A Digital Diplomacy Irony: Donald Trump

Yıl 2022, , 490 - 505, 31.05.2022

Fatih Değirmenci , Elifnur Terzioğlu

https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1096048

Cited By: 1

Öz

The concept of digital diplomacy includes the use of digital communication techniques both in interstate diplomacy and in the relationship between a state and foreign public opinion groups. This study is a qualitative research to determine how the 45th President of the USA, Donald John Trump, uses Twitter in terms of content in the context of digital diplomacy. The general purpose of the study is to evaluate Trump's digital diplomacy activities on Twitter. In this context, examining the styles and forms of the role of digital diplomacy constitutes the main research question of this study. The question of how Trump's digital diplomacy practices on Twitter are, constitutes the main problematic to focus on in the research. In the study, firstly, the literature on the subject was searched, and then Trump's tweets containing diplomacy issues between January 20, 2017 and January 20, 2021 were taken as a basis in the selection of the data needed for the research. In the process of collecting data within the scope of the research, document analysis method was used. In the content analysis carried out on the determined sample, categories were produced based on the diplomacy actors that are frequently repeated in the literature, and each analyzed tweet was analyzed within the relevant category. One of the most basic findings obtained as a result of the research is the fact that the language he uses while using social media is quite far from the language of diplomacy due to Trump's tweets. In addition, it is noteworthy that Trump exhibits a racist attitude and uses hate language with tweets he sends to both himself and other countries' citizens and administrations on Twitter, one of his social media channels. Looking at the data, it is seen that soft power elements are not used in the content of Trump's tweets, therefore, there is no national and international dialogue environment, and it is concluded that his tweets have reached the level of sarcastic, insulting and even hate crime, and therefore it can be called digital diplomacy irony.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Donald Trump, Digital Diplomacy, Twitter, Social Network

Kaynakça

• Adesina, O. S. (2017). Foreign policy in an era of digital diplomacy. Cogent Social Sciences, 19, 8-13.
• Armstrong, M. (2009). Social media as public diplomacy. perspectives.. Erişim adresi ( 04 Kasım 2017): http://mountainrunner.us/2009/01/public_ diplomacy_ is_not_public-relations.
• Bjola, C. (2015). Part 1 – Introduction: Making sense of digital diplomacy. C. Bjola ve M. Holmes (Ed). Digital Diplomacy, Theory and Practice (e-book) in (p.1-18). London ve New York: M. Routledge Taylor ve Francis.
• Bjola, C. & Holmes, M. (2015). Digital diplomacy: Theory and practice. Newyork: Routledge. 4.5.
• Choo, S. E. & Park, Han W. (2011). Government organizations’ innovative use of the Internet: The case of the Twitter activity of South Korea’s ministry for food, agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Scientometrics, 90, 9-23. doi: 10.1007/ s11192-011-0519- 2.
• Christensen, C. (2013). @Sweden: Curating a Nation on Twitter. Popular Communication, 11(1), pp. 30-46. doi: 10.1080/15405702.2013.751855.
• Christodoulides, N. (2005). The internet ve diplomacy. American Diplomacy. Erişim adresi (19 Mart 2018): http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/ 2005/0103/chri/ christo_net.html.
• Collins, N. & K. Bekenova. (2018). Digital diplomacy: Success at your fingertips. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy (January), p.1–11.
• Çömlekçi, M.F. (2019). Dijitalleşen diplomasi ve sosyal medya kullanımı: Büyükelçilik Facebook hesapları üzerine bir araştırma. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 8(1), 23.
• Dinata, M. S. J. (2014). Twiplomacy: How Twitter Affects Contemporary Public Diplomacy. Universitas Paramadina.p.6.
• Dougherty, J. E. (1976), The study of the Globbal System, James N. Rosenau et.al. ed., World politics, An Introduction, New York: The Free Press.p.25.
• Duncombe, C. (2018). Twitter and the challenges of digital diplomacy. SAIS Review of International Affairs, 38(2), 91-100.
• Ekşi, M. (2016). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Disiplinlerarası Bir Yaklaşım. Uluslararası İletişim Perspektifi. p.75.
• Fletcher, T. (2011). Twiplomacy – riding the digital tiger. Erişim adresi (29 Ekim 2018): https://www.gov.uk/government/news/twiplomacy-riding-the-digital –tiger.
• Früh, W. (2001). Inhaltsanalyse. Theorie and Praxis. 5. Überarbeitete Auflage. Konstanz: UVK.
• Geybullayeva, A. (2012). Nagorno Karabakh 2.0: How new media and track two diplomacy ınitiatives are fostering change. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 32(2), 176.
• Gökçe, O. (2019). Klasik ve nitel içerik analizi felsefe, yöntem, uygulama. İstanbul: Çizgi.
• Grunig, J.E. (2009). Paradigms of global public relations in an age of digitalisation. PRism, 6(2). 1-19.
• Heywood, A. (2015). Key Concepts in Politics and International Relations. Red Globe Press; 2nd ed.
• Hocking, B. & Melissen, J. (2016, Şubat). Diplomacy and digital disruption. NATO PD Forum 2016’da sunulan bildiri, Hilton Grand Place Brussels Hotel.p.1-5.
• Hocking, B. & Melissen, J. (2015) Diplomacy in the Digital Age. Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael.p.15
• İskit, T. (2007). Diplomasi tarihi, teorisi, kurumlar ve uygulaması. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları Josep, S. Nye. (2017). Yumuşak Güç. Ankara: BB101 yayınları. p.138.
• Köni, H. (1982). Genel siyaset kuramı ve uluslararası siyasal örgütlerde karar verme. Ankara: İ.T.İ.A Yayıncılık.
• Köse, E. (2017). Dijital diplomasi'ninsosyo-ekonomik ve sosyo-politik yapıya etkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22, 2347-2370.
• Kracauer, S. (1952). The Challange of Qualitative Content Analysis. 16. Public Opinion Quarterly.p.631-642.
• Kurt, G. (2015). Sosyal medya araştırmaları. Ankara: Palme Yayınevi.
• Kurt, G. (2018). Dijital diplomasi. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitapevi.
• Lakomy, M. (2014). Tweets on top. Responsive policy. Studia Medioznawcze Media Studies, 2(57), p.1.
• Manor, I. (2017). Ambassadors as digital gatekeepers. exploring digital diplomacy. Erişim adresi: (08 Mart 2018) https://digdipblog.com/2017/03/08/ ambassadors-asdigital-gatekeepers/
• Manor, I. (2017). What is Digital Diplomacy, and how is it Practiced around the World? A brief introduction. Diplomatist Magazine. p.3
• Manor, I. & Segev, E. (2015). Part 5 – America’s Selfie: How the US Portrays Itself on its Social Media Accounts. C. Bjola ve M. Holmes (Ed). Digital Diplomacy, Theory and Practice (e-book) (p.8-29). London & New York: M. Routledge Taylor ve Francis Group.
• Mayring, P. (2015). Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse. Grundlagen und Techniken. Weimheim: Beltz.p.12-13.
• Melissen, J. (2005). The new public diplomacy, soft power in international relations. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
• Nantongo, S. K. (2019). A comparative analysis of digital diplomacy by the Obama administration to the Trump administration and ıts ınfluence on effective US foreign policy. Doctoral dissertation. United States International University, Africa.
• Nweke, E. N. (2012). Diplomacy in era of digital governance: Theory and impact. Information and Knowledge Management. International National Sharing Platform, 2(3), 22-26.
• Ovalı, A. Ş. (2020). Türkiye-ABD ilişkilerinde Twitter diplomasisi. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 17(65), 23-45.
• Park, S. ve Lim, Y. S. (2014). Information networks and social media use in public diplomacy: A comparative analysis of South Korea and Japan. Asian Journal of Communication, No. 24(1), 79-98.
• Sancar, A. (2012). Kamu diplomasisi ve uluslar arası halkla ilişkiler. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
• Sancar, G. A. (2019). Dijital diplomaside Instagramın rolü. 1. Uluslararası İletişimde Yeni Yönelimler Konferansı, İstanbul, 375 .
• Sandre, A. (2013). Twitter for diplomats: A guide to the fastest growing digital diplomacy tool. Diplo. Erişim adresi: (29 Mart 2018) https://www.diplomacy. edu/blog/ twitter-diplomats-guide-fastest-growing-digital-diplomacy-tool.
• Schmidt, E. and Jared, C. (2015). Yeni dijital çağ: İnsanların, ulusların ve iş dünyasının geleceğini yeni baştan şekillendirmek. Çeviren: Ümit Şensoy, Optimist Yayınları.
• Schwarzenbach, B. (2015). Twitter and diplomacy: How social media revolutionizes ınteraction with foreign policy. The diplomatic envoy. International news. Erişim adresi: (18 Mart 2018).http://thediplomaticenvoy.com/2015/10/12/ twitter-anddiplomacy-how-social-media-revolutionizes-our-interaction-with-foreign-policy/
• Signitzer B (2008) Public Relations and Public Diplomacy, Some Conceptual Explorations, Ansgar Zerfass, Betteke van Ruler, Krishnamurthy Sriramesh (eds), Public Relations Research-European and Internationals Perspectives and Innovations. Netherlands.
• Šimunjak, M., & Caliandro, A. (2019). Twiplomacy in the age of Donald Trump: Is the diplomatic code changing?. The Information Society, 35(1), 13-25.
• Szondi, G. (2008). Public diplomacy and national branding: conseptual similarities and differences. Discussion paper in diplomacy. Netherland Institute of International Relations Clingendael, No:112. Netherland.
• U. S. Department of State (2012). Fiscal year 2012 agency financial report. Erişim adresi: https://www.sec.gov/about/secpar/secafr2012.pdf#mission.
• Ünver, H. A. (2017). Bilişimsel Diplomasi. Ekonomi ve Dış Politika Araştırma Merkezi, Kadir Has Üniversitesi&EDAM, Siber Politikalar ve Dijital Demokrasi 2017/3, İstanbul.
• Verrekia, B. (2017). Digital Diplomacy and Its Effect on International Relations. Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 2596.https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/2596.
• Yağmurlu, A. (2019). Dijital diplomasi: Kamu diplomasisi çerçevesinden avrupa birliğine üye ülkeleri ve Türkiye Dışişleri Bakanlıkları internet uygulamaları. E-Gifter, 7(2), 1280.
• Yavuz, C. ve Kaynar, İ. (2015). Kamuoyu oluşumunda stratejik bir araç olarak sivil toplum kuruluşları. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(2), 183 – 196.
• Yepsen, E. A. (2012). Practicing successful Twitter public diplomacy: A model and case study of US efforts in Venezuela. CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy. Paper 6, s. 7-36. Erişim adresi: https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/sites/ uscpublicdiplomacy. org/files/useruploads/u35361/2012%20Paper%206.pdf Access Date: 18.04.2022.
• Yücel, G. (2016). Dijital diplomasi. TRT Akademi,7(1), 571. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/218568 Access date: 01.15.2020.
• https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=27861 / Access date:14.10.2021.
• https://www.politico.com/magazine/gallery/2016/04/donald-trump-twitter-account-history-social-media-campaign-000631/?slide=0 Access date: 24.10.2021.
• https://www.tweetbinder.com/blog/trump-twitter/ Access date:14.03.2021.
• https://www.ntv.com.tr/dunya/trump-hazir-ol-rusya-fuzeler-gelecek,IiARdXk_xEq7aq0I8tgplw Access date:03.09.2021.
• https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49966216 Access date:03.09.2021.
• https://www.thetrumparchive.com/ Access date:03.09.2021.
• https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/trumptan-suriye-liderine-hakaret-hayvan-esad-955582 Access date:04.09.2021.
• https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/391515-trump-rips-meek-and-mild-trudeau-for-criticizing-tariffs Access date:04.09.2021.
• https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-trump-britain-mayor-idUSL9N22702G Access date:04.09.2021.
• https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-says-nyc-painting-black-lives-matter-front-trump-tower-n1232705 Access date: 05.09.2021.
• https://www.thetrumparchive.com Access date: 10.09.2021.
• https://www.newsweek.com/trump-brands-eu-brutal-over-brexit-and-trade-1392957 Access date:10.09.2021.
• https://climate.law.columbia.edu/content/president-trump-announces-withdrawal-paris-agreement-0 Access date:15.09.2021.
• https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/05/26/twitter-has-started-fact-checking-trump/ Access date:15.09.2021.
• https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/donald-trump-charlie-hebdo-tweets-twitter-president-terrorism-coverage-islamic-state-a7569586.html Access date:15.09.2021.
• https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-racist-tweets-progressive-democratic-congresswomen-go-back-to-countries-nancy-pelosi-slam-president/ Access date: 16.10.2021.