BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

COMPETING FOR WAVES: THE UNJUST REALITY OF WOMEN´S POSITION IN THE WORLD OF SURFING

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 63 - 74, 31.12.2016

Öz

Throughout the years, women have suffered from oppression delivered by the male chauvinism. This maltreatment was present in every aspect of life, and surf was no exception. Since surfing has existed, it has been thought to be a sport just for men. Has this misconception driven women to avoid the sport at all costs for several years and dedicate themselves to completely different activities? This paper will provide an insight on the evolution of women´s role in this sport. Moreover, the situation which women from all over the world have been forced to bear will be analyzed. For many years, women have lived in a sexist society, which has given privileges to men in every aspect of life. Due to this fact, men have built this idea of superiority when compared to women. This misconception has driven male surfers to think that they are the only one worthy of surfing at a competitive level. They often insult and assault women who attempt to join the surf world. Fortunately, this sexist way of conceiving women´s role in surfing has changed with the passing of time. Consequently, nowadays it is able to see millions of woman enroll in the historic sport. Even so, many years of unfair differences and oppressions had to pass in order for women to be treated equally in the Surf world.

Kaynakça

  • Klein A. Surfing. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott; 1965.
  • Kendall G. Fashion brand merchandising. New York: Fairchild Books; 2009.
  • Cotterill P, Letherby, G. Weaving stories: personal auto/biographies in feminist research, Sociology, 1993; 27(1): 67-79.
  • Afcari K, Osborne M. Sister surfer: A woman’s guide to surfing with bliss and courage. CT: The Lyons Press; 2005.
  • Young K, White P. Sport, Physical danger and injury: the experience of elite women athletes, Journal of Sport and Sociel Issues, 1995; 19(1):45-61.
  • Hargreaves J. Sport, power and culture: a social and historical analysis of popular sports in Britain. Cambridge: Polity Press; 1986.
  • Krane V. We can be athletic and feminine, but do we want to? Challenging hegemonic femininity in women’s sport, Quest, 2001;
  • :115-133.
  • Blinde EM, Taub DE, Han L. Sport participation and women’s personal empowerment: experiences of the college athlete, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 1993; 17:47-60.
  • Roster CA. “Girl power” and participation in macho recreation: the case of female Harley riders, Leisure Sciences, 2007; 29(5): 443-461.
  • Vlachos A. Girls don´t surf: The gender inequality of women surfers. Master’s thesis, 2008, California State University, 1-80.
  • Caruso M. Healing Waters, Surfer’s Path, 2005; 50: 124–129.
  • Reed RM. Women on waves: surfing towards gender equality, Master’s thesis, 2010, California State University, 1-102.
  • Booth D. From bikinis to boardshorts: wahines and the paradoxes of surfing culture, Journal of Sports History, 2001; 28(1): 3-22.
  • Pierce K. Women in Sports: Equity for All [cited 2015 Dec 16]. Available from: http://womeninsports.weebly.com/effects.html
  • Barbara, CA, 2009. The Women and the Waves, [cited 2015 Dec 25]. http://www.coastalsurvey.com/2009/08/women-who-surf/.
  • Yogis J. Saltwater Buddha: A surfer's quest to find zen on the sea. MA: Wisdom Publications; 2009.
  • Gabbard A. Girl in the curl: A century of women in surfing. Seattle, WA: Seal Press, 2000.
  • Kampion D. Stoked: a history of surf culture. Salt Lake City, UT: G. Smith; 2003a.
  • Wiatt G. Killing waves: surfing, space and gender, Social and Cultural Geography, 2008; 9(1): 75-94.
  • Linden N. Surf girl Roxy. San Francisco: Chronicle Books; 2008.
  • Heywood L, Dworkin S. Built to win: the female athlete as cultural icon, Sports and Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 2003.
  • Kaiser S, Lennon S, Damhorst ML. Forum: gendered appearances in twentieth-century popular media, The Journal of the Costume Society of America, 1991; 18(1): 49-53.
  • Melakian B. Alana Blanchard, Super Magazine, 14 January 2014.
  • Southerden L. Surf's up: the girl's guide to surfing. New York: Ballantine Books; 2005.
  • Hudson and Euwer. The Women and the Waves.
  • Warshaw M. The encyclopedia of surfing. Orlando, FL: Harcourt; 2003.
  • Franklin RM. Recognition for female surfers: riding a wave of sponsorship?, In: Garrick B, Poed S, Skinner J editors, Educational planet shapers: researching, hypothesizing, dreaming the future, Australia: Post Pressed; 2009.
  • Stedman L. From gidget to gonad man: surfers, feminists, and post modernization, The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 1997; 3(1): 75-90.
  • Herreria C. Before female surfers were sex symbols, they were trailblazers, Huffington post, [cited 2015 Dec 3].
  • Brown Girl Surf Blog. Muslim surfer girl part 2. Available from: http://www.browngirlsurf.com/blog/muslim-surfer-girl-part-ii
  • Comer K. Surfer girls in the new world order. Durham: Duke University Press; 2010.
  • Sisjord MK. Fast-girls, babes and the invisible girls: gender relations in snowboarding, Sport in Society, 2009; 13(2): 1299-1316.
  • Rinehart R. Babes and boards: opportunities in new millennium sport? Journal of Sport and Social Science, 2005; 29(3): 232-255.
  • Thorpe H, Olive R. The power, politics and potential od feminist sports history: a multi-generational dialogue, Journal of Sports History, 2012; 39(3): 379-394.
  • Abulhawa D. Female skateboarding: re-writing gender, Platform: Postgraduate eJournal of Theatre and Performing Arts, 2008; 3(1): 56-72.
  • Rinehart R. Babes and boards: opportunities in new millennium sport?, Journal of Sport and Social Science, 2005; 29(3): 232-255.
  • Mitchell C, Reid-Walsh JJ. Girl culture: an encyclopedia. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2008.
  • Comer K. Surfer girls in the new world order. Durham: Duke University Press; 2010.
  • Stranger M. Surfing life: surface, substructure and the commodification of the sublime. England: Ashgate Publishing Company,
  • Heywood L. Third wave feminism, the global economy, and women's surfing: sport as stealth feminism in girls' surf culture. In Anita Harris (Ed: 63-82), next wave cultures: feminism, subcultures, activism, London: Routledge, 2008.
  • Colburn B et al. Surf culture: the art history of surfing. Corte Madera. CA: Ginko Press; 2002.
  • Espejo A, Losada JI, Méndez FJ. Surfing wave climate variability. Global and Planetary Change, 2014; 121: 19-25.
  • Sönmez U. Rüzgar sörfünün yayılması açısından sörf tüketicisinin belirlenmesi ve sörf okullarının önemi, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık bilimleri Enstitüsü Sporda Psiko-sosyal Alanlar Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2006.
  • Dalkıran A, Bal E. Alaçatı’da toplumsal ve mekânsal farklılıklar üzerinde yükselen farklı turizm eğilimleri, Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 2007; 16: 53-67.
  • Buckley RC. Surf tourism and sustainable development in Indo Pacific Island- the industry and the islands, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2002; 10(5): 405-424.
  • Morgan R. Surf’s up! (For young women and 50+ folks, at least)’, [cited 2015 Dec 21]. Available from: http://www.roymorgan.com/findings/6202-surfs-up-for-young-women-fifty-plus-201504222329
  • Heywood L. The women's movement today: an encyclopedia of third wave feminism. Jaipur and New Delhi: Rawat Publications, 2007.
Yıl 2017, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 63 - 74, 31.12.2016

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Klein A. Surfing. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott; 1965.
  • Kendall G. Fashion brand merchandising. New York: Fairchild Books; 2009.
  • Cotterill P, Letherby, G. Weaving stories: personal auto/biographies in feminist research, Sociology, 1993; 27(1): 67-79.
  • Afcari K, Osborne M. Sister surfer: A woman’s guide to surfing with bliss and courage. CT: The Lyons Press; 2005.
  • Young K, White P. Sport, Physical danger and injury: the experience of elite women athletes, Journal of Sport and Sociel Issues, 1995; 19(1):45-61.
  • Hargreaves J. Sport, power and culture: a social and historical analysis of popular sports in Britain. Cambridge: Polity Press; 1986.
  • Krane V. We can be athletic and feminine, but do we want to? Challenging hegemonic femininity in women’s sport, Quest, 2001;
  • :115-133.
  • Blinde EM, Taub DE, Han L. Sport participation and women’s personal empowerment: experiences of the college athlete, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 1993; 17:47-60.
  • Roster CA. “Girl power” and participation in macho recreation: the case of female Harley riders, Leisure Sciences, 2007; 29(5): 443-461.
  • Vlachos A. Girls don´t surf: The gender inequality of women surfers. Master’s thesis, 2008, California State University, 1-80.
  • Caruso M. Healing Waters, Surfer’s Path, 2005; 50: 124–129.
  • Reed RM. Women on waves: surfing towards gender equality, Master’s thesis, 2010, California State University, 1-102.
  • Booth D. From bikinis to boardshorts: wahines and the paradoxes of surfing culture, Journal of Sports History, 2001; 28(1): 3-22.
  • Pierce K. Women in Sports: Equity for All [cited 2015 Dec 16]. Available from: http://womeninsports.weebly.com/effects.html
  • Barbara, CA, 2009. The Women and the Waves, [cited 2015 Dec 25]. http://www.coastalsurvey.com/2009/08/women-who-surf/.
  • Yogis J. Saltwater Buddha: A surfer's quest to find zen on the sea. MA: Wisdom Publications; 2009.
  • Gabbard A. Girl in the curl: A century of women in surfing. Seattle, WA: Seal Press, 2000.
  • Kampion D. Stoked: a history of surf culture. Salt Lake City, UT: G. Smith; 2003a.
  • Wiatt G. Killing waves: surfing, space and gender, Social and Cultural Geography, 2008; 9(1): 75-94.
  • Linden N. Surf girl Roxy. San Francisco: Chronicle Books; 2008.
  • Heywood L, Dworkin S. Built to win: the female athlete as cultural icon, Sports and Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 2003.
  • Kaiser S, Lennon S, Damhorst ML. Forum: gendered appearances in twentieth-century popular media, The Journal of the Costume Society of America, 1991; 18(1): 49-53.
  • Melakian B. Alana Blanchard, Super Magazine, 14 January 2014.
  • Southerden L. Surf's up: the girl's guide to surfing. New York: Ballantine Books; 2005.
  • Hudson and Euwer. The Women and the Waves.
  • Warshaw M. The encyclopedia of surfing. Orlando, FL: Harcourt; 2003.
  • Franklin RM. Recognition for female surfers: riding a wave of sponsorship?, In: Garrick B, Poed S, Skinner J editors, Educational planet shapers: researching, hypothesizing, dreaming the future, Australia: Post Pressed; 2009.
  • Stedman L. From gidget to gonad man: surfers, feminists, and post modernization, The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 1997; 3(1): 75-90.
  • Herreria C. Before female surfers were sex symbols, they were trailblazers, Huffington post, [cited 2015 Dec 3].
  • Brown Girl Surf Blog. Muslim surfer girl part 2. Available from: http://www.browngirlsurf.com/blog/muslim-surfer-girl-part-ii
  • Comer K. Surfer girls in the new world order. Durham: Duke University Press; 2010.
  • Sisjord MK. Fast-girls, babes and the invisible girls: gender relations in snowboarding, Sport in Society, 2009; 13(2): 1299-1316.
  • Rinehart R. Babes and boards: opportunities in new millennium sport? Journal of Sport and Social Science, 2005; 29(3): 232-255.
  • Thorpe H, Olive R. The power, politics and potential od feminist sports history: a multi-generational dialogue, Journal of Sports History, 2012; 39(3): 379-394.
  • Abulhawa D. Female skateboarding: re-writing gender, Platform: Postgraduate eJournal of Theatre and Performing Arts, 2008; 3(1): 56-72.
  • Rinehart R. Babes and boards: opportunities in new millennium sport?, Journal of Sport and Social Science, 2005; 29(3): 232-255.
  • Mitchell C, Reid-Walsh JJ. Girl culture: an encyclopedia. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2008.
  • Comer K. Surfer girls in the new world order. Durham: Duke University Press; 2010.
  • Stranger M. Surfing life: surface, substructure and the commodification of the sublime. England: Ashgate Publishing Company,
  • Heywood L. Third wave feminism, the global economy, and women's surfing: sport as stealth feminism in girls' surf culture. In Anita Harris (Ed: 63-82), next wave cultures: feminism, subcultures, activism, London: Routledge, 2008.
  • Colburn B et al. Surf culture: the art history of surfing. Corte Madera. CA: Ginko Press; 2002.
  • Espejo A, Losada JI, Méndez FJ. Surfing wave climate variability. Global and Planetary Change, 2014; 121: 19-25.
  • Sönmez U. Rüzgar sörfünün yayılması açısından sörf tüketicisinin belirlenmesi ve sörf okullarının önemi, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık bilimleri Enstitüsü Sporda Psiko-sosyal Alanlar Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2006.
  • Dalkıran A, Bal E. Alaçatı’da toplumsal ve mekânsal farklılıklar üzerinde yükselen farklı turizm eğilimleri, Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 2007; 16: 53-67.
  • Buckley RC. Surf tourism and sustainable development in Indo Pacific Island- the industry and the islands, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2002; 10(5): 405-424.
  • Morgan R. Surf’s up! (For young women and 50+ folks, at least)’, [cited 2015 Dec 21]. Available from: http://www.roymorgan.com/findings/6202-surfs-up-for-young-women-fifty-plus-201504222329
  • Heywood L. The women's movement today: an encyclopedia of third wave feminism. Jaipur and New Delhi: Rawat Publications, 2007.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Meltem İnce Yenilmez Bu kişi benim

Onur Burak Çelik Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA İnce Yenilmez, M., & Çelik, O. B. (2016). COMPETING FOR WAVES: THE UNJUST REALITY OF WOMEN´S POSITION IN THE WORLD OF SURFING. Spor Ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 63-74.