SPORCULARDA PROBİYOTİK TAKVİYESİ VE MİKROBİYATANIN PERFORMANSA ETKİSİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 217 - 230, 15.08.2022

Fatma Bengü Kuyulu Bozdoğan Aybala Tazeoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1077375

Öz

Sporcular arasında beslenme, antrenmanı, performansı ve egzersiz sonrası toparlanmayı destekleyen önemli bir rol oynar. Araştırmalar öncelikle, atletik görüntüyü destekleyen diyetin etkilerine odaklanmıştır; ancak bağırsak mikrobiyotasının oynadığı rol çok ihmal edilmiştir. Ortaya çıkan kanıtlar, bağırsak mikrobiyota bileşimi ile fiziksel aktivite arasında bir ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir, bu da bağırsak mikrobiyota bileşimindeki değişikliklerin konağın fiziksel performansına katkıda bulunabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Probiyotikler, bağırsak mikrobiyota bileşimini/işlevini faydalı bir şekilde etkilemek için potansiyel bir aracı temsil ederler, ancak aynı zamanda konağın genel sağlığını da etkileyebilir. Bu derlemede, fiziksel aktivite ve bağırsak mikrobiyotası arasındaki karşılıklı etkileşimleri inceleyen mevcut çalışmalara genel bir bakış sunuyoruz. Probiyotiklerin fiziksel performans, egzersiz sonrası toparlanma ve sporcular arasındaki bilişsel sonuçlar üzerindeki etkilerini destekleyen klinik kanıtları daha da değerlendiriyoruz. Ek olarak, probiyotiklerin egzersiz sonuçlarını etkilediği etki mekanizmalarını tartışıyoruz.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Egzersiz ve mikrobiyata, fiziksel performans, probiyotik

THE EFFECT OF PROBIOTIC SUPPLEMENT AND MICROBIOTA ON PERFORMANCE IN ATHLETES

Öz

Among athletes, nutrition plays a key role, supporting training, performance, and post-exercise recovery. Research has primarily focused on the effects of diet in support of an athletic physique; however, the role played by intestinal microbiota has been much neglected. Emerging evidence has shown an association between the intestinal microbiota composition and physical activity, suggesting that modifications in the gut microbiota composition may contribute to physical performance of the host. Probiotics represent a potential means for beneficially influencing the gut microbiota composition/function but can also impact the overall health of the host. In this review, we provide an overview of the existing studies that have examined the reciprocal interactions between physical activity and gut microbiota. We further evaluate the clinical evidence that supports the effects of probiotics on physical performance, post-exercise recovery, and cognitive outcomes among athletes. In addition, we discuss the mechanisms of action through which probiotics affect exercise outcomes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Exercise and microbiata, physical performance, probiotics

Kaynakça

• KAYNAKLAR Barton, W., Penney, N.C., Cronin, O., Garcia-Perez, I., Molloy, MG., Holmes, E. (2018). The microbiome of professional athletes differs from that of more sedentary subjects in composition and particularly at the functional metabolic level. Gut, 67(4):625–33.
• Burokas, A., Arboleya, S., Moloney, R.D., Peterson, V.L., Murphy, K., Clarke, G., Stanton, C., Dinan, T.G., Cryan, J.F. (2017).Targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis: prebiotics have anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects and reverse the impact of chronic stress in mice. Biol Psychiatry, 82(7):472–487.
• Caesar, R., Tremaroli, V., Kovatcheva-Datchary, P., Cani, PD., Backhed, F. (2015).Crosstalk between gut microbiota and dietary lipids aggravates WAT inflammation through TLR signaling. Cell Metab, 22(4):658–68.
• Chen, Y.M., Wei, L., Chiu, YS., Hsu, YJ., Tsai, TY., Wang, MF., Huang, C.C. (2016).Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 Supplementation Improves Exercise Performance and Increases Muscle Mass in Mice. Nutrients 8, 205
• Cheng, H.Y., Ning, M.X., Chen, D.K., Ma, W.T.(2019). Interactions Between the Gut Microbiota and the Host InnateImmune Response Against Pathogens. Front. Immunol, 10, 607
• Clancy, R.L., Gleeson, M., Cox, A., Callister, R., Dorrington, M., D’Este, C., Pang, G., Pyne, D., Fricker, P., Henriksson, A. (2006).Reversal in fatigued athletes of a defect in interferon secretion after administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Br. J. Sports Med, 40, 351–354.
• Clarke, S.F., Murphy, E.F., O'Sullivan, O., Lucey, A.J., Humphreys, M., Hogan, A.(2014). Exercise and associated dietary extremes impact on gut microbial diversity. Gut, 63(12):1913–20.
• Coman, M.M., Verdenelli, M.C., Silvi, S., Cecchini, C., Gabbianelli, R., Amadio, E., Orpianesi, C., Cresci, A.(2017). Knowledge and acceptance of functional foods: A preliminary study on influence of a synbiotic-fermented milk on athlete health. Int. J. Probiotics Prebiotics, 12, 33–41.
• Cox, A.J., Pyne, D.B, Saunders, P.U., Fricke, P.A. (2010).Oral administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum VRI-003 and mucosal immunity in endurance athletes. Br. J. Sports Med, 44, 222–226.
• Cronin, O., Molloy, MG., Shanahan, F. (2016). Exercise, fitness and the gut. Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 32 (2):67–73.
• Dalton, A., Mermier, C., Zuhl, M.(2019). Exercise İnfluence on the Microbiome–Gut–Brain Axis. Gut Microbes, 10:5, 555-568
• David, L.A., Maurice, C.F., Carmody, R.N., Gootenberg, D.B., Button, J.E., Wolfe, B.E. (2014). Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature, 505(7484):559.
• Dinan, T.G.,Cryan , J.F. (2017). The microbiome-gut-brain axis in health and disease. Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am, 46, 77–89.
• Gentile, C.L., Ward, E., Holst, J.J., Astrup, A,; Ormsbee, MJ., Connelly, S.(2015). Resistant starch and protein intake enhances fat oxidation and feelings of fullness in lean and overweight/obese women. Nutr J, 14:113
• Gleeson, M., Bishop, NC., Oliveira, M., Tauler, P. (2011). Daily probiotic’s (Lactobacillus casei Shirota) reduction of infection incidence in athletes. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab, 21, 55–64.
• Huang, W.C., Wei, C.C., Huang, C.C., Chen, WL., Huang, H.Y. (2019).The Beneficial Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 on High-Intensity, Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Performance in Triathletes. Nutrients ,11, 353
• Jager, R., Mohr, A., Carpenter, K., Kerksick, C. (2019). International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 16:62.
• Jager, R., Shields, K.A., Lowery, R.P., De Souza, E.O., Partl, J.M., Hollmer, C., Purpura, M., Wilson, J.M. (2016). Probiotic Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 reduces exercise-induced muscle damage and increases recovery.PeerJ ,4, e2276.
• Kekkonen, R.A., Vasankari, T.J., Vuorimaa, T., Haahtela, T., Julkunen, I., Korpela, R. (2007). The effect of probiotics on respiratory infections and gastrointestinal symptoms during training in marathon runners. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab, 17, 352–363.
• Lamprecht, M., Frauwallner, A. (2012). Exercise, intestinal barrier dysfunction and probiotic supplementation.Med. Sport Sci, 59, 47–56
• Li, C., Cai , Y.Y., Yan, Z.X. (2018). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor preserves intestinal mucosal barrier function and alters gut microbiota in mice. Kaohsiung J Med Sci, 34(3):134–141.
• Martarelli, D., Verdenelli, M.C., Scuri, S., Cocchioni, M., Silvi, S., Cecchini, C.,Pompei, P. (2011).Effect of a probiotic intake on oxidant and antioxidant parameters in plasma of athletes during intense exercise training. Curr.Microbiol ,62, 1689–1696.
• Marttinen, M., Ala-Jaakkola, R., Laitila A.(2020). Gut Microbiota, Probiotics and Physical Performance in Athletes and Physically Active Individuals. Nutrients, 12, 2936.
• Michalickova, D., Minic, R., Dikic, N., Andjelkovic, M., Kostic-Vucicevic, M., Stojmenovic, T., Nikolic, I., Djordjevic, B. (2016).Lactobacillus helveticus Lafti L10 supplementation reduces respiratory infection duration in a cohort of elite athletes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab, 41, 782–789
• Mitchell, C.M., Davy, B.M., Hulver, M.W., Neilson, A.P., Bennett, B.J., Davy, K.P. (2019) .Does Exercise Alter Gut Microbial Composition? A Systematic Review. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc, 51, 160–167
• Mohr, A., Jäger, R., Carpenter, K., Kerksick, C., Purpura, M. (2020). The athletic gut microbiota. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition ,17:24
• Monda, V., Villano, I., Messina, A., Valenzano, A., Esposito, T., Moscatelli, F., Viggiano, A., Cibelli, G., Chieffi, S., Monda, M. (2017). Exercise modifies the gut microbiota with positive health effects. Oxid Med Cell Long
• Murtaza, N., Burke, L.M., Vlahovich, N., Charlesson, B., Ross, M.L. (2019).The Effects of Dietary Pattern during Intensified Training on Stool Microbiota Of Elite Race Walkers. Nutrients, 11(2).
• Petersen, L.M., Bautista, E.J., Nguyen, H., Hanson, BM., Chen, L., Lek, S.H.(2017). Community characteristics of the gut microbiomes of competitive cyclists. Microbiome, 5(1):98.
• Pugh, J.N., Fearn, R., Morton, J.P., Close, G.L. (2018). Gastrointestinal symptoms in elite athletes: Time to recognise the problem? Br. J. Sports Med, 52, 487–488.
• Pugh, J.N., Sparks, A.S., Doran, D.A., Fleming, S.C., Langan-Evans, C., Kirk, B., Fearn R., Morton, J.P., Close, G.L. (2019). Four weeks of probiotic supplementation reduces GI symptoms during a marathon race. Eur. J.Appl. Physiol, 119, 1491–1501.
• Salarkia, N., Ghadamli, L., Zaeri, F., Rad, L.S.(2013). Effects of probiotic yogurt on performance, respiratory and digestive systems of young adult female endurance swimmers: A randomized controlled trial. Med. J. Islam.Repub, 27, 141–146.
• Sashihara, T., Nagata, M., Mori, T., Ikegami, S., Gotoh, M., Okubo, K., Uchida, M., Itoh, H. (2013). Effects of Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2809 and-lactalbumin on university-student athletes: Arandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab, 38, 1228–1235.
• Sivamaruthi, B.S., Kesika, P., Chaiyasut, C. (2019). Efect of Probiotics Supplementations on Health Status of Athletes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health ,16, 4469.
• Strasser, B., Geiger, D., Schauer, M., Gostner, J.M., Gatterer, H., Burtscher, M., Fuchs, D. (2016). Probiotic Supplements Beneficially Affect Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolism and Reduce the Incidence of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Trained Athletes: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients ,8, 752.
• Wosinska, L., Cotter, P.D., O’Sullivan, O., Guinane, C.(2019). The Potential Impact of Probiotics on the Gut Microbiome of Athletes. Nutrients, 11, 2270.
• Wu, G.D., Chen, J., Hoffmann, C., Bittinger, K., Chen, Y.Y., Keilbaugh, S.A. (2011). Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science;334(6052):105–8.
• Wu, M.H., Lee, C.P., Hsu, S.C., Chang, C.M., Chen, C.Y. (2015). Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training on the mental and physical health of people with chronic schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 11:1255
• Zeppa, S., Agostini, D., Gervasi, M., Annibalini, G., Amatorİ, S.(2020). Mutual Interactions among Exercise, Sport Supplements and Microbiota. Nutrients ,12, 17.