Türkiye’de Kuşaklararası Çatışma Algısı

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 33, 67 - 94, 31.01.2021

Burcu Özdemir Ocaklı , Betül Yalçın

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.818458

Öz

Kuşaklararası ilişkiler çalışmalarının genellikle ilişkinin dayanışma boyutuna odaklanması, ve kuşaklararası çatışma kavramının olumsuz çağrışım yaratması, ilişkinin içsel bir parçası olan kuşaklararası çatışmanın bir araştırma alanı olarak ihmal edilmesine sebep olmuştur. Literatürdeki bu boşluktan yola çıkan bu çalışmanın amacı Türk toplumundaki kuşaklararası çatışmanın belirleyicilerini araştırmaktır. EQLS 2016 veri setini kullanarak, sosyodemografik faktörlerin, işlevsel ve ilişkisel dayanışma göstergelerinin kuşaklar arası çatışma algısını şekillendirmedeki etkisini incelemek için lojistik regresyon da dahil olmak üzere bir dizi analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu analizin sonuçları, diğer faktörler kontrol edildikten sonra, cinsiyet, yaş grubu, yaşamsal mekan (kır-kent), mali durum, medeni durum, istihdam durumu, eğitim düzeyi, aile büyüğüne bakım sağlama, hanedeki çocuk sayısı, düzenli yüz yüze etkileşim gibi faktörlerin nesiller arası çatışmanın algılanması üzerine bir etkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuçlar, erkek, genç (64 yaş ve altı), daha yüksek gelir ve eğitim düzeyine sahip, boşanmış, kentsel bölgede yaşayan, bekar ebeveyn, yaşlı aile üyesine bakmakla yükümlü, 4 ve daha fazla çocuk sahibi olan bireylerle karşılaştırıldığında, kadın, yaşlı (65 yaş ve üzeri), kırsal kesimde yaşayan, dezavantajlı sosyo-ekonomik geçmişe sahip, dul, aile işinde çalışan bireylerin Türk toplumunda kuşaklar arası çatışma vardır deme olasılığının daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kuşaklararası çatışma, Türkiye, Makro düzeyde analiz

Perception of Intergenerational Conflict in Turkey

Öz

Intergenerational conflict has long been neglected as an intrinsic part of intergenerational relationships since the focus was mainly on the solidarity aspect. Addressing this gap in the literature, we attempted to explore the determinants of intergenerational conflict in Turkish society. Using the EQLS 2016 , we conducted a series of analyses, including logistic regression to examine the impact of sociodemographic factors, functional and associational solidarity indicators in shaping the perception of intergenerational conflict. The results of the present analysis indicate that after controlling for the other factors, gender, age cohort, financial adequacy, marital status, employment status, educational attainment level, responsibility of caring for older family member, number of children, regular face-to face interaction have an impact on acknowledging intergenerational conflict. The results show that compared to those who are: male, younger (64 and younger), having higher income and educational attainment level, divorced, single parent, caring for elderly family member, having 4 and more children, people who are: female, older (65 and older), living in rural surrounding, coming from rural and disadvantaged socio-economic background, widowed, working at family business have higher likelihood of acknowledging intergenerational conflict in Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

intergenerational conflict, Turkey, Macro-level analysis

Kaynakça

• Abu Aleon, T., Weinstock, M., Manago, A.M., and Greenfield, P.M. (2019). Social change and ıntergenerational value differences in a bedouin community in Israel. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(5), 708-727.
• Adıbelli, D., Türkoğlu, N., and Kılıç, D. (2013). Öğrenci hemşirelerin yaşlılığa ilişkin görüşleri ve yaşlılığa karşı tutumları [Attitudes and opinions of nursing students towards old age]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 6(1), 1‐8.
• Bengtson, V.L. and Achenbaum, W.A. (Eds) (1993). The changing contract across generations. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
• Bengtson, V.L., Giarrusso, R., Mabry, B., and Silverstein, M. (2002). Solidarity, conflict and ambivalence: Complimentary or competing perspectives on intergenerational relationships? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 64, 568-576.
• Bengtson, V. and Kuypers, J. (1971). Generational difference and the developmental stake. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 2, 249–260. doi:10.2190/AG.2.4.b
• Bengtson, V. L., and Roberts, R. E. (1991). Intergenerational solidarity in aging families: An example of formal theory construction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 856-870.
• Brandt, M., Haberkern, K., and Szdlik, M. (2009). Intergenerational help and care in Europe. European Sociological Review, 25, 585-601.
• Bengtson, V.L., and Schrader, S.S. (1982). Parent-child relations. Mangen, D., and Peterson, W. (Eds.), Handbook of Research Instruments in Social Gerontology. (2, 115-185). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• Birditt, K.S., Miller, L.M., Fingerman, K.L. ve Lefkowitz, E.S. (2009) Tensions in the parent and adult child relationship: Links to solidarity and ambivalence. Psychol Aging. 24(2), 287-295. doi:10.1037/a0015196
• Cangöz, B. (2008). Yaşlılık sadece kayıp mı? Bir ayrıcalık mı? [Is old age a lost or a privilege?] Türk Geriatri Dergisi, 11(3), 143‐150.
• ChenFeng, J., Knudson-Martin, C., and Nelson, T. (2015). Intergenerational tension, connectedness, and separateness in the lived experience of first and second generation Chinese American Christians. Journal of Contemporary Family Therapy, 41, 205–220. doi:10.1007/s10591-015-9335-9.
• Chung, R. H. G. (2001). Gender, ethnicity, and acculturation in intergenerational conflict of Asian American college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7(4), 376–386. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.7.4.376
• Clarke, E., Preston M, Raksin J, and Bengtson VL. (1999) Types of conflict and tensions between older parents and adult children. The Gerontologist, 39, 261–270.
• Clarke, W. R., Gilligan, M. J. and Golder, M., (2005). A simple multivariate test for asymmetric hypotheses, Political Analysis, 14(3), 311-331.
• Clarke, A., (2003). Situational analyses: grounded theory mapping after the postmodern turn. Symbolic Interaction, 26(4), 553-576.
• Connidis, I. A., and McMullin, J. A. (2002). Sociological ambivalence and family ties: a critical perspective. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 558-567.
• Coser, L. A. (1956). The functions of social conflict. Free Press.
• Cowan, P. A., Field, D., Hansen, D. A., Skolnick, A., and Swanson, G. E. (Eds.). (1993). Family, self, and society: Toward a new agenda for family research. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
• Dumas, A. and Turner, B.S. (2009). Aging in post-ındustrial societies: Intergenerational conflict and solidarity. In J. Powell and J. Hendrick (eds.). The Welfare State and Post-industrial Society: A Global Analysis, (p.41-56) New York, NY, Springer,.
• Eggebeen, D., and Hogan, D. (1990). Giving between generations in American families. Human Nature, 1, 3, 211-32.
• Engels, F. (1884/1972). The origin of the family, private property and the state. New York, NY: Pathfinder Press.
• Erdemir, F., Kav, S., Citak, E. A., Hanoglu, Z., and Karahan, A. (2011). A Turkish version of Kogan’s attitude toward older people (KAOP) scale: Reliability and validity assessment. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 52, e162–e165.
• Erol, S., Pınar, R., Gür, K., Ergün, A., and Hayran, O. (2013). Attitudes towards old people among Turkish university students. Retrieved from http://www.ifa-fiv.org/wp-content/ uploads/2013/11/Rukiye-Pinar-1100- Opal-A.pdf
• EUROFOUND (2018). European quality of life survey (EQLS,Dublin.  https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/data/european-quality-of-life-survey. Accessed via UK Data Service.
• Fingerman KL. (1996). Sources of tension in the aging mother and adult daughter relationship. Psychology and Aging. 11, 591–606.
• Fingerman, K. L., and Hay, E. (2004). Intergenerational ambivalence in the context of the larger social network. In K. Pillemer, and K. Lüscher (Eds.), Intergenerational ambivalences: New perspectives on parent- child relations in later life. New York: Elsevier.
• Giarrusso, R./Stallings, M. and Bengtson, V.L. (1995): The “ıntergenerational stake” hypothesis revisited: Parent-child differences in perception of relationships 20 years later. In: Bengtson, V.L./Schaie, K.W. and Burton, L.M. (Eds.), Adult Intergenerational Relations. Effects of Societal Change. (p.227-263). New York, NY,
• Göçer, Ş., and Ceyhan, O. (2012). Kayseri İli Hacılar İlçe Merkezinde yaşlılarla yaşayan bireylerin yaşlılık ve yaşlı ayrımcılığına ilişkin tutumlarının belirlenmesi [Determining attitudes of ındividuals living with older people in Kayseri towards Ageism]. 5th Academic Geriatrics Congress, p.181‐184, 23‐ 27 May 2012, Cornelia Diamond Hotel, Antalya.
• Görgün-Baran, A., Kalınkara, V., Aral, N., Akın G., Baran, G., and Özkan, Y. (2005).Elder and family relations research: The example of Ankara. Başbakanlık Aile ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
• Grimm, P. (2010). Social desirability bias. In Wiley International Encyclopaedia of Marketing (eds J. Sheth and N. Malhotra). doi:10.1002/9781444316568.wiem02057
• Karagöz, M. (2006). Sosyolojik bakımdan genç-ebeveyn ilişkisi: Konya örneği [Youth-parent relationship from a sociological point of view: Case of Konya]. Master’s Thesis. Selçuk University, Institute of Social Sciences, Sociology Department, Konya.
• Katz, R., and Lowenstein, A. (2010). Theoretical perspectives on intergenerational solidarity, conflict and ambivalence. In Izuhara, M. (Ed.), Ageing and intergenerational relations (p. 29-57). Bristol, UK: The Policy Press.
• Kıpçak, S. and Dedeli, Ö. (2016). Evaluation of the elderlies’s attitudes towards young people. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(2), 2682-2696.
• Kiliç, D., and Adibelli, D. (2011). The validity and reliability of Kogan’s attitude toward old people scale in the Turkish society. Health, 3, 602–608.
• Kulakçı, H. (2010). Hemşirelik lisans programı birinci ve dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin yaşlılık ve yaşlanmaya ilişkin düşüncelerinin ve görüşlerinin değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of attitudes of nursing freshmans and seniors towards old age and ageing]. Dokuz Eylül University Nursing School Electronic Journal, 3(1), 15‐22.
• Law, J. Young, T. J., Almeida, J. and Ginja, S. (2019). Intergenerational communication: An interdisciplinary mapping review of research between 1996 and 2017. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 17:3, 287-310, DOI: 10.1080/15350770.2018.1535349.
• Lin X, Bryant C, Boldero J, Dow B. (2015). Older Chinese ımmigrants' relationships with their children: A Literature review from a solidarity-conflict perspective gerontologist. 55(6), 990-1005. doi:10.1093/geront/gnu004
• Lui, P.P. (2015). Intergenerational cultural conflict, mental health, and educational outcomes among Asian and Latino/a Americans: Qualitative and meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 141(2):404-446. doi:10.1037/a0038449.
• Marshall, V. W., Sarah H. M., and Rosenthal, C. J. (1993). Elusiveness of Family Life: A Challenge for the Sociology of Aging. In , ed. George L. Maddox and M. Powell Lawton Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, p. 39-74 Vol. 13. Newyork: Springer.
• McChesney, K. Y., Bengtson, V. L., Mangen, D. J. i Bengtson, V. L. (Ed); Landry Jr., and Pierre, H. (Ed). (1988). Solidarity, integration, and cohesion in families: Concepts and theories. Measurement of intergenerational relations. Sage focus editions, Vol. 92. (p. 15-30). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.
• Mottram, S. A., and Hortaçsu, N. (2005). Adult daughter–aging mother relationship over the life cycle: The Turkish Case. Journal of Aging Studies, 19, 471-488.
• Özdemir, B. (2013). Renegotiation of ıntergenerational contract: Changing forms for ıntergenerational solidarity. IFA and TURYAK International Initiative on Ageing “Intergenerational Solidarity”, 4-6 October, 2013, İstanbul, Türkiye.
• Özdemir, Ö. (2009). Üniversitede Öğrenim gören hemşirelik öğrencilerinin yaşlı ayrımcılığına ilişkin tutumları [the attitudes of nursing students towards ageism]. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Gazi University, Institute of Health Science, Ankara.
• Özdemir-Ocaklı, B. (2017). Intergenerational relationships between adult children and older parents in Turkey. Doctoral Dissertation. Department of Sociology, University of Oxford.
• Ozkaptan, B. B., Altay, B., and Cabar, H. D. (2012). Attitudes of nursing students towards older people in Turkey. Health Medicine, 6, 3351–3358.
• Öztop, H., and Telsiz, M. (2001). Relations and expectations between elderly parents and adult children: An ıntergenerational evaluation. Ankara: Hacettepe University Press.
• Phillipson, C. (1996). Intergenerational conflict and the welfare state: American and British perspectives. In Walker, A. ed., The new generational contract. London, UCL.
• Pillemer, K. and Suitor, J. J. (1992). Violence and violent feelings: What causes them among family caregivers? Journal of Gerontology, 47 (4), S165–S172.
• Rahman, N. (1999). Understanding conflict: Perception of female caregivers. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 18(3), 140–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.1999.tb00115.x
• Silverstein, M., and Bengtson, V. L. (1997). Intergenerational solidarity and the structure of adult child: Parent relationships in American families. American Journal of Sociology, 103(2), 429-460.
• Silverstein, M., Parrott, T. M., Angelelli, J. J., and Cook, F. L. (2000). Solidarity and tension between age-groups in the United States: Challenge for an aging America in the 21st century. International Journal of Social Welfare, 9(4), 270-284. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2397.00139
• Simmel, G. (1955). Conflict and the web of group-affiliations. Free Press.
• Suitor, J. J. and Pillemer, K. (1991). Family conflict when adult children and elderly parents share a home. In K. Pillemer and K. McCartney (Eds.), Parent-Child Relations Throughout Life (p. 179- 199). Hillsdale, NJ: Er
• Szydlik, M. (2008). Intergenerational solidarity and conflict. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 39, 97-114.
• Ünalan, D., Soyuer, F., and Elmalı, F. (2012). Geriatri merkezi çalışanlarında yaşlı tutumunun değerlendirilmesi [Assessment of attitudes towards elderly among geriatric center workers]. Kafkas Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(3), 115-120.
• Vefikuluçay, D. (2008). Üniversitede öğrenim gören öğrencilerin yaşlı ayrımcılığına ilişkin tutumları [Attitudes of University Students towards Ageism].
• Walker, A. (1996). Intergenerational relations and the provision of welfare. In Walker, A. ed., The new generational contract. London, UCL.
• Yılmaz, E., and Özkan, S. (2010). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin yaşlı ayrımcılığına ilişkin tutumları [Attitudes of Nursing Students towards Ageism] Maltepe University, Nursing Science and Art Journal, 3 (2), 35-53.
• United Nation (2002). Political declaration and Madrid international plan of action on Ageing. 08-12 April 2002, Madrid, Spain. Online. Available at https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/ageing/MIPAA/political-declaration-en.pdf