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Climate Change-Trade Openness- Financial Depth Index-Economic Growth Nexus: A Study of G-20

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 325 - 348, 01.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.1416719

Öz

This study examines the impact of climate change, which is seen as an environmental problem but has the power to affect the economic and financial structure, of trade openness, economic growth, and depth of financial markets in G-20 countries between 1980 and 2020. It has been concluded that the variables can be used as a policy tool in this context, where the development of trade openness and financial depth in the G-20 countries, which account for 80% of global trade, has the effect of reducing climate change by creating environmentally friendly economic growth. Panel Var and Holtz-Eakin, Newey, and Rosen GMM Estimator method were used in the study. In addition, it has been determined that action-response functions have an effect on the variables in the face of a shock to the carbon dioxide emission variable.

Kaynakça

  • Abrigo, M. R., & Love, I. (2015). Estimation of panel vector autoregression in stata: A package of programs. University of Hawai’i at Manoa. Department of Economics Working Paper Series, 16(2), 1-28.
  • Afesorgbor, S. K., & Demena, B.A. (2022). Trade openness and environmental emissions: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Environmental and Resource Economics, 81, 287-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-021-00627-0
  • Allan, S., Bahadur, A.V., Venkatramani, S., & Soundarajan, V. (2019). The role of domestic budgets in financing climate change adaptation. Oxford Policy Managament. Rotterdam and Washington, DC.
  • Andrews, D.W.K., & Lu, B. (2001). Consistent model and moment selection procedures for gmm estimation with application to dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 101, 123-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(00)00077-4
  • Ansari, M.A., Haider, S., & Khan, N.A. (2020). Does trade openness affects global carbon dioxide emissions: Evidence from the top CO2 emitters. Management of Environmental Quality An International Journal, 31(1), 32-53. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-12-2018-0205
  • Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial Econometrics: Method and Models. Oxford: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Arellano, M., & O., Bover. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. Journal of Econometrics. 68(1), 29-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-D
  • Arestis, P. Chortareas, G. & Magkonis, G. (2014). Inflation targeting and ınflation convergence: International Evidence. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 31, 285-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2014.04.002
  • Ayache, M.B., Barhoumi, M. & Hammas, M.A. (2016). Causal linkage between economic growth, financial development, trade openness and co2 emissions in european countries. American Journal of Environmental Engineering, 6(4), 110-122. https://doi.org/ 10.5923/j.ajee.20160604.02
  • Baltagi, B. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. Chichester West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Braun, P. & Mittnik, S. (1993). Misspecifications in vector autoregressions and their effects on impulse responses and variance decompositions. Journal of Econometrics, 59(3), 319-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(93)90029-5
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111
  • Camehl, A. (2023). Penalized estimation of panel vector autoregressive models: A panel lasso approach. International Journal of Forecasting, 39(3), 1185-1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2022.05.007
  • Can, M., Jebli M., & Brusselaers, J. (2022). Can green trade save the environment? Introducing the green (trade) openness index. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 44091-44102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18920-w
  • Chhabra, M., Giri, A. K., & Kumar, A. (2023). Do trade openness and institutional quality contribute to carbon emission reduction? Evidence from BRICS countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 50986–51002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25789-w
  • Darweesh, F., Khudari, M., & Othman, N. S. (2023). The relationship between financial development and carbon emissions: A systematic review. Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review, 8(7),1-14. https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i7.2718
  • Dizen, J. (2021). Estimating long-run effects and the exponent of cross-sectional dependence: an update to xtdcce2. Bozen Economics & Management Paper Series. No 81, 2.
  • Dumitrescu, E., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
  • Ehigiamusoe, K.U., & Lean, H. H. (2019). Effects of energy consumption, economic growth, and financial development on carbon emissions: evidence from heterogeneous income groups. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(22), 22611-22624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05309-5
  • Goswami, A., Kapoor, H. S., Jangir, R. K., Ngigi, C. N., Kia, B. & Chattu, V. K. (2023). Impact of economic growth, trade openness, urbanization and energy consumption on carbon emissions: A study of India. Sustainability, 15(11), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15119025
  • Hakimi, A. & Hamdi, H. (2019). Environmental effects of trade openness: what role do institutions have?.Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 9(1), 36-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2019.1598503
  • Holtz-Eakin, D., W. Newey & H. S. Rosen (1988). Estimating vector autoregressions with panel data. Econometrica, 56(6), 1371-1395. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913103
  • Hua, L. (2023). Financial stability influence on climate risk, GHG emission, and green economic recovery of China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 67839-67853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26947-w
  • Jamel, L. & Maktouf, S. (2017). The nexus between economic growth, financial development, trade openness, and CO2 emissions in European countries. Cogent Economics & Finance, 5: 1341456, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2017.1341456
  • Karedla,Y., Mishra, R. & Patel, N. (2021). The impact of economic growth, trade openness and manufacturing on CO2 emissions in India: an autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) bounds test approach. Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, 26(52), 376-389. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEFAS-05-2021-0057
  • Li, X., Öztürk, İ., Mecid, M. T., Hafız, M. & Ullah, S. (2022). Considering the asymmetric effect of financial deepening on environmental quality in BRICS economies: Policy options for the green economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 331, 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129909
  • Linnenluecke, M.K., Smith, T., McKnight, B. (2016). Environmental finance: a research agenda for interdisciplinary finance research. Economic Modelling, 59, 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.07.010
  • Love, I. & Zicchino, L. (2006). Financial development and dynamic investment behavior: Evidence from panel VAR. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 46(2), 190-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2005.11.007
  • Nasır, M. A., Hunynh, T. L. D. & Tram, H. T. X. (2019). Role of financial development, economic growth & foreign direct investment in driving climate change: A case of emerging ASEAN. Journal of Environmental Management, 242, 131-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.112
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Discussion Paper No. 1240, 1-39.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.95
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias‐adjusted LM test of error cross‐section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127. https://doi.org/10.111 l/j,1368-423X.2007.00227.x
  • Pestel, N. & Oswald, A. (2021). Why do relatively few economists work on climate change? A survey. IZA DP No. 14885, 1-16.
  • Rajpurohit, S.S. & Sharma, R. (2020). Impact of economic and financial development on carbon emissions: evidence from emerging Asian economies. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 32(2), 145-159. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-03-2020-0043
  • Rehal, V. (April 13, 2022). Impulse response function after Var and VECM. [Available online at: https://spureconomics.com/], Retrieved on February 18, 2024.
  • Ren, X. Zhao, M, Yuan, R. & Li, N. (2023). Influence mechanism of financial development on carbon emissions from multiple perspectives. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 39, 357-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2023.05.009
  • Sana, A., Khan, F. N., & Arif, U. (2022). ICT diffusion and climate change: The role of economic growth, financial development and trade openness. Netnomics, 22, 179-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11066-022-09152-8
  • Sarafidis, V., Yamagata, T., & Robertson, D. (2009). A test of cross-section dependence for a linear dynamic panel model with regressors. Journal of Econometrics, 148(2), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2008.10.006
  • Seddighi, H., Lawler, K., & Katos, A. (2000). Econometrics: A practical approach. London: Routledge. Shuaibu, M. (2020). Impact of trade openness and climate change on food productivity in Nigeria. Foreign Trade Review, 56(2), 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1177/0015732520970426
  • Tamazian, A., Chousa, J.P., Vadlamannati, K. C. (2009). Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: evidence from BRIC countries. Energy Policy, 37(1), 246-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. enpol.2008.08.025.
  • Taylor, J.B. (1980). Aggregate dynamics and staggered contracts. journal of political economy, 88(1), 1-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/260845
  • Thi, D., Tran, V.Q., & Nguyen, D.T.(2023). The relationship between renewable energy consumption, international tourism, trade openness, innovation, and carbon dioxide emissions: international evidence, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 42(1), 397-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2023.2192827
  • UNDP (2019). The G20 Contribution to the 2030 Agenda in Times of Crises 2019-2023. [Available online at: https://www.undp.org/], Retrieved on February 15, 2024.
  • Usman, M., Kousar, R., Makhdum, M. S.A., Yaseen, M. R. & Nadeem, M. A. (2022). Do financial development, economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness contribute to increase carbon emission in Pakistan? An insight based on ARDL bound testing approach. Environment Development and Sustainability, 25, 444-473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-02062-z
  • Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxford Bulletin Of Economics And Statistics, 69(6), 709-748. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x
  • Worldbank (December 20, 2023). Gdp (current US$). [Available online at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator], Retrieved on January 8, 2024.
  • Yang, Z., Wang, M., Chang, T. & Wong, W. (2022). Which factors determine co2 emissions in China? Trade openness, financial development, coal consumption, economic growth or urbanization: Quantile Granger causality test. Energies,15(7), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072450.
  • Zhang, S. Liu, X. & Bae, J. (2017). Does trade openness affect CO2 emissions: evidence from ten newly industrialized countries? Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 24(21), 17616-17625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9392-8

İklim Değişikliği-Ticari Açıklık-Finansal Derinlik-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: G-20 Üzerine Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 325 - 348, 01.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.1416719

Öz

Bu çalışmada, bir çevre sorunu olarak görülen ancak ekonomik ve finansal yapıyı etkileme gücüne sahip olan iklim değişikliğinin, 1980-2020 yılları arasında G-20 ülkelerinde ticari açıklık, ekonomik büyüme ve finansal piyasaların derinliği üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Küresel ticaretin %80'ini gerçekleştiren G-20 ülkelerinde ticari açıklık ve finansal derinliğin geliştirilmesinin, çevre dostu ekonomik büyüme yaratarak iklim değişikliğini azaltıcı etkiye sahip olduğu bu bağlamda değişkenlerin bir politika aracı olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Çalışmada Panel Var ve Holtz-Eakin, Newey ve Rosen GMM Tahmincisi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca karbondioksit emisyonu değişkenine gelen bir şok karşısında etki-tepki fonksiyonlarının değişkenler üzerinde etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Abrigo, M. R., & Love, I. (2015). Estimation of panel vector autoregression in stata: A package of programs. University of Hawai’i at Manoa. Department of Economics Working Paper Series, 16(2), 1-28.
  • Afesorgbor, S. K., & Demena, B.A. (2022). Trade openness and environmental emissions: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Environmental and Resource Economics, 81, 287-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-021-00627-0
  • Allan, S., Bahadur, A.V., Venkatramani, S., & Soundarajan, V. (2019). The role of domestic budgets in financing climate change adaptation. Oxford Policy Managament. Rotterdam and Washington, DC.
  • Andrews, D.W.K., & Lu, B. (2001). Consistent model and moment selection procedures for gmm estimation with application to dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 101, 123-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(00)00077-4
  • Ansari, M.A., Haider, S., & Khan, N.A. (2020). Does trade openness affects global carbon dioxide emissions: Evidence from the top CO2 emitters. Management of Environmental Quality An International Journal, 31(1), 32-53. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-12-2018-0205
  • Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial Econometrics: Method and Models. Oxford: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Arellano, M., & O., Bover. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. Journal of Econometrics. 68(1), 29-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-D
  • Arestis, P. Chortareas, G. & Magkonis, G. (2014). Inflation targeting and ınflation convergence: International Evidence. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 31, 285-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2014.04.002
  • Ayache, M.B., Barhoumi, M. & Hammas, M.A. (2016). Causal linkage between economic growth, financial development, trade openness and co2 emissions in european countries. American Journal of Environmental Engineering, 6(4), 110-122. https://doi.org/ 10.5923/j.ajee.20160604.02
  • Baltagi, B. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. Chichester West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Braun, P. & Mittnik, S. (1993). Misspecifications in vector autoregressions and their effects on impulse responses and variance decompositions. Journal of Econometrics, 59(3), 319-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(93)90029-5
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111
  • Camehl, A. (2023). Penalized estimation of panel vector autoregressive models: A panel lasso approach. International Journal of Forecasting, 39(3), 1185-1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2022.05.007
  • Can, M., Jebli M., & Brusselaers, J. (2022). Can green trade save the environment? Introducing the green (trade) openness index. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 44091-44102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18920-w
  • Chhabra, M., Giri, A. K., & Kumar, A. (2023). Do trade openness and institutional quality contribute to carbon emission reduction? Evidence from BRICS countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 50986–51002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25789-w
  • Darweesh, F., Khudari, M., & Othman, N. S. (2023). The relationship between financial development and carbon emissions: A systematic review. Intern. Journal of Profess. Bus. Review, 8(7),1-14. https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i7.2718
  • Dizen, J. (2021). Estimating long-run effects and the exponent of cross-sectional dependence: an update to xtdcce2. Bozen Economics & Management Paper Series. No 81, 2.
  • Dumitrescu, E., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
  • Ehigiamusoe, K.U., & Lean, H. H. (2019). Effects of energy consumption, economic growth, and financial development on carbon emissions: evidence from heterogeneous income groups. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(22), 22611-22624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05309-5
  • Goswami, A., Kapoor, H. S., Jangir, R. K., Ngigi, C. N., Kia, B. & Chattu, V. K. (2023). Impact of economic growth, trade openness, urbanization and energy consumption on carbon emissions: A study of India. Sustainability, 15(11), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15119025
  • Hakimi, A. & Hamdi, H. (2019). Environmental effects of trade openness: what role do institutions have?.Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 9(1), 36-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2019.1598503
  • Holtz-Eakin, D., W. Newey & H. S. Rosen (1988). Estimating vector autoregressions with panel data. Econometrica, 56(6), 1371-1395. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913103
  • Hua, L. (2023). Financial stability influence on climate risk, GHG emission, and green economic recovery of China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 67839-67853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26947-w
  • Jamel, L. & Maktouf, S. (2017). The nexus between economic growth, financial development, trade openness, and CO2 emissions in European countries. Cogent Economics & Finance, 5: 1341456, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2017.1341456
  • Karedla,Y., Mishra, R. & Patel, N. (2021). The impact of economic growth, trade openness and manufacturing on CO2 emissions in India: an autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) bounds test approach. Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, 26(52), 376-389. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEFAS-05-2021-0057
  • Li, X., Öztürk, İ., Mecid, M. T., Hafız, M. & Ullah, S. (2022). Considering the asymmetric effect of financial deepening on environmental quality in BRICS economies: Policy options for the green economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 331, 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129909
  • Linnenluecke, M.K., Smith, T., McKnight, B. (2016). Environmental finance: a research agenda for interdisciplinary finance research. Economic Modelling, 59, 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.07.010
  • Love, I. & Zicchino, L. (2006). Financial development and dynamic investment behavior: Evidence from panel VAR. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 46(2), 190-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2005.11.007
  • Nasır, M. A., Hunynh, T. L. D. & Tram, H. T. X. (2019). Role of financial development, economic growth & foreign direct investment in driving climate change: A case of emerging ASEAN. Journal of Environmental Management, 242, 131-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.112
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Discussion Paper No. 1240, 1-39.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.95
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias‐adjusted LM test of error cross‐section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127. https://doi.org/10.111 l/j,1368-423X.2007.00227.x
  • Pestel, N. & Oswald, A. (2021). Why do relatively few economists work on climate change? A survey. IZA DP No. 14885, 1-16.
  • Rajpurohit, S.S. & Sharma, R. (2020). Impact of economic and financial development on carbon emissions: evidence from emerging Asian economies. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 32(2), 145-159. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-03-2020-0043
  • Rehal, V. (April 13, 2022). Impulse response function after Var and VECM. [Available online at: https://spureconomics.com/], Retrieved on February 18, 2024.
  • Ren, X. Zhao, M, Yuan, R. & Li, N. (2023). Influence mechanism of financial development on carbon emissions from multiple perspectives. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 39, 357-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2023.05.009
  • Sana, A., Khan, F. N., & Arif, U. (2022). ICT diffusion and climate change: The role of economic growth, financial development and trade openness. Netnomics, 22, 179-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11066-022-09152-8
  • Sarafidis, V., Yamagata, T., & Robertson, D. (2009). A test of cross-section dependence for a linear dynamic panel model with regressors. Journal of Econometrics, 148(2), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2008.10.006
  • Seddighi, H., Lawler, K., & Katos, A. (2000). Econometrics: A practical approach. London: Routledge. Shuaibu, M. (2020). Impact of trade openness and climate change on food productivity in Nigeria. Foreign Trade Review, 56(2), 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1177/0015732520970426
  • Tamazian, A., Chousa, J.P., Vadlamannati, K. C. (2009). Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: evidence from BRIC countries. Energy Policy, 37(1), 246-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. enpol.2008.08.025.
  • Taylor, J.B. (1980). Aggregate dynamics and staggered contracts. journal of political economy, 88(1), 1-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/260845
  • Thi, D., Tran, V.Q., & Nguyen, D.T.(2023). The relationship between renewable energy consumption, international tourism, trade openness, innovation, and carbon dioxide emissions: international evidence, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 42(1), 397-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2023.2192827
  • UNDP (2019). The G20 Contribution to the 2030 Agenda in Times of Crises 2019-2023. [Available online at: https://www.undp.org/], Retrieved on February 15, 2024.
  • Usman, M., Kousar, R., Makhdum, M. S.A., Yaseen, M. R. & Nadeem, M. A. (2022). Do financial development, economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness contribute to increase carbon emission in Pakistan? An insight based on ARDL bound testing approach. Environment Development and Sustainability, 25, 444-473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-02062-z
  • Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxford Bulletin Of Economics And Statistics, 69(6), 709-748. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x
  • Worldbank (December 20, 2023). Gdp (current US$). [Available online at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator], Retrieved on January 8, 2024.
  • Yang, Z., Wang, M., Chang, T. & Wong, W. (2022). Which factors determine co2 emissions in China? Trade openness, financial development, coal consumption, economic growth or urbanization: Quantile Granger causality test. Energies,15(7), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072450.
  • Zhang, S. Liu, X. & Bae, J. (2017). Does trade openness affect CO2 emissions: evidence from ten newly industrialized countries? Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 24(21), 17616-17625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9392-8
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uygulamalı Makro Ekonometri
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Burçin Çakır Gündoğdu 0000-0002-8578-4929

Hakan Kahyaoğlu 0000-0002-6031-7494

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 5 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çakır Gündoğdu, B., & Kahyaoğlu, H. (2024). Climate Change-Trade Openness- Financial Depth Index-Economic Growth Nexus: A Study of G-20. Optimum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 325-348. https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.1416719
AMA Çakır Gündoğdu B, Kahyaoğlu H. Climate Change-Trade Openness- Financial Depth Index-Economic Growth Nexus: A Study of G-20. OEYBD. Temmuz 2024;11(2):325-348. doi:10.17541/optimum.1416719
Chicago Çakır Gündoğdu, Burçin, ve Hakan Kahyaoğlu. “Climate Change-Trade Openness- Financial Depth Index-Economic Growth Nexus: A Study of G-20”. Optimum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 11, sy. 2 (Temmuz 2024): 325-48. https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.1416719.
EndNote Çakır Gündoğdu B, Kahyaoğlu H (01 Temmuz 2024) Climate Change-Trade Openness- Financial Depth Index-Economic Growth Nexus: A Study of G-20. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 11 2 325–348.
IEEE B. Çakır Gündoğdu ve H. Kahyaoğlu, “Climate Change-Trade Openness- Financial Depth Index-Economic Growth Nexus: A Study of G-20”, OEYBD, c. 11, sy. 2, ss. 325–348, 2024, doi: 10.17541/optimum.1416719.
ISNAD Çakır Gündoğdu, Burçin - Kahyaoğlu, Hakan. “Climate Change-Trade Openness- Financial Depth Index-Economic Growth Nexus: A Study of G-20”. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 11/2 (Temmuz 2024), 325-348. https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.1416719.
JAMA Çakır Gündoğdu B, Kahyaoğlu H. Climate Change-Trade Openness- Financial Depth Index-Economic Growth Nexus: A Study of G-20. OEYBD. 2024;11:325–348.
MLA Çakır Gündoğdu, Burçin ve Hakan Kahyaoğlu. “Climate Change-Trade Openness- Financial Depth Index-Economic Growth Nexus: A Study of G-20”. Optimum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 2, 2024, ss. 325-48, doi:10.17541/optimum.1416719.
Vancouver Çakır Gündoğdu B, Kahyaoğlu H. Climate Change-Trade Openness- Financial Depth Index-Economic Growth Nexus: A Study of G-20. OEYBD. 2024;11(2):325-48.

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