelas G, Kambas A. The acute effects of static stretching on speed and agility performance depend on stretch duration and conditioning level. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(10):2767-73. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000568.
27. Pinto MD, Wilhelm EN, Tricoli V, Pinto RS, Blazevich AJ. Differential effects of 30- vs. 60-second static muscle stretching on vertical jump performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(12):3440-6. Doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000569.
28. Serbest K, Eldoğan O. İskelet kaslarının yapısı ve biyomekaniği. Academic Platform-Journal of Engineering and Science (APJES). 2014;2(3):41-51 Doi: 10.5505/apjes.2014.70299.
29. Brenner B, Eisenberg E. The mechanism of muscle contraction. Biochemical, mechanical, and structural approaches to elucidate cross-bridge action in muscle. Basic Res Cardiol. 1987;82(2):3-16.
30. Wong JD, Bobbert MF, Soest AJ, Gribble PL, Kistemaker DA. Optimizing the distribution of leg muscles for vertical jumping. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):1-15. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150019 PMCID: PMC4769356.
31. Knudson D, Bennett K, Corn R, Leick D, Smith C. Acute effects of stretching are not evident in the kinematics of the vertical jump. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15(1):98-101.