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Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinin İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Performanslarının Bütünleşik MEREC-MOORA Yaklaşımıyla Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 366 - 393, 01.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.1454898

Öz

1980’li yılların sonlarından itibaren en önemli küresel sorunlardan birisi iklim değişikliği olmuştur. İklim değişikliğinin neden olduğu zorlukların üstesinden gelebilmek için iklim değişikliğine uyum stratejilerinin su-enerji-gıda-çevre bağlantısına entegre edilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Özellikle Paris Anlaşması'ndan (2015) sonra iklim riskleri konusunda küresel farkındalık artmış ve giderek artan sayıda ülke karbon veya iklim nötr olma hedefleri yayınlamıştır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmada, entegre MEREC-MOORA modeliyle Avrupa Birliği ülkelerini iklim değişikliğine uyum performanslarına göre değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Avrupa Çevre Ajansı tarafından yayımlanan beş kriter, MEREC yöntemiyle ağırlıklandırılmış ve AB ülkeleri MOORA tekniği ile performanslarına göre sıralanmıştır. MEREC tekniği sonuçlarına göre en önemli kriter “kuraklığın ekosistemler üzerindeki etkisi”dir. MOORA yöntemi sonuçlarına göre, iklim değişikliğine uyum performansı en yüksek olan ülke Güney Kıbrıs’tır. Ayrıca çalışmada önerilen MEREC-MOORA entegre modelin sonuçlarının tutarlılığı iki aşamalı duyarlılık analiziyle test edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

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  • Ali, I., & Khan, N. (2022). Evaluating the impact of climate change on the agriculture sector of Pakistan using Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). Natural and Applied Sciences International Journal (NASIJ), 3(2), 72–84. https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.nasij/3.2.6
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  • Altıntaş, F. F. (2024). Avrupa Birliği ülkelerin sürdürülebilir kalkınma performanslarının MEREC tabanlı WEDBA yöntemi ile analizi. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(1), 117-137. https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1253850
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Assessment of Climate Change Adaptation Performance of European Union Countries with Integrated Merec-Moora Approach

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 366 - 393, 01.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.1454898

Öz

Since the late 1980s, climate change has been one of the most important global challenges. To overcome the challenges caused by climate change, it is crucial to integrate climate change adaptation strategies into the water-energy-food-environment nexus. Especially after the Paris Agreement (2015), global awareness of climate risks has increased, and an increasing number of countries have published carbon or climate neutrality targets. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the European Union countries by their climate change adaptation performance with the integrated MEREC-MOORA model. Five criteria published by the European Environment Agency are weighted by the MEREC method, and EU countries are ranked based on their performance using the MOORA technique. According to the MEREC results, the most important criterion is "drought impact on ecosystems". According to the MOORA results, Cyprus is the country with the highest climate change adaptation performance. Also, the consistency of the results of the MEREC-MOORA integrated model proposed in the study was tested with a two-stage sensitivity analysis.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, W., Tan, Q., Shaikh, G. M., Waqas, H., Kanasro, N. A., Ali, S., & Solangi, Y. A. (2020). Assessing and prioritizing the climate change policy objectives for sustainable development in Pakistan. Symmetry, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/SYM12081203
  • Aktepe, A., & Ersöz, S. (2014). AHP-Vikor ve Moora yöntemlerinin depo yeri seçim probleminde uygulanması. Endüstri Mühendisliği Dergisi, 25(1-2), 2-15.
  • Ali, I., & Khan, N. (2022). Evaluating the impact of climate change on the agriculture sector of Pakistan using Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). Natural and Applied Sciences International Journal (NASIJ), 3(2), 72–84. https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.nasij/3.2.6
  • Altıntaş, F. F. (2019). Kolluk birimlerinin asayiş olaylarını aydınlatma performanslarının MOORA yöntemi ile ölçülmesi. International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research (JSHSR), 6(47), 4259-4267.
  • Altıntaş, F. F. (2021). Measuring the climate change protection performance of G20 group countries with ROV and MAUT methods. Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 11(1), 147-166. https://doi.org/10.26579/jocress.429
  • Altıntaş, F. F. (2023a). G7 grubu ülkelerin bütçe şeffaflığı performanslarının analizi: MEREC tabanlı PIV yöntemi ile bir uygulama. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(4), 323-340.
  • Altıntaş, F. F. (2023b). Kırılganlık performanslarının MEREC tabanlı RAFSI yöntemi ile analizi: G7 grubu ülkeleri. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 25(44), 464-490.
  • Altıntaş, F. F. (2024). Avrupa Birliği ülkelerin sürdürülebilir kalkınma performanslarının MEREC tabanlı WEDBA yöntemi ile analizi. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(1), 117-137. https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1253850
  • Arshed, A. B., Masood, M., Zafar, M. A., Nabi, G., & Iqbal, M. (2023). Effective management of the watershed in response to historical climate change using a GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). Journal of Water and Climate Change, 14(9), 3178–3202. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2023.215
  • Avrupa Çevre Ajansı, (2024). Göstergeler. [Çevrim-içi: https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators], Erişim tarihi: 05.02.2024.
  • Baláž, V., Dokupilová, D., & Filčák, R. (2021). Participatory multi-criteria methods for adaptation to climate change. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 26(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-021-09955-4
  • Balsara, S., Jain, P. K., & Ramesh, A. (2019). An integrated approach using AHP and DEMATEL for evaluating climate change mitigation strategies of the Indian cement manufacturing industry. Environmental Pollution, 252, 863–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.059
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  • Brauers, W. K. M., Zavadskas, E. K., Turskis, Z., & Vilutiene, T. (2008). Multi-objective contractor’s ranking by applying the moora method. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 9(4), 245–255. https://doi.org/10.3846/1611-1699.2008.9.245-255
  • Brodny, J., & Tutak, M. (2023). Assessing the Energy and Climate Sustainability of European Union Member States: An MCDM-Based Approach. Smart Cities, 6(1), 339–367. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6010017
  • Chakraborty, S., Datta, H. N., Kalita, K., & Chakraborty, S. (2023). A narrative review of multi-objective optimization on the basis of ratio analysis (MOORA) method in decision making. OPSEARCH, 60(4), 1844–1887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12597-023-00676-7
  • Chatterjee, S., & Chakraborty, S. (2023). 3D printing machine selection using novel integrated MEREC-MCRAT MCDM method. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2786(1). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0145447
  • Chung, E. S., & Kim, Y. (2014). Development of fuzzy multi-criteria approach to prioritize locations of treated wastewater use considering climate change scenarios. Journal of Environmental Management, 146, 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.08.013
  • Danh, T. H., Ngoc, N. D., Nga, N. T. T., Pi, V. N., & Thieu, N. N. (2022). Application of MOORA and MEREC methods to select the best schema of scissors mechanisms. Journal of Military Science and Technology, 177-184.
  • De Azevedo Reis, G., de Souza Filho, F. A., Nelson, D. R., Rocha, R. V., & da Silva, S. M. O. (2020). Development of a drought vulnerability index using MCDM and GIS: study case in São Paulo and Ceará, Brazil. Natural Hazards, 104(2), 1781–1799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04247-7
  • Ecer, F., & Aycin, E. (2023). Novel comprehensive MEREC weighting-based score aggregation model for measuring innovation performance: The case of G7 countries. Informatica, 34(1), 53-83.
  • Ersoy, N. (2022). OECD ve AB üyesi ülkelerin inovasyon performanslarının MERECMARCOS bütünleşik modeli ile ölçümü. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(3), 1039-1063.
  • Fedajev, A., Stanujkic, D., Karabašević, D., Brauers, W. K. M., & Zavadskas, E. K. (2020). Assessment of progress towards “Europe 2020” strategy targets by using the MULTIMOORA method and the Shannon Entropy Index. Journal of Cleaner Production, 244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118895
  • Florindo, T. J., Florindo, G. I. B. de M., Talamini, E., Costa, J. S. da, Léis, C. M. de, Tang, W. Z., Schultz, G., Kulay, L., Pinto, A. T., & Ruviaro, C. F. (2018). Application of the multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach in the identification of Carbon Footprint reduction actions in the Brazilian beef production chain. Journal of Cleaner Production, 196, 1379–1389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.116
  • Gadakh, V. S., Shinde, V. B., & Khemnar, N. S. (2013). Optimization of welding process parameters using MOORA method. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 69(9–12), 2031–2039. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-5188-2
  • Ghoushchi, S. J., Ab Rahman, M. N., Soltanzadeh, M., Rafique, M. Z., Hernadewita, Marangalo, F. Y., & Ismail, A. R. (2023). Assessing Sustainable Passenger Transportation Systems to Address Climate Change Based on MCDM Methods in an Uncertain Environment. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043558
  • Gillingham, P. K., Britton, J. R., Jones, G., Miller-Rushing, A., Stafford, R., & Slater, H. (2024). Climate change adaptation for biodiversity in protected areas: An overview of actions. Biological Conservation, 289, 110375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110375
  • Golfam, P., Ashofteh, P. S., Rajaee, T., & Chu, X. (2019a). Prioritization of Water Allocation for Adaptation to Climate Change Using Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). Water Resources Management, 33(10), 3401–3416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-019-02307-7
  • Golfam, P., Ashofteh, P. S., & Loáiciga, H. A. (2019b). Evaluation of the VIKOR and FOWA Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods for Climate-Change Adaptation of Agricultural Water Supply. Water Resources Management, 33(8), 2867–2884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-019-02274-z
  • Hottenroth, H., Sutardhio, C., Weidlich, A., Tietze, I., Simon, S., Hauser, W., Naegler, T., Becker, L., Buchgeister, J., Junne, T., Lehr, U., Scheel, O., Schmidt-Scheele, R., Ulrich, P., & Viere, T. (2022). Beyond climate change. Multi-attribute decision making for a sustainability assessment of energy system transformation pathways. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111996
  • Ikhlas, N., & Ramadan, B. S. (2024). Community-based watershed management (CBWM) for climate change adaptation and mitigation: Research trends, gaps, and factors assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 434, 140031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140031
  • Ivanaj, S. (2024). Public information as a catalyst for individual-level behavior to mitigate climate change. Journal of Cleaner Production, 434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140029
  • Kara, K., Yalçın, G. C., Acar, A. Z., Simic, V., Konya, S., & Pamucar, D. (2024). The MEREC-AROMAN method for determining sustainable competitiveness levels: A case study for Turkey. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2023.101762
  • Keleş, N. (2023a). Türkiye’nin 81 ilinin sağlık performansının güncel karar verme yöntemleriyle değerlendirilmesi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (75), 120-141.
  • Keleş, N. (2023b). A multi-criteria decision-making framework based on the merec method for the comprehensive solution of forklift selection problem. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 18(2), 573-590.
  • Keshavarz-Ghorabaee, M., Amiri, M., Zavadskas, E. K., Turskis, Z., & Antucheviciene, J. (2021). Determination of objective weights using a new method based on the removal effects of criteria (MEREC). Symmetry, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040525
  • Kim, Y., & Chung, E. S. (2013a). Assessing climate change vulnerability with group multi-criteria decision making approaches. Climatic Change, 121(2), 301–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0879-0
  • Kim, Y., & Chung, E. S. (2013b). Fuzzy VIKOR approach for assessing the vulnerability of the water supply to climate change and variability in South Korea. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 37(22), 9419–9430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2013.04.040
  • Kim, Y., & Chung, E. S. (2015). Robust Prioritization of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies Using the VIKOR Method with Objective Weights. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 51(5), 1167–1182. https://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12291
  • Kowalska, N., Šigut, L., Stojanović, M., Fischer, M., Kyselova, I., & Pavelka, M. (2020). Analysis of floodplain forest sensitivity to drought: Floodplain forest during drought. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 375(1810). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0518
  • Lee, G., Choi, J., & Jun, K. S. (2017). MCDM approach for identifying urban flood vulnerability under social environment and climate change. Journal of Coastal Research, 33(79), 209–213. https://doi.org/10.2112/SI79-043.1
  • Lei, T., Wu, J., Li, X., Geng, G., Shao, C., Zhou, H., Wang, Q., & Liu, L. (2015). A new framework for evaluating the impacts of drought on net primary productivity of grassland. Science of the Total Environment, 536, 161–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.138
  • Li, J., Zhai, Z., Li, H., Ding, Y., & Chen, S. (2024). Climate change’s effects on the amount of energy used for cooling in hot, humid office buildings and the solutions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 442, 140967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140967
  • Lu, H., Zhao, Y., Zhou, X., & Wei, Z. (2022). Selection of agricultural machinery based on improved CRITIC-entropy weight and GRA-TOPSIS method. Processes, 10(2), 266-284. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10020266
  • Mastilo, Z., Štilić, A., Gligović, D., & Puška, A. (2024). Assessing the Banking Sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina: An Analysis of Financial Indicators through the MEREC and MARCOS Methods. Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice, 13(1), 167-197.
  • Mperejekumana, P., Shen, L., Zhong, S., Muhirwa, F., Gaballah, M. S., & Nsigayehe, J. M. V. (2024). Integrating climate change adaptation into water-energy-food-environment nexus for sustainable development in East African Community. Journal of Cleaner Production, 434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140026
  • Nagababu, G., Srinivas, B. A., Kachhwaha, S. S., Puppala, H., & Kumar, S. V. V. A. (2023). Can offshore wind energy help to attain carbon neutrality amid climate change? A GIS-MCDM based analysis to unravel the facts using CORDEX-SA. Renewable Energy, 219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119400
  • O’Brien, C., Stern, M., Brousseau, J., Hansen, L., & Hull, R. B. (2024). Participant perspectives on effective elements and impacts of climate change adaptation workshops in the United States. Climate Services, 33, 100436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2023.100436
  • Oğuz, A., & Satır, H. (2024). Analyzing Profitability Performance with the Integrated MEREC-COBRA Method: The Case of BIST Retail Companies. Business and Economics Research Journal, 15(1), 33-50.
  • Orhan, S., Azkeskin, S. A., & Aladağ, Z. (2023). MOORA yöntemleri ve TOPSIS arasındaki ilişkinin bir yatırım önceliği belirleme probleminde incelenmesi. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(4), 1508-1516.
  • Ozcalici, M. (2022). Asset allocation with multi-criteria decision making techniques. Decision Making: Applications in Management and Engineering, 5(2), 78–119. https://doi.org/10.31181/dmame0305102022o
  • Ömürbek, N., & Eren, H. (2016). Promethee, Moora ve Copras yöntemleri ile oran analizi sonuçlarinin değerlendirilmesi: Bir uygulama. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(16), 174-187.
  • Papadaskalopoulou, C., Katsou, E., Valta, K., Moustakas, K., Malamis, D., & Dodou, M. (2015). Review and assessment of the adaptive capacity of the water sector in Cyprus against climate change impacts on water availability. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 105, 95–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.10.017
  • Pisor, A. C., Touma, D., Singh, D., & Jones, J. H. (2023). To understand climate change adaptation, we must characterize climate variability: Here’s how. One Earth, 6(12), 1665–1676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2023.11.005
  • Qin, X. S., Huang, G. H., Chakma, A., Nie, X. H., & Lin, Q. G. (2008). A MCDM-based expert system for climate-change impact assessment and adaptation planning - A case study for the Georgia Basin, Canada. Expert Systems with Applications, 34(3), 2164–2179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2007.02.024
  • Rahko, J., & Alola, A. A. (2024). Examining green productivity amidst climate change technological development and spillovers in the Nordic economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140028
  • Raj, D., Maity, S. R., & Das, B. (2023). Optimization of Process Parameters of Laser Cladding on AISI 410 Using MEREC Integrated MABAC Method. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08487-0
  • Satıcı, S. (2023). MEREC temelli WASPAS yöntemiyle üniversitelerin girişimci ve yenilikçi performanslarının değerlendirilmesi. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 17(2), 106-128.
  • See, J., Cuaton, G. P., Placino, P., Vunibola, S., Thi, H. Do, Dombroski, K., & McKinnon, K. (2024). From absences to emergences: Foregrounding traditional and Indigenous climate change adaptation knowledges and practices from Fiji, Vietnam and the Philippines. World Development, 176, 106503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106503
  • Shanmugasundar, G., Sapkota, G., Čep, R., & Kalita, K. (2022). Application of MEREC in multi-criteria selection of optimal spray-painting robot. Processes, 10(6), 1172.
  • Siksnelyte-Butkiene, I., Karpavicius, T., Streimikiene, D., & Balezentis, T. (2022). The Achievements of Climate Change and Energy Policy in the European Union. Energies, 15(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145128
  • Song, J. Y., & Chung, E. S. (2016). Robustness, Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses of the TOPSIS Method for Quantitative Climate Change Vulnerability: a Case Study of Flood Damage. Water Resources Management, 30(13), 4751–4771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1451-2
  • Şimşek, A., Çatır, O., & Ömürbek, N. (2015). TOPSIS ve MOORA yöntemleri ile tedarikçi seçimi: Turizm sektöründe bir uygulama. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18(33), 133-161.
  • Toslak, M., Aktürk, B., & Ulutaş, A. (2022). MEREC ve WEDBA Yöntemleri ile Bir Lojistik Firmasının Yıllara Göre Performansının Değerlendirilmesi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (33), 363-372.
  • Yenilmezel, S., & Ertuğrul, İ. (2023). Laptop selection with MEREC based WASPAS method. Business Economics and Management Research Journal, 6(1), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.58308/bemarej.1207859
  • Zafar, S., & Ammara, S. (2024). Variations in climate change views across Europe: An empirical analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 442, 141157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141157
  • Zamani, R., Ali, A. M. A., & Roozbahani, A. (2020). Evaluation of Adaptation Scenarios for Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Water Allocation Using Fuzzy MCDM Methods. Water Resources Management, 34(3), 1093–1110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-020-02486-8
  • Zhang, M., Yuan, X., & Otkin, J. A. (2020). Remote sensing of the impact of flash drought events on terrestrial carbon dynamics over China. Carbon Balance and Management, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00156-1
  • Zolghadr-Asli, B., Bozorg-Haddad, O., Enayati, M., & Goharian, E. (2021). Developing a Robust Multi-Attribute Decision-Making Framework to Evaluate Performance of Water System Design and Planning under Climate Change. Water Resources Management, 35(1), 279–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-020-02725-y
Toplam 72 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hasan Emin Gürler 0000-0002-5813-1631

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Mart 2024
Kabul Tarihi 30 Nisan 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gürler, H. E. (2024). Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinin İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Performanslarının Bütünleşik MEREC-MOORA Yaklaşımıyla Değerlendirilmesi. Optimum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 366-393. https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.1454898
AMA Gürler HE. Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinin İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Performanslarının Bütünleşik MEREC-MOORA Yaklaşımıyla Değerlendirilmesi. OEYBD. Temmuz 2024;11(2):366-393. doi:10.17541/optimum.1454898
Chicago Gürler, Hasan Emin. “Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinin İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Performanslarının Bütünleşik MEREC-MOORA Yaklaşımıyla Değerlendirilmesi”. Optimum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 11, sy. 2 (Temmuz 2024): 366-93. https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.1454898.
EndNote Gürler HE (01 Temmuz 2024) Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinin İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Performanslarının Bütünleşik MEREC-MOORA Yaklaşımıyla Değerlendirilmesi. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 11 2 366–393.
IEEE H. E. Gürler, “Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinin İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Performanslarının Bütünleşik MEREC-MOORA Yaklaşımıyla Değerlendirilmesi”, OEYBD, c. 11, sy. 2, ss. 366–393, 2024, doi: 10.17541/optimum.1454898.
ISNAD Gürler, Hasan Emin. “Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinin İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Performanslarının Bütünleşik MEREC-MOORA Yaklaşımıyla Değerlendirilmesi”. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 11/2 (Temmuz 2024), 366-393. https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.1454898.
JAMA Gürler HE. Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinin İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Performanslarının Bütünleşik MEREC-MOORA Yaklaşımıyla Değerlendirilmesi. OEYBD. 2024;11:366–393.
MLA Gürler, Hasan Emin. “Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinin İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Performanslarının Bütünleşik MEREC-MOORA Yaklaşımıyla Değerlendirilmesi”. Optimum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 2, 2024, ss. 366-93, doi:10.17541/optimum.1454898.
Vancouver Gürler HE. Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinin İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Performanslarının Bütünleşik MEREC-MOORA Yaklaşımıyla Değerlendirilmesi. OEYBD. 2024;11(2):366-93.

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