Beliren Yetişkinlikte Psikolojik Dayanıklılık ve Affedicilik: Bilişsel Kontrol/Esnekliğin Paralel Çoklu Aracılığı

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 35, 1968 - 1989, 31.03.2021

Ayşe Sibel Demirtaş

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.790362

Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu çalışmada, beliren yetişkinlerde affediciliğin yordanmasına yönelik bir model geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Önerilen hipotez modelde, psikolojik dayanıklılık ve affedicilik arasındaki ilişkide bilişsel kontrol/esnekliğin paralel çoklu aracılığı test edilmiştir. Araştırma, Akdeniz Bölgesi’ndeki bir devlet üniversitesinde eğitim alan 354 öğrenci üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcıların 141’i (%40) Eğitim Fakültesi’nin çeşitli bölümlerinde lisans eğitimi alan öğrencilerden, 213’ü (% 60) pedagojik formasyon eğitimi alan öğrencilerden oluşmaktadır. Katılımcıların 142’si (% 40.1) kadın, 184’ü (% 52) erkektir. 28 kişi (%7.9) cinsiyetini belirtmemiştir. Katılımcıların yaş ortalamaları 22.79’dur (SS: 4.20). Verilerin toplanmasında Ego-Dayanıklılık Ölçeği, Bilişsel Kontrol/Esneklik Ölçeği ve Heartland Affedicilik Ölçeği; verilerin analizinde betimsel istatistikler, Pearson korelasyon katsayısı ve aracılık analizleri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, psikolojik dayanıklılık, affedicilik, bilişsel kontrol/esneklik değişkenleri arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişkiler olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Aracılık etkisi için yapılan analizde ise psikolojik dayanıklılık ile affedicilik arasında bilişsel kontrol/esnekliğin paralel çoklu aracılığı istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bulunmuştur. Çalışmanın bulgular ışığında, psikolojik dayanıklılığa sahip bireylerin olumsuz duygu ve düşüncelerini kontrol edebilme, bunları yönetebilme ve alternatif başa çıkma stratejileri oluşturabilme becerisine sahip olduğu, ve bu özellikleri sayesinde daha fazla affedici oldukları söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

psikolojik dayanıklılık, affedicilik, bilişsel kontrol, bilişsel esneklik

Ego-Resiliency and Forgiveness in Emerging Adults: The Parallel Multiple Mediation of Cognitive Control/Flexibility

Öz

This study was designed to develop a model for predicting forgiveness in emerging adults. The parallel multiple mediation of cognitive control/flexibility was tested in the relationship between ego-resiliency and forgiveness in the hypothesized model. The study was carried out with 354 students who were recruited from a state university in the Mediterranean Region. Of the 354 participants 141 (40%) were students who received undergraduate education in various departments of the Faculty of Education, 213 (60%) were students who received pedagogical training. 142 (40.1%) of the participants were female and 184 (52%) were male. 28 participants (7.9%) did not declare gender. The mean age of the participants was 22.79 (SD: 4.20). Ego-Resiliency Scale, Cognitive Control/Flexibility Questionnaire, and Heartland Forgiveness Scale were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and mediation analysis were used in the study. The findings revealed that there were positive relationships among ego-resiliency, forgiveness and cognitive control/flexibility. In the analysis for the mediating effect, the parallel multiple mediation of cognitive control/flexibility in the relationship between ego-resiliency and forgiveness was found to be statistically significant. In the light of the findings of the study, it can be said that individuals with psychological resilience have the ability to control their negative emotions and thoughts, manage them, and create alternative coping strategies, and thanks to these features, they are more forgiving.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ego-resiliency, forgiveness, cognitive control, cognitive flexibility

Kaynakça

• Allemand, M. (2008). Age differences in forgivingness: The role of future time perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1137-1147. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2008.02.009
• Anderson, M. A. (2006). The relationship among resilience, forgiveness, and anger expression in adolescents. Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 416. 15 Temmuz 2020 tarihinde
• https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/416 adresinden erişildi.
• Asendorpf, J. B., ve Van Aken, M. A. (1991). Correlates of the temporal consistency of personality patterns in childhood. Journal of Personality, 59(4), 689-703. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00927.x
• Arıcı-Özcan, N., Çekici, F. ve Arslan, R. (2019). The relationship between resilience and distress tolerance in college students: The mediator role of cognitive flexibility and difficulties in emotion regulation. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 5(4), 525-533.
• Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 469-480.
• Benn, I., Harvey, J. E., Gilbert, P. ve Irons, C. (2005). Social rank, interper-sonal trust and recall of parental rearing in relation to homesickness. Personal Individual Difference, 38, 1813-1822.
• Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Parrott, L. III, O'Connor, L. E. ve Wade, N. G. (2001). Dispositional forgivingness: Development and construct validity of the Transgression Narrative Test of Forgivingness (TNTF). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(10), 1277–1290. doi: 10.1177/01461672012710004
• Block, J. (1982). Assimilation, accommodation, and the dynamics of personality development. Child Development, 53, 281-295.
• Block, J. H. ve Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. W. A. Collins (Ed.), Development of cognition, affect and social relations: The Minnesota symposia on child psychology içinde (ss. 39-101). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
• Block, J. (2002). Personality as an affect-processing system. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
• Block, J., ve Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349-361.
• Bono, G., & McCullough, M. E. (2004). Religion, forgiveness, and adjustment in older adults. In K. W. Schaie, N. Krause, ve A. Booth (Eds.), Religious influences on health and well-being in the elderly içinde (s. 163–186). New York: Springer
• Bono, G.,McCullough, M. E. ve Root, L. M. (2008). Forgiveness, feeling connected to others, and well-being: Two longitudinal studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 182-195.
• Bugay, A. ve Demir, A. (2010a). A Turkish Version of Heartland Forgiveness Scale. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927-1931.
• Carstensen, L. L., Mikels, J. A., ve Mather, M. (2006). Aging and the intersection of cognition, motivation, and emotion. In J. E. Birren &W. K. Schaire (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging içinde (6. ed., s. 343-362). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier
• Cohen, L., Manion, L. ve Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education. London: Routledge.
• Demirtas, A. S. (2019). Stresli durumlarda bilişsel kontrol ve bilişsel esneklik: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Psikoloji Calışmaları - Studies in Psychology, 39(2), 345-368. doi: 10.26650/SP2019-0028.
• Dennis, J. P., ve Vander Wal, J. S. V. (2010). The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(3), 241–253. doi: 10.1007/s10608- 009-9276-4.
• Dwiwardani, C., Hill, P. C., Bollinger, R. A., Marks, L. E., Steele, J. R., Doolin, H. N., . . . , Davis, D. E. (2014). Virtues develop from a secure base: Attachment and resilience as predictors of humility, gratitude, and forgiveness. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42(1), 83-90.
• Divvyalakshmi, N. N ve Indumathy, J. (2018). Resilience, forgiveness and personal well-being among adults. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 9(2), 24437-24441. doi: 10.24327/ijrsr.2018.0902.1661.
• Gabrys, R. L., Tabri, N., Anisman, H. ve Matheson, K. (2018). Cognitive control and flexibility in the context of stress and depressive symptoms: The Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-19. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02219
• Ghaemmaghami, P., Allemand, M., ve Martin, M. (2011). Forgiveness in younger, middle-aged and older adults: Age and gender matters. Journal of Adult Development, 18, 192-203. doi:10.1007/s10804-011-9127-x
• Gurvis, J. ve Calarco, A. (2007). Adaptability: Responding effectively to change. USA: Center for Creative Leadership.
• Halilova, J. G., Struthers, C. W., Guilfoyle, J. R., Shoikhedbrod, A., Van Monsjou, A. ve George. M. (2020). Does resilience help sustain relationships in the face of interpersonal transgressions? Personality and Individual Differences, 160, 109928.
• Hayes, S. C. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behavior Therapy, 35, 639-665.
• Hayes, A. F. (2012). Process: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. 18 https://www.processmacro.org/download.html adresinden erişildi.
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression- based approach. New York: Guilford Press.
• Karaırmak, Ö. (2007). Investigation of personal qualities contributing to psyhological resilience among earthquake survivors: A model testing study (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
• Katovsich, R. B. (2007). Empathy and cognitive flexibility as correlates of forgiveness. Dissertations. 483. 21 Temmuz 2020 tarihinde https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/483 adresinden erişildi.
• Klohnen, E. C. (1996). Conceptual analysis and measurement of the construct of ego-resiliency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(5), 1067-1079. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.5.1067.
• Lopez, S. J., Snyder, C. R. ve Rasmussen, H. N. (2003). Striking a vital balance: Developing a complementary focus on human weakness and strength through positive psychological assessment. S. J. Lopez e C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures içinde (s. 3–20). American Psychological Association.
• Mak, W. W. S., Ng, I. S. W. ve Wong, C. C. Y. (2011). Resilience: Enhancing well-being through the positive cognitive triad. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 610-617. doi: 10.1037/a0025195.
• Martin, M. M. ve Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76(2), 623- 626.
• McCullough, M. E., Pargament, K. I. ve Thoresen, C. E. (Eds.). (2000). Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice. Guilford Press.
• McCullough, M. E., Bellah, C. G., Kilpatrick, S. D. ve Johnson, J. L. (2001). Vengefulness: Relationships with forgiveness, rumination, well-being, and the Big Five. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(5), 601– 610. doi: 10.1177/0146167201275008
• Palm, K. M., ve Follette, V. M. (2011). The roles of cognitive flexibility and experiential avoidance in explaining psychological distress in survivors of interpersonal victimization. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33, 79-86. doi: 10.1007/s10862-010-9201-x
• Philippe, F. L., Laventure, S., Beaulieu-Pelletier, G., Lecours, S. ve Lekes, N. (2011). Ego-resiliency as a mediator between childhood trauma and psychological symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30(6), 583-598. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2011.30.6.583
• Preacher, K. ve Hayes, A. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891. doi: 10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.
• Seligman, M. E. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology’ to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. New York: Free Press.
• Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N. ve Billings, L. S. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, 73,313-359.
• Tugade M. M. ve Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 320-333.
• Turnage, B., Hong, Y. J., Stevenson, A. P. ve Edwards, B. (2011). Social work students' perceptions of themselves and others: Self-esteem, empathy, and forgiveness. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(5), 1-11.
• Worthington, E. L., Jr., Berry, J. W. ve Parrott, L. III. (2001). Unforgiveness, forgiveness, religion, and health. T. G. Plante ve A. C. Sherman (Ed.), Faith and health: Psychological perspectives içinde (s. 107–138). The Guilford Press.