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1956-66 Pre-Cultural Revolution period and Mao’s lack of self-criticism

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 15, 1734 - 1748, 31.08.2018
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.419245

Öz

The Cultural Revolution
was one of the greatest destructions that world history has ever witnessed.
According to Frank Dikötter, a notable historian, ‘it was about loss, loss of
trust, loss of friendship, loss of faith in other human beings, loss of
predictability in social relationships. And that really is the mark that the
Cultural Revolution left behind.’ The Cultural Revolution was a period during
which children aged between 12 and 14 would call themselves ‘Red Guards’ and
carry out all manner of violence in the streets as Mao’s soldiers. In fact,
there was no power in the country that could stop these individuals.
Nevertheless, it is worth emphasising that the Cultural Revolution was not the
result of spontaneous destruction.  In
this study, the socio-political and cultural events that took place during the
period from 1956 to 1967 in China will be examined, and the factors that caused
the cultural revolution will be investigated. As a result of this study, it is
understood that the greatest factor which led to the formation of the Cultural
Revolution was the lack of self-criticism associated with Mao.

Kaynakça

  • Armaoglu, F. (1984). 20. Yüzyıl siyasî tarihi. Istanbul: Alkım Kitabevi, 575.
  • Doolin, D. (1961). The revival of the 100 Flowers Campaign: 1961. The China Quarterly. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 8, 34-42.
  • Ewing, K. (2011). Mao's army on the attack. Asia Times Online. Retrieved from: http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/MF04Ad01.html
  • Gao, M. (2008). The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution. London: Pluto Press. Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094507/http://www.strongwindpress.com/pdfs/EBook/The_Battle_for_Chinas_Past.pdf
  • Goldman, M. (1967). Literary dissent in Communist China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Jackson, J. M. (2004). An early spring: Mao Tse- tung, the Chinese intellectuals and the Hundred Flowers Campaign. Retrieved from http://filebox. vt.edu/users/jojacks2/words/ hundredflowers. Htm
  • Jian, G., Song, Y. and Zhou, Y. (2009). The A to Z of the Chinese cultural revolution. Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 124-142.
  • Joffe, E. (1966). China in Mid-1966: “Cultural Revolution” or Struggle for Power? The China Quarterly. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 124. Retrieved from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/china-in-mid1966-cultural-revolution-or-struggle-for-power/65784DFA341DAD0D84FCC8D28E88A42E
  • MacFarquhar, R. (1960). The hundred flowers campaign and the Chinese in-tellectuals. New York: Praeger.
  • MacFarquhar, R. (1974). The origins of the cultural revolution. London: Oxford University Press, 53.
  • Mao, Z. (1977). On the correct handling of contradictions among the people, selected works of Mao Tse-tung. Peking: People's Publishing House, Vol. V, 412.
  • Mao, Z. (1977). Speech at the party national conference on propaganda work," Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung. Peking: People's Publishing House, Vol. V, 423.
  • Maurice, K. (1966). The making of a proletarian intellectual: Higher educa-tion and cultural revolution in China. Current Scene, 4, 1-17
  • Munro, D. (1966). Dissent in communist China, The Current Anti-Intellectual Campaign in Perspective. Current Scene, 4(11), 5.
  • Naughton, B. (2007). The Chinese economy transitions and growth. Cam-bridge, MA: The MIT Press, 73.
  • Ozsoylu, A. (2006). Çin Bir Devin Uyanışı, Adana: Nobel Kitabevi, 10.
  • Perlez, J. (2013). A Leader in Mao's Cultural Revolution Faces His Past. New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/07/world/asia/a-student-leader-in-maos-cultural-revolution.html?pagewanted=2
  • Sander, O. (1967). XX. XXI. Ve XXII. Kongreler ve Sovyet Dış Politikası. Ankara: Sevinc Press, 25-41.
  • Schram, S. (1989). The thought of Mao Tse- Tung. Contemporary China Institute Publications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Spence, J. (1999). The search for modern China. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 61-72.
  • Tang, P. (1961). Communist China today, domestic and foreign policies. Research Institute on the Sino-Soviet Bloc. Washington, 1, 450.
  • Yang, D. (1996). Calamity and reform in China: State, rural society, and institutional change since the great leap famine. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 35-39.
  • Yongyi, S. (2009). Great leap forward, great famine: The truth and analysis under historical and comparative perspectives. Penguin Random House, 18-43.

1956-66 Kültür Devrimi Öncesi Dönem ve Mao'nun Öz Eleştiri Eksikliği

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 15, 1734 - 1748, 31.08.2018
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.419245

Öz

Kültür Devrimi, dünya tarihinin
tanık olduğu en büyük tahribatlardan biriydi. Saygın tarihçi Frank Dikötter'e
göre bu, ‘kaybetme, güven kaybetme, arkadaşlık kaybetme, diğer insanlara olan
inancı kaybetme, sosyal ilişkilerde öngörülebilirliği kaybetme ile ilgiliydi.
Ve bu gerçekten de Kültür Devrimi'nin geride bıraktığı işarettir.' Kültür
Devrimi, 12 ila 14 yaş arasındaki çocukların kendilerine “Kızıl Muhafızlar”
dedikleri ve Mao'nun askerleri olarak sokaklarda her türlü şiddet eylemini
gerçekleştirdikleri bir dönemdi. Aslında tüm ülkede bu bireyleri durdurabilecek
hiçbir güç yoktu. Buna rağmen, Kültür Devrimi'nin kendiliğinden gelen bir
yıkımın sonucu olmadığını vurgulamak zorundayız. Bu çalışmada, Çin'de 1956'dan
1967'ye kadar olan süreçte ortaya çıkan sosyo-politik ve kültürel olaylar
incelenecek ve kültür devrimine neden olan etkenler üzerinde durulacaktır. Bu
çalışmanın sonucu, Kültür Devrimi'nin ortaya çıkmasına yol açan en büyük
etkenin Mao ile ilişkilendirilen öz eleştiri eksikliği olduğunu ortaya
koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Armaoglu, F. (1984). 20. Yüzyıl siyasî tarihi. Istanbul: Alkım Kitabevi, 575.
  • Doolin, D. (1961). The revival of the 100 Flowers Campaign: 1961. The China Quarterly. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 8, 34-42.
  • Ewing, K. (2011). Mao's army on the attack. Asia Times Online. Retrieved from: http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/MF04Ad01.html
  • Gao, M. (2008). The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution. London: Pluto Press. Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094507/http://www.strongwindpress.com/pdfs/EBook/The_Battle_for_Chinas_Past.pdf
  • Goldman, M. (1967). Literary dissent in Communist China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Jackson, J. M. (2004). An early spring: Mao Tse- tung, the Chinese intellectuals and the Hundred Flowers Campaign. Retrieved from http://filebox. vt.edu/users/jojacks2/words/ hundredflowers. Htm
  • Jian, G., Song, Y. and Zhou, Y. (2009). The A to Z of the Chinese cultural revolution. Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 124-142.
  • Joffe, E. (1966). China in Mid-1966: “Cultural Revolution” or Struggle for Power? The China Quarterly. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 124. Retrieved from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/china-in-mid1966-cultural-revolution-or-struggle-for-power/65784DFA341DAD0D84FCC8D28E88A42E
  • MacFarquhar, R. (1960). The hundred flowers campaign and the Chinese in-tellectuals. New York: Praeger.
  • MacFarquhar, R. (1974). The origins of the cultural revolution. London: Oxford University Press, 53.
  • Mao, Z. (1977). On the correct handling of contradictions among the people, selected works of Mao Tse-tung. Peking: People's Publishing House, Vol. V, 412.
  • Mao, Z. (1977). Speech at the party national conference on propaganda work," Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung. Peking: People's Publishing House, Vol. V, 423.
  • Maurice, K. (1966). The making of a proletarian intellectual: Higher educa-tion and cultural revolution in China. Current Scene, 4, 1-17
  • Munro, D. (1966). Dissent in communist China, The Current Anti-Intellectual Campaign in Perspective. Current Scene, 4(11), 5.
  • Naughton, B. (2007). The Chinese economy transitions and growth. Cam-bridge, MA: The MIT Press, 73.
  • Ozsoylu, A. (2006). Çin Bir Devin Uyanışı, Adana: Nobel Kitabevi, 10.
  • Perlez, J. (2013). A Leader in Mao's Cultural Revolution Faces His Past. New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/07/world/asia/a-student-leader-in-maos-cultural-revolution.html?pagewanted=2
  • Sander, O. (1967). XX. XXI. Ve XXII. Kongreler ve Sovyet Dış Politikası. Ankara: Sevinc Press, 25-41.
  • Schram, S. (1989). The thought of Mao Tse- Tung. Contemporary China Institute Publications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Spence, J. (1999). The search for modern China. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 61-72.
  • Tang, P. (1961). Communist China today, domestic and foreign policies. Research Institute on the Sino-Soviet Bloc. Washington, 1, 450.
  • Yang, D. (1996). Calamity and reform in China: State, rural society, and institutional change since the great leap famine. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 35-39.
  • Yongyi, S. (2009). Great leap forward, great famine: The truth and analysis under historical and comparative perspectives. Penguin Random House, 18-43.
Toplam 23 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hasan Gönder 0000-0001-7327-1408

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2018
Kabul Tarihi 22 Mayıs 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 15

Kaynak Göster

APA Gönder, H. (2018). 1956-66 Pre-Cultural Revolution period and Mao’s lack of self-criticism. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 8(15), 1734-1748. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.419245