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Football-Related Violence in Turkey in relation to Collective Violence and Identity Fusion

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 19, 2549 - 2561, 30.09.2019
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.562558

Öz

Football-related violence is an ever-growing problem all over the world. There exist a plethora of studies on the issue of violence in football, yet not many Studies have focused on collective violence and identity fusion as part of these violent behaviours by fan groups. This study mainly aims at investigating whether collective violence and identity fusion exist as reasons behind football-related violence in Turkey, a country hosting various ethnic communities living altogether. Thus, it is crucial to investigate violence in football in terms of psychological and social elements. In this study, sample occasions from violent behaviours of football fan groups based in Turkey, particularly those belonging to football teams playing in the Turkish Superlig, were collected to analyse how and in what ways collective violence and identity fusion occur in the game of football on and off the pitch.  According to the findings of this study, it was observed that regarding collective violence, though fan groups are not known to be violent, they follow the collective mind and get involved in protests, riots and violence on and off the pitch and that masculinity is an indispensable part of this violence, particularly in the Black Sea region of Turkey. In addition, it was seen that although identity fusion is not something common among fan groups in Turkey, Çarşı, the supporter group of Beşiktaş team, consists of members who are highly fused and that members of this group do not get involved in violence in football, on the contrary, they have acts such as preserving human rights, giving voice to social issues and helping those in need.     

Kaynakça

  • Erikson, E. H. (1963). Youth: Change and challenge. New York: Basic books
  • Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1982). The life cycle completed. New York: Norton.
  • Fearon, J. D. (1999). What Is Identity (as We Now Use the Word)? Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University (November). accessed from www.stanford.edu/∼jfearon/papers/iden1v2.pdf.
  • Jewell, R.T., Moti, A, and Coates, D.R.T. J. (2011). Violence and Aggression in Sporting Contests: In (R. Todd Jewell eds.), A Brief History of Violence and Aggression in Spectator Sports, Economics, History and Policy, Sports Economics, Management and Policy 4, ; DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6630-8_2,
  • Maffesoli, M. (1996). The contemplation of the world: Figures of community style. Minneesota:University of Minnesota Press.
  • Newson, M. (2017). Football, fan violence, and identity fusion. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 54 (4), 431-444. DOI: 10.1177/1012690217731293.
  • Otto, M. J. (2011). Adang. Initiation and escalation of collective violence: An observational study. In (T.D. Madensen, ve J. Knutsson eds.), Preventing crowd violence (chapter.4, p 47 – 68) Police Academy of the Netherlands:Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, CO;
  • Radikal Gazetesi. (2003, February 17). Çarşı, savaşa karşı (Çarşı is against war). Accessed on 25th of April 2019 from http://radikal.com.tr.
  • Strang, L., Baker, G., Pollard, J. and Hofman, J. (2018). Violent and antisocial behaviours at football events and factors associated with these behaviours: A rapid evidence assessment. RAND Corporation (RR-2580-QAT), https://doi.org/10.7249/RR2580.
  • Swann, W. B. and Buhrmester, M. D. (2015). Identity fusion. Current Directions in Psychological Science; 24, 52-57.
  • Taylor, N. A. J. (2011). Football hooliganism as collective violence: Explaining variance in Britain through interpersonal boundaries, 1863–1989, The International Journal of the History of Sport, 28(13), 1750-1771

Kolektif Şiddet ve Kimlik Kaynaşmasına İlişkin Olarak Türkiye’de Futbol Şiddeti

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 19, 2549 - 2561, 30.09.2019
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.562558

Öz

Futbol şiddeti, tüm dünyada gittikçe artan bir problem haline gelmektedir. Futbol şiddeti konusu ile ilgili pek çok çalışma mevcut olmasına karşın çok az çalışma taraftar grupları tarafından ortaya konulan şiddeti davranışlarının bir parçası olarak kolektif şiddeti ve kimlik kaynaşmasına odaklanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın temel olarak amacı, kolektif şiddet ve kimlik kaynaşmasının birlikte yaşayan çeşitli etnik toplulukları barındıran bir ülke olan Türkiye’de futbol şiddetinin arakasındaki sebepler olup olmadığını araştırmaktır. Dolayısıyla, futboldaki şiddeti psikolojik ve sosyal unsurlar açısından değerlendirmek elzemdir. Bu çalışmada, özellikle de Türkiye Süperlig kapsamında oynayan takımlara ait taraftar grupları olmak üzere Türkiye’de bulunan taraftar gruplarının şiddeti davranışlarından derlenen örnek olaylar, kolektif şiddet ve kimlik kaynaşmasının futbol oyunundaki saha içinde ve saha dışında meydana nasıl ve ne şekilde meydana geldiğini irdelemek üzere derlenmiştir.  Çalışmanın bulgularına göre, kolektif şiddeti ilişkin olarak taraftar gruplarının şiddet odaklı olmadıkları bilinmesine rağmen, kolektif fikri takip ettikleri ve saha içi ve saha dışı olaylar, protestolar ve kargaşalarda bulunmaktadır ve erkeksilik hususu özellikle de Karadeniz Bölgesinde bu şiddetin ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır.  Bunun yanı sıra, kimlik kaynaşmasının taraftar grupları arasında ortak bir olgu olmadığı görülse de, Beşiktaş taraftar gurubu olan Çarşı’nın oldukça kaynaşmış bireylerden oluştuğu ve üyelerinin şiddeti eyleminde olmadığı aksine insan haklarını koruma, sosyal olayları dile getirme ve ihtiyacı olanlara yardım etme gibi eylemlerde bulundukları gözlemlenmektedir. 

Kaynakça

  • Erikson, E. H. (1963). Youth: Change and challenge. New York: Basic books
  • Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1982). The life cycle completed. New York: Norton.
  • Fearon, J. D. (1999). What Is Identity (as We Now Use the Word)? Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University (November). accessed from www.stanford.edu/∼jfearon/papers/iden1v2.pdf.
  • Jewell, R.T., Moti, A, and Coates, D.R.T. J. (2011). Violence and Aggression in Sporting Contests: In (R. Todd Jewell eds.), A Brief History of Violence and Aggression in Spectator Sports, Economics, History and Policy, Sports Economics, Management and Policy 4, ; DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6630-8_2,
  • Maffesoli, M. (1996). The contemplation of the world: Figures of community style. Minneesota:University of Minnesota Press.
  • Newson, M. (2017). Football, fan violence, and identity fusion. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 54 (4), 431-444. DOI: 10.1177/1012690217731293.
  • Otto, M. J. (2011). Adang. Initiation and escalation of collective violence: An observational study. In (T.D. Madensen, ve J. Knutsson eds.), Preventing crowd violence (chapter.4, p 47 – 68) Police Academy of the Netherlands:Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, CO;
  • Radikal Gazetesi. (2003, February 17). Çarşı, savaşa karşı (Çarşı is against war). Accessed on 25th of April 2019 from http://radikal.com.tr.
  • Strang, L., Baker, G., Pollard, J. and Hofman, J. (2018). Violent and antisocial behaviours at football events and factors associated with these behaviours: A rapid evidence assessment. RAND Corporation (RR-2580-QAT), https://doi.org/10.7249/RR2580.
  • Swann, W. B. and Buhrmester, M. D. (2015). Identity fusion. Current Directions in Psychological Science; 24, 52-57.
  • Taylor, N. A. J. (2011). Football hooliganism as collective violence: Explaining variance in Britain through interpersonal boundaries, 1863–1989, The International Journal of the History of Sport, 28(13), 1750-1771
Toplam 12 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Servet Reyhan 0000-0003-3303-7566

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2019
Kabul Tarihi 23 Ağustos 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 19

Kaynak Göster

APA Reyhan, S. (2019). Football-Related Violence in Turkey in relation to Collective Violence and Identity Fusion. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 13(19), 2549-2561. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.562558