Comparison of Cognitive Flexibility and Resilience Levels in Mothers of Children with Specific Learning Disability, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Normal Development

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 4, 208 - 220, 07.08.2024

Mürüvvet Aydemir , Gözde Önal

https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1485452

Öz

This cross-sectional study compared the cognitive flexibility and resilience of mothers with children having specific learning disabilities (SLD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and normal development (ND). The sample comprised 87 mothers (29 in each group). Data were collected using the “Sociodemographic Information Form”, “Cognitive Flexibility Inventory”, and “Resilience Scale for Adults”. Significant differences were found in cognitive flexibility and resilience among the three groups. Mothers of children with ASD had significantly lower cognitive flexibility scores than those with SLD and ND. In terms of resilience, mothers of children with ASD scored lower than mothers of ND children but did not differ significantly from mothers of SLD children. No significant difference was observed in cognitive flexibility and resilience between mothers of children with SLD and those with ND. The study results indicate that mothers of children with ASD are at risk in terms of cognitive flexibility and resilience, highlighting the need for psychosocial intervention programs for these mothers. Although mothers of children with SLD appear to be psychologically stronger compared to mothers of children with ASD, more detailed research on the subject is necessary.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cognitive flexibility, resilience, autism, spesific learning disability, mother

Özgül Öğrenme Güçlüğüne Sahip Çocuklar ile Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğuna Sahip Çocukların Annelerinde Bilişsel Esneklik ve Psikolojik Sağlamlık Düzeylerinin Karşılaştırılması

Öz

Bu kesitsel çalışmada, özgül öğrenme güçlüğü (ÖÖG), otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB) ve normal gelişim gösteren (NG) çocukların annelerinin bilişsel esneklik ve psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Örneklem, her grupta 29 anne olmak üzere toplam 87 anneden oluşmuştur. Veriler “Sosyodemografik Bilgi Formu”, “Bilişsel Esneklik Envanteri” ve “Yetişkinler için Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği” kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Üç grup arasında bilişsel esneklik ve psikolojik sağlamlık açısından anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmuştur. OSB’li çocukların annelerinin, ÖÖG’li ve TG çocukların annelerine göre anlamlı derecede daha düşük bilişsel esneklik puanlarına sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Psikolojik sağlamlık açısından, OSB’li çocukların anneleri, TG çocukların annelerine göre daha düşük puan almış, ancak ÖÖG’li çocukların anneleriyle anlamlı bir fark göstermemiştir. ÖÖG’li çocukların anneleri ile TG çocukların anneleri arasında bilişsel esneklik ve psikolojik sağlamlık açısından anlamlı bir fark gözlenmemiştir. Çalışma sonucu, bilişsel esneklik ve psikolojik sağlamlık açısından OSB'li çocukların annelerinin risk altında olduğunu ve anneler için psikososyal müdahale programlarının gereklliliğini göstermiştir. ÖÖG'ye sahip çocukların anneleri OSB'li çocukların annelerine kıyasla psikolojik anlamda daha güçlü görünmesine rağmen konu ile ilgili daha detaylı araştırmalar gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bilişsel esneklik, psikolojik sağlamlık, otizm, özgül öğrenme güçlüğü, anne

Kaynakça

• Abbeduto, L., Seltzer, M. M., Shattuck, P., Krauss, M. W., Orsmond, G., & Murphy, M. M. (2004). Psychological well-being and coping in mothers of youths with autism, down syndrome, orfragile x syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109(3), 237-254.
• Acar, F. (2018). Otistik çocuk sahibi annelerde psikolojik dayanıklılık ve tükenmişlik düzeylerinin incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Aksoy, S. G. (2019). Yaşam Boyu özgül öğrenme güçlüğü. İstanbul Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Tıp Dergisi, 11, 34-39. doi: 10.5222/iksstd.2019.88609
• Albaş, Y. (2023). Özgül öğrenme güçlüğü, otizm ve zihinsel yetersizlik tanısı almış çocukların annelerinin depresyon ve anksiyete düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. Disiplinlerarası Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(16), 478-499. doi: 10.57135/jier.1398568
• Al-Jadiri, A., Tybor, D. J., Mulé, C., & Sakai, C. (2021). Factors associated with resilience in families of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal Of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 42(1), 16-22.
• Al-Oran, H. M., & Khuan, L. (2021). Predictors of parenting stress in parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: a scoping review. The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry And Neurosurgery, 57(1), 1-8. Alsa, A., Sovitriana, R., Ekasari, A., & Endri, E. (2021). Psychological well-being of mothers with autistic children. Journal Of Educational And Social Research, 11(247-254).
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
• Anderson, C. M. (1998). Aggressive communication traits and their relationships with the cognitive flexibility scale and the communication flexibility scale. Journal Of Social Behavior and Personality, 13(3), 531-540.
• Atılgan, S. A., & Kolburan, Ş. G. (2019). Otizmli ve normal gelişimli çocuğa sahip annelerin depresyon düzeyleri ve depresyonla başa çıkma stratejilerinin incelenmesi. Aydın Sağlık Dergisi, 5(2), 133-160.
• Basım, H. N., & Çetin, F. (2011). Yetişkinler için psikolojik dayanıklılık ölçeği’nin güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(2), 104-114.
• Benderix, Y., Nordström, B., & Sivberg, B. (2006). Parents’ experience of having a child with autism and learning disabilities living in a group home: A case study. Autism, 10(6), 629-641.
• Benjak, T., Vuletić Mavrinac, G., & Pavić Šimetin, I. (2009). Comparative study on selfperceived health of parents of children with autism spectrum disorders and parents of nondisabled children in Croatia. Croatian Medical Journal, 50(4), 403-409.
• Bishop D. V. (2010). Which neurodevelopmental disorders get researched and why?. PloS one, 5(11), e15112. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015112
• Bonifacci, P., Storti, M., Tobia, V., & Suardi, A. (2016). Specific learning disorders: a look inside children’s and parents’ psychological well-being and relationships. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 49(5), 532-545.
• Burke, C. S., Pierce, L. G., & Salas, E. (Eds.). (2006). Understanding adaptability: A prerequisite for effective performance within complex environments. Elsevier.
• Canas, J., Quesada, J., Antoli, A., & Fajardo, I. (2003). Cognitive flexibility and adaptability to environmental changes in dynamic complex problem-solving tasks. Ergonomics, 46(5), 482-501.
• Chesebro, J. L., & Martin, M. M. (2003). The relationship between conversational sensitivity, cognitive flexibility, verbal aggressiveness and indirect interpersonal aggressiveness. Communication Research Reports, 20(2), 143-150.
• Curran, T. (2018). An Actor-partner interdependence analysis of cognitive flexibility and indicators of social adjustment among mother-child dyads. Personality and Individual Differences, 126, 99-103.
• Curran, T., & Andersen, K. K. (2017). Intergenerational patterns of cognitive flexibility through expressions of maternal care. Personality and Individual Differences, 108, 32-34.
• Demiray, G. (2019). Özel gereksinimli çocuğu olan ailelerde yaşam kalitesi, umutsuzluk ve yılmazlık arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility inventory: instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 241-253.
• Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1-4.
• Fırat, B. (2022). Özgül öğrenme güçlüğü veya zihinsel engelli tanısı almış çocukların ebeveynlerinde psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyleri ve yaşam doyumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Friborg, O., Hjemdal, O., Rosenvinge, J. H., & Martinussen, M. (2003). A new rating scale for adult resilience: What are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment? International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 12(2), 65-76.
• Gresham, F. M. (2002). Teaching social skills to high-risk children and youth: Preventive and remedial strategies. In M. R. Shinn, H. M. Walker, & G. Stoner (Eds.), Interventions for academic and behavior problems II: Preventive and remedial approaches (pp. 403–432). National Association of School Psychologists.
• Güleç-Aslan, Y. (2017). The life experiences of turkish mothers who have children with an autism spectrum disorder. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 4(6) 149-169
• Gülüm, I. V., & Dağ, İ. (2012). Tekrarlayıcı düşünme ölçeği ve bilişsel esneklik envanterinin Türkçeye uyarlanması, geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Anatolian Journal Of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13(3), 216-223.
• Hartley, S. L., Barker, E. T., Seltzer, M. M., Floyd, F., Greenberg, J., Orsmond, G., & Bolt, D. (2010). The relative risk and timing of divorce in families of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(4), 449.
• Hassamancıoğlu, U., Ayşe, A., Yoldaş, C., & Şahin, S. (2020). Özel gereksinimli çocuğa sahip ailelerde, aile içi roller ve çocuğu tanıma becerilerinin aile yılmazlığına etkisinin incelenmesi. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 31(3), 1176-1200.
• Heiman, T., & Berger, O. (2008). Parents of children with asperger syndrome or with learning disabilities: Family environment and social support. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29(4), 289-300.
• Hisoğlu, A. (2018). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu tanılı çocukların evebeynlerinde algılanan sosyal destek ve problem çözme becerilerinin yaşam doyumuna etkisi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Üsküdar Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Janha, P., Punyapas, S., & Ratta-Apha, W. (2021). Parental stress-coping skills and resilience among parents of children with specific learning disorders. Siriraj Medical Journal, 73(1), 38-45.
• Kara, K., Kara, O. K., Sutcu, G., & Tonak, H. A. (2024). The relationship between fatigue and quality of life in the turkish mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1-10. doi: 10.1007/s10803-024-06398-z
• Karande, S., Kumbhare, N., Kulkarni, M., & Shah, N. (2009). Anxiety levels in mothers of children with specific learning disability. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 55(3), 165-170.
• Khan, M. F., & Humtsoe, M. K. (2016). Quality of life of mothers having children with autistic spectrum disorders and learning disabilities. Journal of Physical Education Research, 3(1), 38-46.
• Kiani, A., Mohammadi, G., Hasanzadeh, M., Mohsen Loo, F., & Poor Rahmani, P. (2022). Comparison of life satisfaction and hoping in mothers of children with special learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorders and normal. Journal of Family Relations Studies, 2(5), 49-56.
• Matteucci, M. C., Scalone, L., Tomasetto, C., Cavrini, G., & Selleri, P. (2019). Health-related quality of life and psychological wellbeing of children with specific learning disorders and their mothers. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 87, 43-53.
• Mcdowell, M. (2018). Specific learning disability. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 54(10), 1077-1083.
• Merkaj, V., Kika, M., & Simaku, A. (2013). Symptoms of stress, depression and anxiety between parents of autistic children and parents of tipically developing children. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(2), 345-352.
• Miranda, A., Mira, A., Berenguer, C., Rosello, B., & Baixauli, I. (2019). Parenting stress in mothers of children with autism without intellectual disability. Mediation of behavioral problems and coping strategies. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 437799.
• Mohammadchenari, B., Marashian, F. S., & Talebzadeh Shoushtari, M. (2023). The mediating role of social health in relationship of parenting stress and child-parent interaction with health-related quality of life in parents of children with specific learning disorder. Razavi International Journal of Medicine, 11(1), 14-20.
• Mugno, D., Ruta, L., D'arrigo, V. G., & Mazzone, L. (2007). Impairment of quality of life in parents of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorder. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5, 1-9.
• Musa, H. H. (2022). Otizmli çocukları (2-11 yaş) arasında olan ebeveynlerin iyi oluş merhamet psikolojik sağlamlık ve bilişsel esneklik arasındaki ilişki (Doktora tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Narimani, M., Agha, M. H., & Rajabi, S. (2007). A comparison between the mental health of mothers of exceptional children and mothers of normal children. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 9(33-34), 15-24.
• Ogston, P. L., Mackintosh, V. H., & Myers, B. J. (2011). Hope and worry in mothers of children with an autism spectrum disorder or down syndrome. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(4), 1378-1384.
• Papadopoulos, D. (2021). Mothers’ experiences and challenges raising a child with autism spectrum disorder: A qualitative study. Brain Sciences, 11(3), 309.
• Pastor-Cerezuela, G., Fernández-Andrés, M.-I., Pérez-Molina, D., & Tijeras-Iborra, A. (2021). Parental stress and resilience in autism spectrum disorder and down syndrome. Journal Of Family Issues, 42(1), 3-26.
• Phetrasuwan, S., & Shandor Miles, M. (2009). Parenting stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal For Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 14(3), 157-165.
• Polatcı, S., & Tınaz, Z. D. (2021). Kişilik özelliklerinin psikolojik dayanıklılık üzerindeki etkisi. Opus International Journal Of Society Researches, 17(36), 2890-2917.
• Prino, L. E., Pasta, T., Gastaldi, F. G. M., & Longobardi, C. (2016). The Effect of autism spectrum disorders, down syndrome, specific learning disorders and hyperactivity and attention deficitson the student-teacher relationship. Electronic Journal Of Research in Educational Psychology, 14(1), 89-106.
• Rfat, M., Koçak, O., & Uzun, B. (2023). Parenting challenges in families of children with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: a qualitative research study in Istanbul. Global Social Welfare, 1-10. doi: 10.1007/s40609-023-00270-1.
• Riskind, J. H., & Alloy, L. B. (2006). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders: theory and research design/methodology. In L. B. Alloy & J. H. Riskind (Eds.), Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders (pp. 1–29). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
• Ruiz-Robledillo, N., De Andrés-García, S., Pérez-Blasco, J., González-Bono, E., & Moya-Albiol, L. (2014). Highly resilient coping entails better perceived health, high social support and low morning cortisol levels in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Research In Developmental Disabilities, 35(3), 686-695.
• Sadeghi, S., Pouretemad, H. R., & Brand, S. (2023). Cognitive control and cognitive flexibility predict severity of depressive symptoms in parents of toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. Current Psychology, 42(29), 25594-25601.
• Schoemaker, M. M., & Houwen, S. (2021). Health-related quality of life in children with developmental disorders. Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 8, 69-76.
• Shahabi, B., Shahabi, R., & Foroozandeh, E. (2020). Analysis of the self-compassion and cognitive flexibility with marital compatibility in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 66(4), 282-288.
• Silver, J. A., Hughes, J. D., Bornstein, R. A., & Beversdorf, D. Q. (2004). Effect of anxiolytics on cognitive flexibility in problem solving. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 17(2), 93-97.
• Şahin, B., Karabekiroğlu, K., Bozkurt, A., Usta, M. B., Aydın, M., & Çobanoğlu, C. (2018). The relationship of clinical symptoms with social cognition in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, specific learning disorder or autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Investigation, 15(12), 1144.
• Tajeri, B., & Bahiraei, A. (2008). Investigating the relationship between stress, religious attitude and awareness with the acceptance of mentally retarded boys in mothers. Exceptional Children Quarterly, 28(2), 205-224.
• Tekinarslan, F. G., & Tok, E. S. S. (2023). Engelli çocuğu olan annelerde öz-şefkat, sosyal destek ve psikolojik dayanıklılığın öznel iyi oluşla ilişkisi. Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 10(1), 145-164.
• Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric. Journal Of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 165-17847.
• Volkmar, F. R. (Ed.). (2014). Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network. In Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders (4th ed.). Wiley.
• Yılmaz, T. (2019). Ruhsal bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal el kitabının (DSM) son iki baskısı arasındaki değişikliklerin incelenmesi. T. Yılmaz (Ed.), Psikoloji, Sosyoloji ve Coğrafya Bakış Açısından Sağlık (s. 1-19). Ankara: Berikan Yayıncılık
• Zautra, A. J. (2009). Resilience: One part recovery, two parts sustainability. Journal of Personality, 77(6), 1935–1943.