Gender-Based Discrimination in Business Loan Markets

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 19, 1893 - 1913, 30.09.2019

Elmas Yaldız Hanedar

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.549034

Öz

The aim of this paper
is to examine the existence of discrimination against female owned sole
proprietorship firms in loan markets based on firm level cross country evidence
from EBRD countries. We examine discrimination in credit markets via
probability of a firm getting loan. In order to measure the discrimination we
also take into account the firms those are discouraged from borrowing as
dependent variable in addition to firms with female top managers. The results
of the probit analyses indicate higher mean values of rejection rates for
female firm owners’ credit applications, however this difference is not statistically
significant. As we control for the firm and country level differences in the
multivariate analysis, the significance of financial discrimination against
female owned firms mostly disappears. Additionally the innovative firms with
higher numbers of full time workers, and the firms with lower unpaid debts are
more likely to receive credits from financial institutions. Moreover the
probability of a firm having a rejected credit application is lower in
countries with higher gross domestic product per capita.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Discrimination, Credit Markets, Credit Rationing, Gender

Ticari Krediler Piyasasında Cinsiyet Ayrımcılığı

Öz

Bu makalenin amacı,
EBRD ülkelerinden toplanan firma düzeyinde verilere dayanarak, tek bir kadın
girişimciye ait firmaların kredi piyasasında ayrımcılığa uğrayıp uğramadığını
araştırmaktır. Kredi piyasasında kadın girişimcilerin maruz kaldığı ayrımcılığı
bir firmanın kredi alma olasılığı ile ölçüyoruz. Ayrımcılığı ölçmek için
bağımlı değişken olarak ayrıca firmanın kredi başvurusuna cesaret edememesi
incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın temel bağımsız değişkeni olarak sadece kadın
girişimcileri ifade eden kukla değişken değil, kadın üst yöneticiye sahip
firmalar da dikkate alınmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda kadın firma
sahiplerine ait kredi başvurularının geri çevrilme oranları daha yüksek olduğu
gözlemlenirken, bu fark istatistiksel olarak çok da anlamlı olmadığı ortaya
çıkmıştır. Çok değişkenli regresyonlar sayesinde firma ve ülke düzeyinde
farklılıkları kontrol ettiğimizde, kadın girişimcilere karşı finansal
ayrımcılığın çoğunlukla ortadan kalktığı gözükmektedir. Bununla beraber tam
zamanlı çalışan sayısının fazla, yenilikçi ve ödenmemiş borçların az olduğu
firmaların finansal kurumlardan borç alma olasılıkları daha yüksektir. Ayrıca
kişi başına düşen gayri safi yurt içi hasılanın yüksek olduğu ülkelerde
firmaların kredi başvurularının daha düşük olasılıklarla reddedildiği gözlemlenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ayrımcılık, Kredi Piyasaları, Kredi Tayınlaması, Cinsiyet

Kaynakça

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