The Adaptation of the Social Curiosity Scale into Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Study

Yıl 2022, , 683 - 695, 10.10.2022

Mehmet Elban , Selçuk Aslan

https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1107365

Öz

Recently, interest in curiosity-related studies in the national education literature has increased. However, there is a research gap in the studies related to the social curiosity of individuals and measuring the social type of curiosity. The current research aimed to adapt the Social Curiosity Scale (SCS) developed by Renner (2006) into Turkish to contribute to the national literature. Undergraduate and graduate students studying at Turkish state universities constitute the research sample. The scale’s Turkish version’s exploratory (n=279) and confirmatory (n=310) factor analyzes were performed. In the exploratory factor analysis, the total variance explained by the two-factor and 9-items Turkish form is 63.70%. The first and second-level confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the two-factor model (General Social Curiosity and Covert Social Curiosity) obtained before as a result of exploratory factor analysis. Thus, the results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the construct validity of the scale was ensured. The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient ranged between .83 and .85 for the whole scale and its subscales. These results indicated that the scale was highly reliable. It is thought that the scale will contribute to research in many fields such as psychological counseling, media research, and education.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Curiosity, General Social Curiosity, Covert Social Curiosity

Kaynakça

• Acun, N., Kapıkıran, Ş., & Kabasakal, Z. (2013). Merak ve keşfetme ölçeği II: Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 16(31), 74-85.
• Aksu, G., Eser, M. T., & Güzeller, C. O. (2017). Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile yapısal eşitlik modeli uygulamaları. Ankara: Detay.
• Albayrak, E. S. (2020). Sosyal medya platformlarında dijital detoks: Deneysel bir araştırma. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 44, 252-266.
• Baştürk, S. & Taştepe, M. (2013). Evren ve örneklem. S. Baştürk (Ed.), Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri, (s.129-159). Ankara: Vize yayıncılık.
• Baumeister, R. F., Zhang, L., & Vohs, K. D. (2004). Gossip as cultural learning. Review of General Psychology, 8, 111–121.
• Bellier, A., Chaffanjon, P., Krupat, E., Francois, P. & Labarère, J. (2020). Cross-cultural adaptation of the 4-Habits Coding Scheme into French to assess physician communication skills. PloS one, 15(4), 1-16.
• Ben-Zur, H., & Zeidner, M. (1988). Sex differences in anxiety, curiousity, and anger: A cross-cultural study. Sex Roles, 19(5-6), 335-347.
• Berlyne, D. E. (1954). A theory of human curiosity. British Journal of Psychology. General Section, 45(3), 180-191. Berlyne, D. E. (1960). Conflic, arousal, and curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Berlyne, D. E. (1978). Curiosity and learning. Motivation and Emotion, 2(2), 97-175.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• Çelik, T. (2019). Teknoloji ve medya okuryazarı vatandaş yetiştirme sürecinde öğrencilerin sosyal medya algılarının metaforlar aracılığıyla incelenmesi. Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmacıları Dergisi, 2(1), 40-57.
• Collins, R. P., Litman, J. A., & Spielberger, C. D. (2004). The measurement of perceptual curiosity. Personality and individual differences, 36(5), 1127-1141.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00205-8.
• Darwin, C. (2001). İnsan ve hayvanlarda duyguların ifadesi. (Çev. Orhan Tuncay). İstanbul: Gün Yayıncılık. Day, H. I. (1982). Curiosity and the interested explorer. Performance & Instruction, 21(4), 19–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/pfi.4170210410.
• Demirel, M., & Coşkun, Y. D. (2009). Üniversite öğrencilerinin meraklılık düzeylerinin bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(18), 111-134.
• Dunbar, R. I. (2004). Gossip in evolutionary perspective. Review of General Psychology, 8(2), 100-110.
• Engelhard, G., & Monsaas, J.A. (1988). Grade level, gender and school-related curiosity in urban elementary schools. The Journal of Educational Research, 82(1), 22-26.
• Eşiyok, E. (2017). Dergi reklamlarindaki reklam çekiciliklerine yönelik bir inceleme: All Dergisi örneği. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 5(2), 641-656.
• Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human relations, 7, 114–140.
• Fitri, R. A., Asih, S. R., & Takwin, B. (2020). Social curiosity as a way to overcome death anxiety: Perspective of terror management theory. Heliyon, 6(3), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03556.
• Fitzgerald, F. T. (1999). Curiosity. Annals of Internal Medicine, 130(1), 70-72. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-130-1-199901050-00015.
• Han, C., Li, P., Warren, C., Feng, T., Litman, J., & Li, H. (2013). Electrophysiological evidence for the importance of interpersonal curiosity. Brain Research, 1500, 45-54.
• Hartung, F. M., & Renner, B. (2011). Social curiosity and interpersonal perception: A judge× trait interaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(6), 796-814.https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211400618.
• Huang, Q., Cao, S., Zhou, S., Punia, D., Zhu, X., Luo, Y., & Wu, H. (2021). How anxiety predicts interpersonal curiosity during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediation effect of interpersonal distancing and autistic tendency. Personality and individual differences, 180, 1-9.
• Jager, J., Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2017). II. More than just convenient: The scientific merits of homogeneous convenience samples. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 82(2), 13-30.
• James, W. (1890). The Principles of psychology. http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/James/Principles/prin10.htm Retrieved July, 28, 2022.
• Jeraj, M., & Maricˇ, M. (2013). Relation between entrepreneurial curiosity and entrepreneurial self-efficacy: A multi-country empirical validation. The Organ, 46(6), 264–273. https://doi.org/10.2478/orga-2013-0027.
• Kapıkıran, Ş., & Kırmızı, F.S. (2019). Öğretmen adaylarının merak ve keşfetme algıları ile okuma alışkanlığına yönelik tutumları arasındaki ilişki. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(2), 251-265.
• Karagöz, Y. (2019). SPSS AMOS meta uygulamalı istatistiksel analizler. Ankara: Nobel.
• Kartal, M. & Bardakçı, S. (2019). Tutum ölçekleri. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi.
• Kashdan, T. B., Disabato, D. J., Goodman, F. R., & McKnight, P. E. (2020). The Five-Dimensional Curiosity Scale Revised (5DCR): Briefer subscales while separating overt and covert social curiosity. Personality and Individual Differences, 157, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109836.
• Kashdan, T. B., Disabato, D. J., Goodman, F. R., & Naughton, C. (2018). The five dimensions of curiosity. Harvard Business Review, 96(5), 58–60.
• Kashdan, T. B., Gallagher, M. W., Silvia, P. J., Winterstein, B. P., Breen, W. E., Terhar, D.T., & Steger, M. F. (2009). The curiosity and exploration inventory-II: Development, factor structure, and psychometrics. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 987-998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.011.
• Kashdan, T. B., Rose, P., & Fincham, T. D. (2004). Curiosity and exploration: Facilitating positive subjective experiences and personal growth opportunities. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82, 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1207/ s15327752jpa8203_05.
• Kidd, C., & Hayden, B. Y. (2015). The psychology and neuroscience of curiosity. Neuron, 88(3), 449-460.
• Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford.
• Korur, E. N., & Dever, A. (2018). Spora özel merak ölçeği (SÖMÖ)’nin Türkçe Formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(73), 219-227.
• Kreitler, S., Kreitler, H., & Zigler, E. (1974). Cognitive orientation and curiosity. British Journal of Psychology, 65(1), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1974.tb02769.x.
• Kurtbaş, İ. (2011). Merak(ın) Sosyolojisi psikolojik dürtü, sosyal uyaran, kültürel nosyon ve ideolojik bir konsept olarak “sosyal merak”. Sosyoloji Derneği, Türkiye Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(2), 18-58.
• Lindholm, M. (2018). Promoting curiosity? Possibilities and pitfalls in science education. Science & Education, 27(9-10), 987-1002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-018-0015-7.
• Litman, J. A., & Spielberger, C. D. (2003). Measuring epistemic curiosity and its diversive and specific components. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80(1), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_16.
• Litman, J. A., & Jimerson, T. L. (2004). The measurement of curiosity as a feeling of deprivation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82, 147–157.
• Litman, J. A., and Pezzo, M. V. (2007). Dimensionality of interpersonal curiosity. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1448–1459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.021.
• Loewenstein, G. F. (1994). The psychology of curiosity: A review and reinterpretation. Psychological Bulletin, 116(1), 75– 98.
• Lunneborg, C. E. (2007). Convenience Sample. In The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosc131.
• Markey, A., & Loewenstein, G. (2014). Curiosity. In R. Pekrun & L. L. Garcia (Eds). International Handbook Of Emotions in Education, (p.228-245). Routledge.
• Mussel, P., Spengler, M., Litman, J. A., & Schuler, H. (2012). Development and validation of the German work-related curiosity scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28, 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000098.
• Orçan, F. (2018). Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi: İlk hangisi kullanılmalı. Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, 9(4), 413-421.
• Özsungur, F., & Güven, S. (2016). Tüketici davranişlarini etkileyen sosyal faktörler ve aile. International Journal of Eurasian Education and Culture, 2(3), 127-142.
• Park, S. H., Ha, J. P., & Mahony, D. (2014). Development And Validation of a Measure of Sport Fans’ Specific Curiosity. Journal of Sport Management, 28(6), 621-632.
• Pluck, G., & Johnson, H. L. (2011). Stimulating curiosity to enhance learning. GESJ: Education Sciences and Psychology, 2(19), 24-31.
• Renner, B. (2006). Curiosity about people: The development of a social curiosity measure in adults. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83(3), 305-316.
• Sâtı, M. (1908). Talim ve terbiye musahabesi:-1- Hoşlandırmak, merak ettirmek. Envar-ı Ulum. 1(4), 50-52.
• Schumacker, R.E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modelling. New. Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Seçer, İ. (2015). Psikolojik test geliştirme ve uyarlama süreci. Ankara: Anı.
• Şentürk, O. (2020). Gençlik ve spor il müdürlüğü çalışanlarının rekreasyonel aktivitelere katılımlarının sorgulama becerileri, merak ve keşfetme düzeyleri açısından incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Düzce Üniversitesi, Düzce.
• Sinha, T., Bai, Z., & Cassell, J. (2017). A new theoretical framework for curiosity for learning in social contexts. In É. Lavoué, H. Drachsler, K. Verbert, J. Broisin, & M. Pérez-Sanagustín (Eds.). Proceedings of 12th European Conference on technology enhanced learning (EC-TEL ’17) (p.254–269). Cham: Springer.
• Sousa, A. M., Almeida, J. M., and Figueiredo, F. (2022). Metrics of social curiosity: The WhatsApp case. Online Social Networks and Media, 29, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.osnem.2022.100200.
• Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. United States: Pearson Education. Tarcan, Selim Sırrı (1918). Ruhi terbiye (Merak). Osmanlı Genç Dernekleri. 1(9), 13-14.
• Tokmak, G. (2019). Tüketimde diderot etkisi ve zeigarnik etkisine kavramsal bir bakiş. Turkish Journal of Marketing, 4(1), 42-61.
• Ustabulut, M.Y. (2021). Investigation pre-service Turkish language teachers’ curiosity and exploring levels in terms of some variables. Journal of History School, 53, 2496-2511.
• Vega-Oliveros, D. A., Berton, L., Vazquez, F., & Rodrigues, F. A. (2017, July). The impact of social curiosity on information spreading on networks. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining 2017 (p.459-466).
• Voss, H. G., & Keller, H. (2013). Curiosity and exploration: Theories and results. Elsevier.
• Wagstaff, M. F., Flores, G. L., Ahmed, R., & Villanueva, S. (2021). Measures of curiosity: A literature review. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 32(3), 363-389. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21417.
• White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66(5), 297–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040934.
• Wu, Q., Liu, S., Miao, C., Liu, Y., & Leung, C. (2016, October). A social curiosity inspired recommendation model to improve precision, coverage and diversity. In 2016 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI) (p.240-247). IEEE.
• Yazıcı, T. (2020). Lise öğrencilerinin öğrenme yaklaşımı tercihlerinde meta bilişsel farkındalık ile epistemik merak düzeylerinin etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Çanakkale On sekiz Mart Üniversitesi.
• Yemez, İ. (2016). DoğrulayIci faktör analizi ile sosyal medya reklamlarina yönelik tutum ölçeğinin yapi geçerliliğinin incelenmesi: Cumhuriyet üniversitesi İİBF’de bir uygulama. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 17(2), 97-118.
• Zhang, Y. (2019). Reliability and validity of the Social Curiosity Scale among Chinese university students. Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal, 47(9), 1-7.