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Investigation of Anxiety and Peritraumatic Distress Levels in Context of Various Variables through Covid-19 Outbreak: Turkey, the UK and the USA Comparison

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 17 Sayı: Pandemi Özel Sayısı, 3221 - 3244, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.830148

Öz

The study aimed to gather socio-demographic information, compliance with personal/governmental precautionary measures from Turkish nationals (age 18 or older) reside in Turkey, the UK and the USA to investigate and compare the effects on peritraumatic distress and anxiety levels within these coun-tries. Peritraumatic Stress and Anxiety Levels are measured by Peritraumatic Distress Inventory (PDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). 70 participants from Turkey, 63 from the UK and 67 from the USA have participated in this causal-comparative study. According to the statistical analy-sis, even though there was no difference between three sample groups according to the STAI-State and PDI scores; the analysis showed that the STAI-Trait points of Turkey sample were higher than the other countries (p<.01). This study identified variables such as being a woman, living alone, trusting official statements, and positive test results from relatives or acquaintances as factors that affect anxiety level. However, these factors differ when evaluated within the scope of country-based responses. This suggests that the level of anxiety is affected more by political decisions, preventive measures and social environment rather than by common cultural characteristics.

Kaynakça

  • Ann-Herring, D., and Sattenspiel, L. (2007). Social contexts, syndemics, and infectious disease in northern Aboriginal populations. American Journal of Human Biology: The Official Journal of the Human Biology Association, 19(2), 190-202.
  • American Psychological Association (2020). Stress in the Time of COVID-19. https://www.apa.org/news/preSd/releases/streSd/2020/streSd-in-america-covid.pdf Last retrieved date: 28.05.2020.
  • Asmundson G.J. and Taylor, S. (2020). How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID-19: What all decision-makers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. J Anxiety Disord. 71, 102211.
  • Başoǧlu, M., Şalcioǧlu, E., and Livanou, M. (2002). Traumatic stresd responses in earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic StreSd: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 15(4), 269-276.
  • Benight, C. C., Swift, E., Sanger, J., Smith, A., and Zeppelin, D. (1999). Coping self‐efficacy as a mediator of distress following a natural disaster. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(12), 2443-2464.
  • Bonanno, G. A., Ho, S. M., Chan, J. C., Kwong, R. S., Cheung, C. K., Wong, C. P., and Wong, V. C. (2008). Psychological resilience and dysfunction among hospitalized survivors of the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: a latent class approach. Health Psychology, 27(5), 659.
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet., 395(1022), 912-920.
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32, 513–531.
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Brunet A, Weiss DS, Metzler TJ, Best SR, Neylan TC, Rogers C, et al. (2001). The Peritraumatic Distress Inventory: A proposed measure of PTSD criterion A2. Am J Psychiatry, 158: 1480–1485.
  • Burke, B. L., Kosloff, S., and Landau, M. J. (2013). Death goes to the polls: A meta‐analysis of mortality salience effects on political attitudes. Political Psychology, 34(2), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12005
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., and Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID- 19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 112934.
  • Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wei, Y., Xia, J, Yu, T., Zhang, X. and Zhang, L. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507-513
  • Cheng, S.K., Wong, C.W., Tsang, J., and Wong, K.C. (2004). Psychological distress and negative appraisals in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Psychological Medicine, 34(7), 1187-1195.
  • Çırakoğlu, O. C. (2011). Domuz gribi (H1N1) salgınıyla ilişkili algıların, kaygı ve kaçınma düzeyi değişkenleri bağlamında incelenmesi. Turk Psikoloji Dergisi, 26(67).
  • Dong, Y., Mo, X. and Hu, Y. (2020). Epidemiological characteristics of 2143 pediatric patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in China. Pediatrics. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-0702
  • Duan, L., and Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 300-302.
  • Erceg, N., Ružojčić, M., and Galic, Z. (2020, April 10). Misbehaving in the corona crisis: The role of anxiety and unfounded beliefs. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/cgjw8
  • Ermağan Çağlar,E., Türk Kurtça, T., Hamzaoğlu, N. and Sanal Özcan, Y. (in-press). Peritravmatik Stres Envanteri (PDI) Türkçe Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması.
  • Fiorillo, A., and Gorwood, P. (2020). The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical practice. European Psychiatry, 1-4.
  • Goulia, P., Mantas, C., Dimitroula, D., Mantis, D., & Hyphantis, T. (2010). General hospital staff worries, perceived sufficiency of information and associated psychological distress during the A/H1N1 influenza pandemic. BMC Infectious Diseases, 10(1), 322.
  • Huang, Y., and Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 epidemic in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. medRxiv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.19.20025395
  • Jacobson, N. C., Lekkas, D., Price, G., Heinz, M. V., Song, M., O’Malley, A. J., and Barr, P. J. (2020, April 8). Flattening the Mental Health Curve: COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Orders are Associated with Alterations in Mental Health Search Behavior in the United States. https://doi.org/10.2196/19347
  • Ha, T., Schensul, S., Lewis, J., and Brown, S. (2020). Early assessment of knowledge, attitudes, anxiety and behavioral adaptations of Connecticut residents to COVID-19. medRxiv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.18.20082073
  • Kannis‐Dymand, L., Carter, J. D., Lane, B. R., and Innes, P. (2019). The relationship of peritraumatic distress and dissociation with beliefs about memory following natural disasters. Australian Psychologist, 54(4), 311-321.
  • Kılınç, G., Yıldız, E. and Harmancı, P. (2017). Toplumsal travmatik olaylar ve aile ruh sağlığı. Turkiye Klinikleri J Psychiatr Nurs, 3(2), 182-188.
  • Krueger, R. F., Kotov, R., Watson, D., Forbes, M. K., Eaton, N. R., Ruggero, C. J., ... ,Bagby, R. M. (2018). Progress in achieving quantitative classification of psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 17(3), 282-293.doi. org/10.1002/wps.20566
  • Kumar, R., Singh, C., Saifi, A., Kumar, S., and Kumar, B. (2020). CoronaVirus, Precaution and Some Treatments. American Journal of Biomedical Research, 8(1), 15-18.
  • Lee, A.M., Wong, J.G., McAlonan, G.M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Sham, P.C., Chu, C.M., Wong, P.C., Tsang, K.W. and Chua, S. E. (2007). Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(4), 233-240.
  • Lev, E. L., and Owen, S. V. (1996). A measure of self‐care self‐efficacy. Research in Nursing & Health, 19(5), 421- 429.
  • Ling, G. H. T., and Ho, C. M. (2020). Effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on social behaviours: From a Social Dilemma Perspective. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 7(1), 312-320.
  • Lippi, G., Henry, B.M., Bovo, C., and Sanchis-Gomar, F. (2020). Health risks and potential remedies during prolonged lockdowns for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Diagnosis, 1(ahead-of-print).
  • Liu, X., Liu, J., and Zhong, X. (2020). Psychological State of College Students During COVID-19 Epidemic. Available at SDRN 3552814.
  • Mak, W. W., Law, R. W., Woo, J., Cheung, F. M., and Lee, D. (2009). Social support and psychological adjustment to SARS: The mediating role of self-care self-efficacy. Psychology and Health, 24(2), 161-174.
  • McComas, K. A., and Trumbo, C. W. (2001). Source credibility in environmental health risk controversies: Application of Meyer’s Credibility Index. Risk Analysis, 21, 467-480.
  • Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, A. (2020). Assessing the anxiety level of Iranian general population during COVID- 19 outbreak. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 102076.
  • Nishi, D., Matsuoka, Y., Yonemoto, N., Noguchi, H., Kim, Y., and Kanba, S. (2010). Peritraumatic Distress Inventory as a predictor of post‐traumatic stress disorder after a severe motor vehicle accident. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 64(2), 149-156.
  • Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Dosil-Santamaria, M., Picaza-Gorrochategui, M., and Idoiaga-Mondragon, N. (2020). Stress, anxiety, and depression levels in the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in a population sample in the northern Spain. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36, e00054020.
  • Öztürk, A., (2008). Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Yüksekokulu Öğretmenlik Programı öğrencilerinin durumluk ve sürekli kaygı düzeyleri ile akademik başarıları arasındaki ilişki. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Sporda Psiko-Sosyal Alanlar Anabilim Dalı, Denizli.
  • Park, S.C. and, Park, Y.C. (2020). Mental health care measures in response to the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Korea. Psychiatry Investig., 17, 85-6.
  • Perin, C., Beghi, M., Cerri, C. G., Peroni, F., Vigano, B., and Cornaggia, C. M. (2015). Experience of group conversations in rehabilitation medicine: methodological approach and pilot study. Journal of Medicine and the Person, 13(2), 96-104.doi.org/10.1007/s12682-015-0208-7.
  • Rana, W., Mukhtar, S., and Mukhtar, S. (2020). Mental health of medical workers in Pakistan during the pandemic COVID-19 outbreak. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102080.
  • Rosendal, S., Şalcıoğlu, E., Andersen, H. S., and Mortensen, E. L. (2011). Exposure characteristics and peri-trauma emotional reactions during the 2004 tsunami in Southeast Asia—what predicts posttraumatic streSd and depreSdive symptoms?. Comprehensive psychiatry, 52(6), 630-637.
  • Rothan, H. A., and Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID- 19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity, 102433.
  • Roy, D., Tripathy, S., Kar, S. K., Sharma, N., Verma, S. K., and Kaushal, V. (2020). Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 102083.
  • Rybojad, B., Aftyka, A., & Milanowska, J. (2019). Peritraumatic distress among emergency medical system employees: A proposed cut-off for the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine: Aaem, 26(4), 579-584.
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Covid-19 Salgın Sürecinde Kaygı ve Peri-travmatik Stres Düzeyinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Bağlamında İncelenmesi: Türkiye, İngiltere ve Amerika Karşılaştırması

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 17 Sayı: Pandemi Özel Sayısı, 3221 - 3244, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.830148

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye, İngiltere ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde (ABD) ikamet eden Türk vatandaşlarının (18 yaş ve üstü) sosyo-demografik bilgi ve Covid-19 salgın sürecinde hükümet ve bireylerin kendileri tarafından alınan önlemlere ilişkin algılarının alınması sonrasında; peri-travmatik stres ve kaygı düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada peri-travmatik stres ve kaygı düzeyleri Peri-travmatik Stres Envanteri ve Durumluk ve Sürekli Kaygı Ölçeği ile ölçülmüştür. Söz konusu ülkelerle yapılan bu nedensel karşılaştırmalı çalışmaya Türkiye'den 70, İngiltere'den 63 ve ABD'den 67 katılımcı katılmıştır. İstatistiksel analize göre Durumluk Kaygı Ölçeği ve Peritravmatik Stres Ölçeği puanlarında ülkeler arasında bir farklılık tespit edilmezken, Türkiye’deki katılımcıların Sürekli Kaygı Ölçeği toplam puanlarının diğer gruplara göre yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p<.01). Bu çalışma kadın olmak, yalnız yaşamak, resmi kurumların açıklamalarına güven duymak, akraba veya tanıdıkların pozitif test sonuçları gibi değişkenleri kaygı düzeyini etkileyen faktörler olarak belirlemiştir. Ancak bu faktörler ülke bazında verilen yanıtlar kapsamında değerlendirildiğinde farklılıklar göstermektedir. Bu durum kaygı düzeyinin ortak kültürel özelliklerden ziyade siyasi kararlardan, önleyici tedbirlerden ve sosyal çevreden daha fazla etkilendiği düşündürmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Ann-Herring, D., and Sattenspiel, L. (2007). Social contexts, syndemics, and infectious disease in northern Aboriginal populations. American Journal of Human Biology: The Official Journal of the Human Biology Association, 19(2), 190-202.
  • American Psychological Association (2020). Stress in the Time of COVID-19. https://www.apa.org/news/preSd/releases/streSd/2020/streSd-in-america-covid.pdf Last retrieved date: 28.05.2020.
  • Asmundson G.J. and Taylor, S. (2020). How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID-19: What all decision-makers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. J Anxiety Disord. 71, 102211.
  • Başoǧlu, M., Şalcioǧlu, E., and Livanou, M. (2002). Traumatic stresd responses in earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic StreSd: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 15(4), 269-276.
  • Benight, C. C., Swift, E., Sanger, J., Smith, A., and Zeppelin, D. (1999). Coping self‐efficacy as a mediator of distress following a natural disaster. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(12), 2443-2464.
  • Bonanno, G. A., Ho, S. M., Chan, J. C., Kwong, R. S., Cheung, C. K., Wong, C. P., and Wong, V. C. (2008). Psychological resilience and dysfunction among hospitalized survivors of the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: a latent class approach. Health Psychology, 27(5), 659.
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet., 395(1022), 912-920.
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32, 513–531.
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Brunet A, Weiss DS, Metzler TJ, Best SR, Neylan TC, Rogers C, et al. (2001). The Peritraumatic Distress Inventory: A proposed measure of PTSD criterion A2. Am J Psychiatry, 158: 1480–1485.
  • Burke, B. L., Kosloff, S., and Landau, M. J. (2013). Death goes to the polls: A meta‐analysis of mortality salience effects on political attitudes. Political Psychology, 34(2), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12005
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., and Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID- 19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 112934.
  • Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wei, Y., Xia, J, Yu, T., Zhang, X. and Zhang, L. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507-513
  • Cheng, S.K., Wong, C.W., Tsang, J., and Wong, K.C. (2004). Psychological distress and negative appraisals in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Psychological Medicine, 34(7), 1187-1195.
  • Çırakoğlu, O. C. (2011). Domuz gribi (H1N1) salgınıyla ilişkili algıların, kaygı ve kaçınma düzeyi değişkenleri bağlamında incelenmesi. Turk Psikoloji Dergisi, 26(67).
  • Dong, Y., Mo, X. and Hu, Y. (2020). Epidemiological characteristics of 2143 pediatric patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in China. Pediatrics. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-0702
  • Duan, L., and Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 300-302.
  • Erceg, N., Ružojčić, M., and Galic, Z. (2020, April 10). Misbehaving in the corona crisis: The role of anxiety and unfounded beliefs. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/cgjw8
  • Ermağan Çağlar,E., Türk Kurtça, T., Hamzaoğlu, N. and Sanal Özcan, Y. (in-press). Peritravmatik Stres Envanteri (PDI) Türkçe Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması.
  • Fiorillo, A., and Gorwood, P. (2020). The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical practice. European Psychiatry, 1-4.
  • Goulia, P., Mantas, C., Dimitroula, D., Mantis, D., & Hyphantis, T. (2010). General hospital staff worries, perceived sufficiency of information and associated psychological distress during the A/H1N1 influenza pandemic. BMC Infectious Diseases, 10(1), 322.
  • Huang, Y., and Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 epidemic in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. medRxiv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.19.20025395
  • Jacobson, N. C., Lekkas, D., Price, G., Heinz, M. V., Song, M., O’Malley, A. J., and Barr, P. J. (2020, April 8). Flattening the Mental Health Curve: COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Orders are Associated with Alterations in Mental Health Search Behavior in the United States. https://doi.org/10.2196/19347
  • Ha, T., Schensul, S., Lewis, J., and Brown, S. (2020). Early assessment of knowledge, attitudes, anxiety and behavioral adaptations of Connecticut residents to COVID-19. medRxiv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.18.20082073
  • Kannis‐Dymand, L., Carter, J. D., Lane, B. R., and Innes, P. (2019). The relationship of peritraumatic distress and dissociation with beliefs about memory following natural disasters. Australian Psychologist, 54(4), 311-321.
  • Kılınç, G., Yıldız, E. and Harmancı, P. (2017). Toplumsal travmatik olaylar ve aile ruh sağlığı. Turkiye Klinikleri J Psychiatr Nurs, 3(2), 182-188.
  • Krueger, R. F., Kotov, R., Watson, D., Forbes, M. K., Eaton, N. R., Ruggero, C. J., ... ,Bagby, R. M. (2018). Progress in achieving quantitative classification of psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 17(3), 282-293.doi. org/10.1002/wps.20566
  • Kumar, R., Singh, C., Saifi, A., Kumar, S., and Kumar, B. (2020). CoronaVirus, Precaution and Some Treatments. American Journal of Biomedical Research, 8(1), 15-18.
  • Lee, A.M., Wong, J.G., McAlonan, G.M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Sham, P.C., Chu, C.M., Wong, P.C., Tsang, K.W. and Chua, S. E. (2007). Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(4), 233-240.
  • Lev, E. L., and Owen, S. V. (1996). A measure of self‐care self‐efficacy. Research in Nursing & Health, 19(5), 421- 429.
  • Ling, G. H. T., and Ho, C. M. (2020). Effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on social behaviours: From a Social Dilemma Perspective. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 7(1), 312-320.
  • Lippi, G., Henry, B.M., Bovo, C., and Sanchis-Gomar, F. (2020). Health risks and potential remedies during prolonged lockdowns for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Diagnosis, 1(ahead-of-print).
  • Liu, X., Liu, J., and Zhong, X. (2020). Psychological State of College Students During COVID-19 Epidemic. Available at SDRN 3552814.
  • Mak, W. W., Law, R. W., Woo, J., Cheung, F. M., and Lee, D. (2009). Social support and psychological adjustment to SARS: The mediating role of self-care self-efficacy. Psychology and Health, 24(2), 161-174.
  • McComas, K. A., and Trumbo, C. W. (2001). Source credibility in environmental health risk controversies: Application of Meyer’s Credibility Index. Risk Analysis, 21, 467-480.
  • Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, A. (2020). Assessing the anxiety level of Iranian general population during COVID- 19 outbreak. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 102076.
  • Nishi, D., Matsuoka, Y., Yonemoto, N., Noguchi, H., Kim, Y., and Kanba, S. (2010). Peritraumatic Distress Inventory as a predictor of post‐traumatic stress disorder after a severe motor vehicle accident. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 64(2), 149-156.
  • Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Dosil-Santamaria, M., Picaza-Gorrochategui, M., and Idoiaga-Mondragon, N. (2020). Stress, anxiety, and depression levels in the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in a population sample in the northern Spain. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36, e00054020.
  • Öztürk, A., (2008). Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Yüksekokulu Öğretmenlik Programı öğrencilerinin durumluk ve sürekli kaygı düzeyleri ile akademik başarıları arasındaki ilişki. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Sporda Psiko-Sosyal Alanlar Anabilim Dalı, Denizli.
  • Park, S.C. and, Park, Y.C. (2020). Mental health care measures in response to the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Korea. Psychiatry Investig., 17, 85-6.
  • Perin, C., Beghi, M., Cerri, C. G., Peroni, F., Vigano, B., and Cornaggia, C. M. (2015). Experience of group conversations in rehabilitation medicine: methodological approach and pilot study. Journal of Medicine and the Person, 13(2), 96-104.doi.org/10.1007/s12682-015-0208-7.
  • Rana, W., Mukhtar, S., and Mukhtar, S. (2020). Mental health of medical workers in Pakistan during the pandemic COVID-19 outbreak. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102080.
  • Rosendal, S., Şalcıoğlu, E., Andersen, H. S., and Mortensen, E. L. (2011). Exposure characteristics and peri-trauma emotional reactions during the 2004 tsunami in Southeast Asia—what predicts posttraumatic streSd and depreSdive symptoms?. Comprehensive psychiatry, 52(6), 630-637.
  • Rothan, H. A., and Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID- 19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity, 102433.
  • Roy, D., Tripathy, S., Kar, S. K., Sharma, N., Verma, S. K., and Kaushal, V. (2020). Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 102083.
  • Rybojad, B., Aftyka, A., & Milanowska, J. (2019). Peritraumatic distress among emergency medical system employees: A proposed cut-off for the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine: Aaem, 26(4), 579-584.
  • Shanafelt, T., Ripp, J., and Trockel, M. (2020). Understanding and addressing sources of anxiety among health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Jama. 323(21), 2133-2134.
  • Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Gibson Miller, J., Hartman, T. K., Levita, L., … Bentall, R. (2020, April 18). Anxiety, depression, traumatic stress, and covid-19 related anxiety in the UK General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hb6nq
  • Siegrist, M., Cvetkovich, G. T., and Gutscher, H. (2001). Shared values, social trust, and the perception of geographic cancer clusters. Risk Analysis, 21(6), 1047-1054.
  • Siegrist, M., Keller, C., &and Kiers, H. A. (2005). A new look at the psychometric paradigm of perception of hazards. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 25(1), 211-222.
  • Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P.R., and Jacobs, G.A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Sweeny, K., and Dooley, M. D. (2017). The surprising upsides of worry. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11(4), e12311. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12311
  • Teo, S. S. S., Nguyen-Van-Tam, J. S., and Booy, R. (2005). Influenza burden of illness, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention: What is the evidence in children and where are the gaps? Archives of Disease in Childhood, 90(5), 532-536.
  • The World Health Organization (2020a). Rolling updates on coronavirus disease (covid- 19)https://www.who.int/emergencies/ diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen Retrieved 24.04.2020
  • The World Health Organization (2020b). Coronavirus (COVID-19) https://covid19.who.int retrieved on 24.04.2020
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., and Ho, R.C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoloji (Diğer), Psikoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Eda Ermagan Caglar 0000-0002-9690-2898

Nurcan Hamzaoğlu 0000-0002-8471-0442

Yasemin Sanal 0000-0002-3147-6269

Tuğba Türk Kurtça 0000-0002-4361-3769

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2021
Kabul Tarihi 5 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 17 Sayı: Pandemi Özel Sayısı

Kaynak Göster

APA Ermagan Caglar, E., Hamzaoğlu, N., Sanal, Y., Türk Kurtça, T. (2021). Investigation of Anxiety and Peritraumatic Distress Levels in Context of Various Variables through Covid-19 Outbreak: Turkey, the UK and the USA Comparison. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 17(Pandemi Özel Sayısı), 3221-3244. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.830148