Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Investigation of the Effects of Violence Tendency and Moral Maturity on Attitudes Towards Physical Violence

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 4, 238 - 252, 07.08.2024

Esra Çetinöz , Fatmatüz Zehra Pehlivan , Eda Aslan

https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1505938

Öz

Today, violence is one of the most important individual and social problems that modern society still has difficulty overcoming. The first condition for preventing or at least reducing violence in society is to be able to determine the biopsychosocial factors related to it. Therefore, the present study aimed to understand some of the psychological factors related to violence, and examined the effects of violence tendency and moral maturity on attitudes towards physical violence. A total of 398 people between the ages of 18-65 voluntarily participated in the study. The participants were selected via a haphazard sampling method, which is one of the non-random sampling methods. Demographic Information Form, The Scale of Moral Maturity, The Violence Tendency Scale, The Scale of Attitudes on Violence and The Benevolent Childhood Experiences (BCEs) Scale were used to collect the data. The results were analyzed with descriptive statistics as well as Pearson Correlation Analysis and Hierarchical Linear Regression. The results revealed that the research model explains 19% of the total variance in attitudes towards physical violence. While 17% of the change in attitudes towards physical violence was explained by the tendency to violence, only 2% was explained by moral maturity. So, the research indicates that violence tendency is an important determinant of attitudes towards physical violence. The findings are believed to be significant for the prevention of physical violence, both theoretically and in terms of practical efforts, and shed light on a more comprehensive and wider perspective in this field.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Violence Violence Tendency Moral Maturity Attitudes Towards Physical Violence

Kaynakça

  • Adilogulları, G. E., Ulucan, H., Beltekin, E., & Kuyulu, İ. (2017). Relationshıp Between Violence Tendency Levels of 11-19 Aged Children Who Attend to Summer School and Their Behaviors Towards Fair Play in Sports. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 3(12), 49-93.
  • Anderson, C. A., & Huessmann, L. R. (2003). Human Aggression: A Social-Cognitive View. In M. A. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds), The Sage Handbook of Social Psychology (pp.296-323). Sage Publications, Inc.,
  • Anderson, C., Benjamin, A., Wood, P., & Bonacci, A. (2006). Development and testing of the velicer attitudes toward violence scale: evidence for a four-factor model. Aggressive Behavior, 32(2), 122-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.20112
  • Anderson, C. A. & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology. 53, 27-51. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231
  • Akgün, S., & Araz, A. (2014). The effects of conflict resolution education on conflict resolution skills, social competence, and aggression in Turkish elementary school students. Journal of Peace Education 11(1), 30-45. DOI:10.1080/17400201.2013.777898
  • Avcı, A. (2010). Eğitimde Şiddet Olgusu: Lise Öğrencilerinde Şiddet, Saldırganlık ve Ahlaki Tutum İlişkisi-Küçükçekmece Örneği [Doctoral thesis, Marmara University].
  • Bandura, A., & National Inst of Mental Health. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 248–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90022-L
  • Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of personality. In D. Cervone & Y. Shoda (Eds.), The coherence of personality: Social-cognitive bases of consistency, variability, and organization (pp. 185–241). Guilford Press.
  • Bannon, S. M., Salis, K. L., & O’Leary, K. D. (2015). Structural brain abnormalities in aggression and violent behavior. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25(B), 323-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.09.016.
  • Barnert, E. S., Schlichte, L. M., Tolliver, D. G., et al.(2023). Parents’ Adverse and Positive Childhood. Experiences and Offspring Involvement With the Criminal Legal System. JAMA Netw Open, 6(10), e2339648. DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.39648
  • Blankenship, K. L., Allen, J. J., Kane, K. A., & Anderson, C. A. (2019). The role of attitudes in violence and aggression (pp. 299-336). In D. Albarracin & B. T. Johnson (Eds.) Handbook of Attitudes, 2nd Edition, Volume 2: Applications. Routledge.
  • Blasi, A. (1980). Bridging moral cognition and moral action: A critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 1–45.
  • Borg, I., & Hermann, D. (2023). Attitudes toward crime(s) and their relations to gender, age, and personal values. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 4(2), 100111. DOI:10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100111
  • Bowes, N., & McMurran, M. (2013). Cognitions supportive of violence and violent behavior. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(6), 660-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2013.07.015.
  • Brame, B., Nagin, D. S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2001). Developmental Trajectories of Physical Aggression from School Entry to Late Adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(4), 503-12.
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32(7), 513–531.
  • Burrowes, K. L., Hales, R. E., & Arrington,E. (1988). Research on the Biologic Aspects of Violence, Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 11(4), 499-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30465-9.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2003). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem Yayınları.
  • Caprara, G., Vecchione, M., Barbaranelli, C., & Alessandri, G. (2013). Emotional stability and affective self‐regulatory efficacy beliefs: Proofs of integration between trait theory and social cognitive theory. European Journal of Personality, 27(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1847
  • Caprara, G. V., Tisak, M. S., Alessandri, G., Fontaine, R. G., Fida, R., & Paciello, M. (2014). The contribution of moral disengagement in mediating individual tendencies toward aggression and violence. Developmental Psychology, 50(1), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034488
  • Clark, J, W. (2009). Psychological Theories of Crime, In J. Miller (Ed.), 21st Century Criminology: A Reference Handbook. (pp. 271–278). SAGE Publications.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge Academic.
  • Colby, A., Kohlberg, L., Gibbs, J., Lieberman, M. A. (1983). Longitudinal study of moral judgment. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 48(200), 1–124.
  • Coşkun, S. & Bebiş, H. (2014). Şiddetin Okul Sağlığına Etkisi ve Hemşirelik. Cumhuriyet Hemşirelik Dergisi, 3(1), 15-23.
  • Cornell, D. G., Warren, J., Hawk, G., Stafford, E., Oram, G., & Pine, D. (1996). Psychopathy in instrumental and reactive violent offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(4), 783–790. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.4.783
  • Crandall, A., Miller, J. R., Cheung, A., Novilla, L. K., Glade, R., Novilla, M. L. B., Magnusson, B. M., Leavitt, B. L., Barnes, M. D., & Hanson, C. L. (2019). ACEs and counter-ACEs: How positive and negative childhood experiences influence adult health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 96, 104089.
  • Demirtas-Madran, H. A. (2018). Attitudes Toward Violence: Relationship Between Age, Gender, And Aggression in A Turkish University Sample. Humanities and Social Sciences Review, 08(01), 87–94.
  • Dinç, M. E., & Küçük, K. A. (2021). The Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Aggression in Young Adulthood. Health Scıences Quarterly, 5(Supplement Issue), 163–175. https://doi.org/10.26900/jsp.5.5.7
  • Dodge, K. A., & Crick, N.R. (1990). Social information-processing bases of aggressive behavior in children. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16(1), 8-22.
  • Donnerstein, E., Slaby, R. G., & Eron, L. D. (1994). The mass media and youth aggression. In L. D. Eron, J. H. Gentry, & P. Schlegel (Eds.), Reason to hope: A psychosocial perspective on violence & youth (pp. 219–250). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10164-010
  • Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1998). Prosocial development. In Damon, W., & Eisenberg, N. (Eds), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 701–778). Wiley.
  • Emler, N. (1998). Sociomoral Understanding. Psychology Press.
  • Eton, L. D., Walder, L. O., & Lefkowitz, M. M. (1971.) The Learning of Aggression in Children. Brown.
  • Farrington, D. P. (1982). Longitudinal Analyses of Criminal Violence. In M. E. Wolfgang & N. A. Weiner (Eds), Criminal Violence (pp. 171-200). Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Farington, D. P. (1995). The Development of offending and Antisocial Behavior from Childhood: Key Findings from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 1-36.
  • Farrington, D. P. (2002). Multiple Risk Factors for Multiple Problem Violent Boys. In R. Corrado et al. (Eds), Multi-Problem Violent Youth: A Foundation for Comparative Research on Needs Interventions and Outcomes. Series 1 Life and Behavioural Sciences, vol. 324 (pp. 23-34). lOS Press.
  • Fazio, R.H. (1990). Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE model as an integrative framework. In M. Zanne (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 75-109). Academic Press.
  • Ferragut, M., Blanca, M. J., & Ortiz-Tallo, M. (2013). Psychological values as protective factors against sexist attitudes in preadolescents. Psicothema, 25(1), 38–42. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2012.85
  • Flood, M., & Pease, B. (2009). Factors Influencing Attitudes to Violence Against Women. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 10(2), 125-42. DOI:10.1177/1524838009334131
  • Fountoulakis, K. N., Leucht, S., & Kaprinis, G. S. (2008). Personality disorders and violence. Curr Opin Psychiatry, 21, 84–92.
  • Fraczek, A. (1985). Moral Approval of Aggressive Acts: A Polish-Finnish Comparative Study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 16, 41-51.
  • Fraguas, D., Díaz-Caneja, C. M., Ayora, M., Duran-Cutilla, M., Abregu-Crespo, R., Ezquiaga-Bravo, I., Martín-Babarro, J., & Arango, C. (2020). Assessment of school anti-bullying interventions: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA Pediatrics, 175, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3541.
  • Fujihara, T., Kohyama, T., Andreu, J. M., and Ramirez, M. J. (1999). Justification of Interpersonal Aggression in Japanese, American and Spanish Students. Aggressive Behaviour, 25(3), 185-95.
  • Hoge, R. D., Andrews, D. A., & Leschied, A. W. (1996). An investigation of risk and protective factors in a sample of youthful offenders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 37(4), 419-424.
  • Gilligan, C., & Attanucci, J. (1988). Two moral orientations: Gender differences and similarities. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 34(3), 223–237.
  • Gini, G. (2006). Social Cognition and Moral Cognition in Bullying: What's Wrong? Aggressive Behavior, 32(6), 528–539. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20153
  • Guerra, N. G., Huesmann, L. R., Tolan, P., Van Acker, R., and Eron, L. D. (1995). Stressful Events and Individual Beliefs as Correlates of Economic Disadvantage and Aggression Among Urban Children, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(4), 518-28.
  • Gunay Oge, R., Pehlivan F.Z. & Isikli, S. (2020). Validity and reliability of the Benevolent Childhood Experiences (BCEs) Scale in Turkish. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 33, 146-154. https://dx.doi.org/10.14744/DAJPNS.2020.00074
  • Haskan, Ö. & Yıldırım, İ. (2012). Şiddet Eğilimi Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim. 37(163). 165-177.
  • Hawkins, J. D., Herrenkohl, T. I., Farrington, D. P., Brewer, D., Catalono, R. F., Harachi, T. W. & Cothern, L. (2000). Predictors of youth violence. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, 4, 1-10.
  • Herrenkohl, T. I., Maguin, E., Hill, K. G., Hawkins, J. D., Abbott, R. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2000). Developmental risk factors for youth violence. J Adolesc Health, 26, 176–86.
  • Huesmann, L. R., Eron, L. D., Lefkowitz, M. M., & Walder, L. O. (1984). Stability of aggression over time and generations. Developmental Psychology, 20(6), 1120–1134. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.20.6.1120
  • Huesmann, L.R. (1998). The Role of Social Information Processing and Cognitive Schemas in the Acquisition and Maintenance of Habitual Aggressive Behavior. In R.G. Geen and E. Donnerstein (Eds), Human Aggression: Theories, Research and Implications for Policy (pp. 73-109). Academic Press.
  • Huesmann, L. R. & Moise-Titus, J. (2002). Normative Beliefs, Hostile Schemas and Script Rehearsal as Mediators of the Relation Between Childhood Observation of Violence and Adult Aggressive Behavior. Paper presented at the meetings of the European Society for Social Psychology, San Sebastian, Spain, June.
  • Huesmann, L. R. (2007). The impact of electronic media violence: scientific theory and research. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 41(6 Suppl 1), S6–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.005
  • Huesmann, L. R., Dubow, E. F., & Boxer, P. (2009). Continuity of aggression from childhood to early adulthood as a predictor of life outcomes: implications for the adolescent-limited and life-course-persistent models. Aggressive Behavior, 35(2), 136–149. doi:10.1002/ab.20300
  • Ibrahim, Z., Jayanthi KuruUtumpala, J., & Goulden, J. (2018). Counting The Cost: The Price Society Pays for Violence Against Women Report. CARE. https://www.care-international.org/files/files/Counting_the_costofViolence.pdf Institute for economics & Peace. (2024, May 24). Global Peace Index. https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/GPI-2023-Web.pdf
  • Jones, S. E., Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2011). Personality, antisocial behavior, and aggression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 329-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.03.004
  • Johnson, W. L., Giordano, P. C.., Manning,W. D., & Longmore, M. A. (2015). The Age-IPV Curve: Changes in Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration during Adolescence and Young Adulthood. J Youth Adolesc., 44(3), 708–726. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0158-z.
  • Kashani, J. H., Daniel, A. E., Dandoy, A. C., & Holcomb, W. R. (1992). Family violence: Impact on children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(2), 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199203000-00001
  • Kennedy, T. D., Burnett, K. F., & Edmonds, W. A. (2011). Intellectual, behavioral, and personality correlates of violent vs. non-violent juvenile offenders. Aggress Behav, 37, 315–25.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1963). Moral development and identification. In H. W. Stevenson (Ed.) & J. Kagan, C. Spiker (Collaborators) & N. B. Henry, H. G. Richey (Eds.), Child psychology: The sixty-second yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, Part 1 (pp. 277–332). National Society for the Study of Education; University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/13101-008
  • Krug, E. G., Mercy, J. A., Dahlberg, L.L & Zwi, A. B. (2002). The world report on violence and health. Lancet (London, England), 360(9339), 1083-1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11133-0
  • Lacasse, A., & Mendelson, M. J. (2007). Sexual coercion among adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(4), 424-437.
  • LaFree, G. & Jiang, B. (2023). Does Globalization Reduce Personal Violence? The Impact of International Trade on Cross-National Homicide Rates, Social Forces, Volume 102, Issue 1, September 2023, Pages 353–376, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soac123
  • Lawford H. L., Ramey H. L., Hood S. (2021). The associations between early generative concern, moral identity, and well-being in adolescence and early adulthood. J. Moral Educ., 51, 1–14. DOI:10.1080/03057240.2021.1972948
  • Leary, M. & Tangney, J.P. (2012). Handbook of self and identity. (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
  • Lee, B. X. (2015). Causes and cures II: The biology of violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25(B), 204-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.10.002.
  • Liu J. (2011). Early health risk factors for violence: conceptualization, review of the evidence, and implications. Aggress Violent Behav, 16, 63–73.
  • Loeber R., & Dishion T. (1983). Early predictors of male delinquency: A review. Psychol Bull., 94, 68–99.
  • López, D. P., López-Nicolás, R., López-López, R., Puente-López, E., & Ruiz-Hernández, J. A. (2022). Association between attitudes toward violence and violent behavior in the school context: A systematic review and correlational meta-analysis. International journal of clinical and health psychology : IJCHP, 22(1), 100278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2021.100278
  • Lubov Atramentova, L., Luchko, E., & Filiptsova, O. (2018). Impact of migration on the expression of aggression and empathy in urban populations, Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics, 19(2), 83-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmhg.2017.06.004.
  • Mammen, M., Köymen, B., & Tomasello, M. (2019). Children’s reasoning with peers and parents about moral dilemmas. Dev. Psychol., 55, 2324–2335. DOI:10.1037/dev0000807
  • Markowitz, F. E. (2001). Attitudes and Family Violence: Linking Intergenerational and Cultural Theories Journal of Family Violence, 16, 205-18.
  • Mumford, E. A., Taylor, B. G., Berg, M., Liu, W., & Miesfeld, N. (2019). The social anatomy of adverse childhood experiences and aggression in a representative sample of young adults in the U.S. Child Abuse & Neglect, 88, 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.10.016
  • Narayan, A. J., Rivera, L. M., Bernstein, R. E., Harris, W. W., & Lieberman, A. F. (2018). Positive childhood experiences predict less psychopathology and stress in pregnant women with childhood adversity: A pilot study of the benevolent childhood experiences (BCEs) scale. Child Abuse and Neglect, 78, 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chiabu.2017.09.022
  • Olweus D. (1979). The stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: A review. Psychol Bull., 86, 852–875. Özgür, G., Yörükoğlu, G., & Baysan Arabacı, L. (2011). Lise öğrencilerinin şiddet algıları, şiddet eğilim düzeyleri ve etkileyen faktörler. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 2(2), 53-60.
  • Özkan, Y., Uysal, M., Topçu, G., Danışmaz Sevin, M., & Ertan Koçak, Y. (2018). Şiddete İlişkin Tutumlar Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ ye uyarlamasının geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 22 (4), 821-844.
  • Pakaslahti, L. and Keltikangas-Jarvinen, L. (1996.) Social Acceptance and the Relationship Between Aggressive Problem-Solving Strategies and Aggressive Behavior in 14-Year-Old Adolescents. European Journal of Personality, 10, 249-61.
  • Palmer, E. J. (2003). An overview of the relationship between moral reasoning and offending. Australian Psychologist, 38(3), 165–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060310001707177
  • Pinos, V., Pinos, G., Jerves, M., & Enzlin, P. (2016). Attitudes of adolescents toward violence and their related factors. MASKANA, 7(2), 1-15. doi.org/10.18537/mskn.07.02.01 1
  • Ramirez, J. M., Lagerspetz, K., Fraczek, A., Fujihara, T., Musazahedeh, Z., & Theron, W.H. (2001). Difference and Similarities in Moral Approval of Aggressive Acts: A Cross-National Study. Aggressive Behavior, 27(3), 225-6. Reid, S. T. (2006). Crime and criminology. McGraw Hill.
  • Redican, E., McBride, O., Bunting, L., Murphy, J., & Shevlin, M. (2023). Prevalence and predictors of benevolent childhood experiences among a representative sample of young people. British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953), 114(1), 229–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12607
  • Reidy, D. E., Sloan, C. A., & Zeichner, A. (2009). Gender role conformity and aggression: Influence of perpetrator and victim conformity on direct physical aggression in women. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(2), 231–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.10.008
  • Rest, J. R. (1979). Development in judging moral issues. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Rest, J. R. (1983). Morality. In Mussen, P. (Ed), Handbook of child psychology. Vol. 3. Cognitive development. (pp. 556–629). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Rubio-Garay, F., Amor, P. J., & Carrasco, M. A. (2019). The Contribution of Moral Disengagement to Dating Violence and General Aggression: The Gender and Age Moderating Effects. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 22, E59. doi:10.1017/sjp.2019.57
  • Stevens, J. E. (1994). The Biology of Violence. BioScience, 44(5), 291-294. https://doi.org/10.2307/1312377
  • Şengün, M. and Kaya, M. (2007). Ahlaki Olgunluk Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(24-25), 51-64.
  • Tarsha, M. & Narvaez, D. (2019). Early Life Experience and Aggression. Peace Review, 31, 14-23. 10.1080/10402659.2019.1613591.
  • Tarsha, M. S., & Narvaez, D. (2023). The developmental neurobiology of moral mindsets: Basic needs and childhood experience. In M. K. Berg & E. C. Chang (Eds.), Motivation and morality: A multidisciplinary approach (pp. 187–204). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000342-008
  • Uygun, Ş., Okudan, M., & Ziyalar, N. (2020). Bireylerin Empatik Eğilim ve Ahlaki Olgunluk Düzeylerinin Hayvan Haklarına Yönelik Bakış Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Türkiye Klinikleri Adli Tıp ve Adli Bilimler Dergisi, 17(3), 245-253.
  • Velicer, W., Huckel, L., & Hansen, C. (1989). A measurement model for measuring attitudes toward violence. Personality And Social Psychology Bulletin, 15(3), 349-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167289153006
  • Valdivia-Peralta, M., Paino, M., Fonseca-Pedrero, E., & González-Bravo, L. (2018). Attitudes Toward Dating Violence in Early and Late Adolescents in Concepción, Chile. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1–21.
  • Vigil-Colet, A., Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Morales-Vives, F. (2015). The effects of ageing on self-reported aggression measures are partly explained by response bias. Psicothema, 27(3), 209-215. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2015.32
  • Visu-Petra, G., Borlean, C., Chendran, L., & Bus, I. (2008). An Investigation of Antisocial Attitudes, Family Background and Moral Reasoning in Violent Offenders and Police Students. Cognition, Brain, Behavior, 12(2), 143-159.
  • Walker, S., & Richardson, D.R. (1998). Aggression strategies among older adults: Delivered but not seen. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3, 287-294.
  • Walker, S., Richardson, D.S., & Green, L.R. (2000). Aggression among older adults: The relationship of interaction networks and gender role to direct and indirect responses. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 145-154.
  • Watlington, C. G. & Murphy, C. M. (2006). The Roles of religion and spirituality among African American survivors of domestic violence. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(7): 837-857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20268
  • Whitfield, C. L., Anda, R. F., Dube, S.R., & Felitti, V. J. (2003). Violent Childhood Experiences and the Risk of Intimate Partner Violence in Adults: Assessment in a Large Health Maintenance Organization. J Interpers Violence, 18, 166-185. DOI: 10.1177/0886260502238733
  • World Health Organization (2022). World Health Organizatıon Violence Prevention Unit: Approach, Objectives And Activities, 2022-2026. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/documents/social-determinants-of-health/who_2022_plv_strategy_2022-2026_finalfile.pdf?sfvrsn=c819ff54_3&download=true
  • Yagiz, R., Sevil, Ü., & Guner, Ö. (2020). The effect of university students' violence tendency on their attitude towards domestic violence and the factors affecting domestic violence attitudes. Journal of injury & violence research, 12(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.5249/jivr.v12i1.1224
  • Yıldırım, Y. (2014). Ortaokul 5. ve 6. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Ahlaki Olgunluk Düzeyi ile Sosyal Tutumlarının İncelenmesi [Master's thesis, Erzincan University].

Şiddet Eğilimi ve Ahlaki Olgunluğun Fiziksel Şiddete Yönelik Tutumlara Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 4, 238 - 252, 07.08.2024

Esra Çetinöz , Fatmatüz Zehra Pehlivan , Eda Aslan

https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1505938

Öz

Günümüzde şiddet, modern toplumun üstesinden gelmekte zorlandığı en önemli bireysel ve toplumsal sorunlardan birisidir. Toplumda şiddeti önlemenin ya da en azından azaltabilmenin ilk şartı ise öncelikle onunla ilişkili biyopsikososyal etkenleri belirleyebilmektir. Bu nedenle bu çalışma, şiddetle ilgili bazı psikolojik faktörleri aydınlatmayı hedeflemiştir. Bu amaçla çalışmada şiddet eğilimi ve ahlaki olgunluğun, fiziksel şiddete yönelik tutumlar üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Çalışmaya 18-65 yaş aralığında toplam 398 kişi gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Çalışmada, rastlantısal olmayan örnekleme yöntemlerinden gelişigüzel (haphazard) örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın veri toplama araçları Demografik Bilgi Formu, Ahlaki Olgunluk Ölçeği, Şiddet Eğilimi Ölçeği, Şiddete Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği ve Çocukluk Çağı İyiliksever Deneyimleri (BCEs) Ölçeğidir. Veriler betimsel istatistiklerin yanı sıra Pearson Korelasyon Analizi ve Hiyerarşik Doğrusal Regresyon ile analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular araştırma modelinin, fiziksel şiddete yönelik tutumlardaki toplam varyansın %19'unu açıklayabildiği sonucunu ortaya koymuştur. Bununla birlikte fiziksel şiddete yönelik tutumlardaki değişimin %17'si şiddete eğilimle açıklanırken, sadece %2'si ahlaki olgunlukla açıklanabilmiştir. Dolayısıyla araştırma şiddet eğiliminin, fiziksel şiddete yönelik tutumun önemli bir belirleyicisi olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Elde edilen bulguların fiziksel şiddetin önlenmesinde hem teorik hem de pratik çabalar açısından önemli olduğu ve bu alanda daha kapsamlı ve geniş bir bakış açısına ışık tutacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Şiddet Şiddet Eğilimi Ahlaki Olgunluk Fiziksel Şiddete Yönelik Tutumlar

Kaynakça

  • Adilogulları, G. E., Ulucan, H., Beltekin, E., & Kuyulu, İ. (2017). Relationshıp Between Violence Tendency Levels of 11-19 Aged Children Who Attend to Summer School and Their Behaviors Towards Fair Play in Sports. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 3(12), 49-93.
  • Anderson, C. A., & Huessmann, L. R. (2003). Human Aggression: A Social-Cognitive View. In M. A. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds), The Sage Handbook of Social Psychology (pp.296-323). Sage Publications, Inc.,
  • Anderson, C., Benjamin, A., Wood, P., & Bonacci, A. (2006). Development and testing of the velicer attitudes toward violence scale: evidence for a four-factor model. Aggressive Behavior, 32(2), 122-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.20112
  • Anderson, C. A. & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology. 53, 27-51. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231
  • Akgün, S., & Araz, A. (2014). The effects of conflict resolution education on conflict resolution skills, social competence, and aggression in Turkish elementary school students. Journal of Peace Education 11(1), 30-45. DOI:10.1080/17400201.2013.777898
  • Avcı, A. (2010). Eğitimde Şiddet Olgusu: Lise Öğrencilerinde Şiddet, Saldırganlık ve Ahlaki Tutum İlişkisi-Küçükçekmece Örneği [Doctoral thesis, Marmara University].
  • Bandura, A., & National Inst of Mental Health. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 248–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90022-L
  • Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of personality. In D. Cervone & Y. Shoda (Eds.), The coherence of personality: Social-cognitive bases of consistency, variability, and organization (pp. 185–241). Guilford Press.
  • Bannon, S. M., Salis, K. L., & O’Leary, K. D. (2015). Structural brain abnormalities in aggression and violent behavior. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25(B), 323-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.09.016.
  • Barnert, E. S., Schlichte, L. M., Tolliver, D. G., et al.(2023). Parents’ Adverse and Positive Childhood. Experiences and Offspring Involvement With the Criminal Legal System. JAMA Netw Open, 6(10), e2339648. DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.39648
  • Blankenship, K. L., Allen, J. J., Kane, K. A., & Anderson, C. A. (2019). The role of attitudes in violence and aggression (pp. 299-336). In D. Albarracin & B. T. Johnson (Eds.) Handbook of Attitudes, 2nd Edition, Volume 2: Applications. Routledge.
  • Blasi, A. (1980). Bridging moral cognition and moral action: A critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 1–45.
  • Borg, I., & Hermann, D. (2023). Attitudes toward crime(s) and their relations to gender, age, and personal values. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 4(2), 100111. DOI:10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100111
  • Bowes, N., & McMurran, M. (2013). Cognitions supportive of violence and violent behavior. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(6), 660-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2013.07.015.
  • Brame, B., Nagin, D. S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2001). Developmental Trajectories of Physical Aggression from School Entry to Late Adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(4), 503-12.
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32(7), 513–531.
  • Burrowes, K. L., Hales, R. E., & Arrington,E. (1988). Research on the Biologic Aspects of Violence, Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 11(4), 499-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30465-9.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2003). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem Yayınları.
  • Caprara, G., Vecchione, M., Barbaranelli, C., & Alessandri, G. (2013). Emotional stability and affective self‐regulatory efficacy beliefs: Proofs of integration between trait theory and social cognitive theory. European Journal of Personality, 27(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1847
  • Caprara, G. V., Tisak, M. S., Alessandri, G., Fontaine, R. G., Fida, R., & Paciello, M. (2014). The contribution of moral disengagement in mediating individual tendencies toward aggression and violence. Developmental Psychology, 50(1), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034488
  • Clark, J, W. (2009). Psychological Theories of Crime, In J. Miller (Ed.), 21st Century Criminology: A Reference Handbook. (pp. 271–278). SAGE Publications.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge Academic.
  • Colby, A., Kohlberg, L., Gibbs, J., Lieberman, M. A. (1983). Longitudinal study of moral judgment. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 48(200), 1–124.
  • Coşkun, S. & Bebiş, H. (2014). Şiddetin Okul Sağlığına Etkisi ve Hemşirelik. Cumhuriyet Hemşirelik Dergisi, 3(1), 15-23.
  • Cornell, D. G., Warren, J., Hawk, G., Stafford, E., Oram, G., & Pine, D. (1996). Psychopathy in instrumental and reactive violent offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(4), 783–790. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.4.783
  • Crandall, A., Miller, J. R., Cheung, A., Novilla, L. K., Glade, R., Novilla, M. L. B., Magnusson, B. M., Leavitt, B. L., Barnes, M. D., & Hanson, C. L. (2019). ACEs and counter-ACEs: How positive and negative childhood experiences influence adult health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 96, 104089.
  • Demirtas-Madran, H. A. (2018). Attitudes Toward Violence: Relationship Between Age, Gender, And Aggression in A Turkish University Sample. Humanities and Social Sciences Review, 08(01), 87–94.
  • Dinç, M. E., & Küçük, K. A. (2021). The Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Aggression in Young Adulthood. Health Scıences Quarterly, 5(Supplement Issue), 163–175. https://doi.org/10.26900/jsp.5.5.7
  • Dodge, K. A., & Crick, N.R. (1990). Social information-processing bases of aggressive behavior in children. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16(1), 8-22.
  • Donnerstein, E., Slaby, R. G., & Eron, L. D. (1994). The mass media and youth aggression. In L. D. Eron, J. H. Gentry, & P. Schlegel (Eds.), Reason to hope: A psychosocial perspective on violence & youth (pp. 219–250). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10164-010
  • Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1998). Prosocial development. In Damon, W., & Eisenberg, N. (Eds), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 701–778). Wiley.
  • Emler, N. (1998). Sociomoral Understanding. Psychology Press.
  • Eton, L. D., Walder, L. O., & Lefkowitz, M. M. (1971.) The Learning of Aggression in Children. Brown.
  • Farrington, D. P. (1982). Longitudinal Analyses of Criminal Violence. In M. E. Wolfgang & N. A. Weiner (Eds), Criminal Violence (pp. 171-200). Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Farington, D. P. (1995). The Development of offending and Antisocial Behavior from Childhood: Key Findings from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 1-36.
  • Farrington, D. P. (2002). Multiple Risk Factors for Multiple Problem Violent Boys. In R. Corrado et al. (Eds), Multi-Problem Violent Youth: A Foundation for Comparative Research on Needs Interventions and Outcomes. Series 1 Life and Behavioural Sciences, vol. 324 (pp. 23-34). lOS Press.
  • Fazio, R.H. (1990). Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE model as an integrative framework. In M. Zanne (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 75-109). Academic Press.
  • Ferragut, M., Blanca, M. J., & Ortiz-Tallo, M. (2013). Psychological values as protective factors against sexist attitudes in preadolescents. Psicothema, 25(1), 38–42. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2012.85
  • Flood, M., & Pease, B. (2009). Factors Influencing Attitudes to Violence Against Women. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 10(2), 125-42. DOI:10.1177/1524838009334131
  • Fountoulakis, K. N., Leucht, S., & Kaprinis, G. S. (2008). Personality disorders and violence. Curr Opin Psychiatry, 21, 84–92.
  • Fraczek, A. (1985). Moral Approval of Aggressive Acts: A Polish-Finnish Comparative Study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 16, 41-51.
  • Fraguas, D., Díaz-Caneja, C. M., Ayora, M., Duran-Cutilla, M., Abregu-Crespo, R., Ezquiaga-Bravo, I., Martín-Babarro, J., & Arango, C. (2020). Assessment of school anti-bullying interventions: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA Pediatrics, 175, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3541.
  • Fujihara, T., Kohyama, T., Andreu, J. M., and Ramirez, M. J. (1999). Justification of Interpersonal Aggression in Japanese, American and Spanish Students. Aggressive Behaviour, 25(3), 185-95.
  • Hoge, R. D., Andrews, D. A., & Leschied, A. W. (1996). An investigation of risk and protective factors in a sample of youthful offenders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 37(4), 419-424.
  • Gilligan, C., & Attanucci, J. (1988). Two moral orientations: Gender differences and similarities. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 34(3), 223–237.
  • Gini, G. (2006). Social Cognition and Moral Cognition in Bullying: What's Wrong? Aggressive Behavior, 32(6), 528–539. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20153
  • Guerra, N. G., Huesmann, L. R., Tolan, P., Van Acker, R., and Eron, L. D. (1995). Stressful Events and Individual Beliefs as Correlates of Economic Disadvantage and Aggression Among Urban Children, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(4), 518-28.
  • Gunay Oge, R., Pehlivan F.Z. & Isikli, S. (2020). Validity and reliability of the Benevolent Childhood Experiences (BCEs) Scale in Turkish. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 33, 146-154. https://dx.doi.org/10.14744/DAJPNS.2020.00074
  • Haskan, Ö. & Yıldırım, İ. (2012). Şiddet Eğilimi Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim. 37(163). 165-177.
  • Hawkins, J. D., Herrenkohl, T. I., Farrington, D. P., Brewer, D., Catalono, R. F., Harachi, T. W. & Cothern, L. (2000). Predictors of youth violence. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, 4, 1-10.
  • Herrenkohl, T. I., Maguin, E., Hill, K. G., Hawkins, J. D., Abbott, R. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2000). Developmental risk factors for youth violence. J Adolesc Health, 26, 176–86.
  • Huesmann, L. R., Eron, L. D., Lefkowitz, M. M., & Walder, L. O. (1984). Stability of aggression over time and generations. Developmental Psychology, 20(6), 1120–1134. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.20.6.1120
  • Huesmann, L.R. (1998). The Role of Social Information Processing and Cognitive Schemas in the Acquisition and Maintenance of Habitual Aggressive Behavior. In R.G. Geen and E. Donnerstein (Eds), Human Aggression: Theories, Research and Implications for Policy (pp. 73-109). Academic Press.
  • Huesmann, L. R. & Moise-Titus, J. (2002). Normative Beliefs, Hostile Schemas and Script Rehearsal as Mediators of the Relation Between Childhood Observation of Violence and Adult Aggressive Behavior. Paper presented at the meetings of the European Society for Social Psychology, San Sebastian, Spain, June.
  • Huesmann, L. R. (2007). The impact of electronic media violence: scientific theory and research. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 41(6 Suppl 1), S6–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.005
  • Huesmann, L. R., Dubow, E. F., & Boxer, P. (2009). Continuity of aggression from childhood to early adulthood as a predictor of life outcomes: implications for the adolescent-limited and life-course-persistent models. Aggressive Behavior, 35(2), 136–149. doi:10.1002/ab.20300
  • Ibrahim, Z., Jayanthi KuruUtumpala, J., & Goulden, J. (2018). Counting The Cost: The Price Society Pays for Violence Against Women Report. CARE. https://www.care-international.org/files/files/Counting_the_costofViolence.pdf Institute for economics & Peace. (2024, May 24). Global Peace Index. https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/GPI-2023-Web.pdf
  • Jones, S. E., Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2011). Personality, antisocial behavior, and aggression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 329-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.03.004
  • Johnson, W. L., Giordano, P. C.., Manning,W. D., & Longmore, M. A. (2015). The Age-IPV Curve: Changes in Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration during Adolescence and Young Adulthood. J Youth Adolesc., 44(3), 708–726. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0158-z.
  • Kashani, J. H., Daniel, A. E., Dandoy, A. C., & Holcomb, W. R. (1992). Family violence: Impact on children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(2), 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199203000-00001
  • Kennedy, T. D., Burnett, K. F., & Edmonds, W. A. (2011). Intellectual, behavioral, and personality correlates of violent vs. non-violent juvenile offenders. Aggress Behav, 37, 315–25.
  • Kohlberg, L. (1963). Moral development and identification. In H. W. Stevenson (Ed.) & J. Kagan, C. Spiker (Collaborators) & N. B. Henry, H. G. Richey (Eds.), Child psychology: The sixty-second yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, Part 1 (pp. 277–332). National Society for the Study of Education; University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/13101-008
  • Krug, E. G., Mercy, J. A., Dahlberg, L.L & Zwi, A. B. (2002). The world report on violence and health. Lancet (London, England), 360(9339), 1083-1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11133-0
  • Lacasse, A., & Mendelson, M. J. (2007). Sexual coercion among adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(4), 424-437.
  • LaFree, G. & Jiang, B. (2023). Does Globalization Reduce Personal Violence? The Impact of International Trade on Cross-National Homicide Rates, Social Forces, Volume 102, Issue 1, September 2023, Pages 353–376, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soac123
  • Lawford H. L., Ramey H. L., Hood S. (2021). The associations between early generative concern, moral identity, and well-being in adolescence and early adulthood. J. Moral Educ., 51, 1–14. DOI:10.1080/03057240.2021.1972948
  • Leary, M. & Tangney, J.P. (2012). Handbook of self and identity. (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
  • Lee, B. X. (2015). Causes and cures II: The biology of violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25(B), 204-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.10.002.
  • Liu J. (2011). Early health risk factors for violence: conceptualization, review of the evidence, and implications. Aggress Violent Behav, 16, 63–73.
  • Loeber R., & Dishion T. (1983). Early predictors of male delinquency: A review. Psychol Bull., 94, 68–99.
  • López, D. P., López-Nicolás, R., López-López, R., Puente-López, E., & Ruiz-Hernández, J. A. (2022). Association between attitudes toward violence and violent behavior in the school context: A systematic review and correlational meta-analysis. International journal of clinical and health psychology : IJCHP, 22(1), 100278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2021.100278
  • Lubov Atramentova, L., Luchko, E., & Filiptsova, O. (2018). Impact of migration on the expression of aggression and empathy in urban populations, Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics, 19(2), 83-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmhg.2017.06.004.
  • Mammen, M., Köymen, B., & Tomasello, M. (2019). Children’s reasoning with peers and parents about moral dilemmas. Dev. Psychol., 55, 2324–2335. DOI:10.1037/dev0000807
  • Markowitz, F. E. (2001). Attitudes and Family Violence: Linking Intergenerational and Cultural Theories Journal of Family Violence, 16, 205-18.
  • Mumford, E. A., Taylor, B. G., Berg, M., Liu, W., & Miesfeld, N. (2019). The social anatomy of adverse childhood experiences and aggression in a representative sample of young adults in the U.S. Child Abuse & Neglect, 88, 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.10.016
  • Narayan, A. J., Rivera, L. M., Bernstein, R. E., Harris, W. W., & Lieberman, A. F. (2018). Positive childhood experiences predict less psychopathology and stress in pregnant women with childhood adversity: A pilot study of the benevolent childhood experiences (BCEs) scale. Child Abuse and Neglect, 78, 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chiabu.2017.09.022
  • Olweus D. (1979). The stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: A review. Psychol Bull., 86, 852–875. Özgür, G., Yörükoğlu, G., & Baysan Arabacı, L. (2011). Lise öğrencilerinin şiddet algıları, şiddet eğilim düzeyleri ve etkileyen faktörler. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 2(2), 53-60.
  • Özkan, Y., Uysal, M., Topçu, G., Danışmaz Sevin, M., & Ertan Koçak, Y. (2018). Şiddete İlişkin Tutumlar Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ ye uyarlamasının geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 22 (4), 821-844.
  • Pakaslahti, L. and Keltikangas-Jarvinen, L. (1996.) Social Acceptance and the Relationship Between Aggressive Problem-Solving Strategies and Aggressive Behavior in 14-Year-Old Adolescents. European Journal of Personality, 10, 249-61.
  • Palmer, E. J. (2003). An overview of the relationship between moral reasoning and offending. Australian Psychologist, 38(3), 165–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060310001707177
  • Pinos, V., Pinos, G., Jerves, M., & Enzlin, P. (2016). Attitudes of adolescents toward violence and their related factors. MASKANA, 7(2), 1-15. doi.org/10.18537/mskn.07.02.01 1
  • Ramirez, J. M., Lagerspetz, K., Fraczek, A., Fujihara, T., Musazahedeh, Z., & Theron, W.H. (2001). Difference and Similarities in Moral Approval of Aggressive Acts: A Cross-National Study. Aggressive Behavior, 27(3), 225-6. Reid, S. T. (2006). Crime and criminology. McGraw Hill.
  • Redican, E., McBride, O., Bunting, L., Murphy, J., & Shevlin, M. (2023). Prevalence and predictors of benevolent childhood experiences among a representative sample of young people. British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953), 114(1), 229–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12607
  • Reidy, D. E., Sloan, C. A., & Zeichner, A. (2009). Gender role conformity and aggression: Influence of perpetrator and victim conformity on direct physical aggression in women. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(2), 231–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.10.008
  • Rest, J. R. (1979). Development in judging moral issues. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Rest, J. R. (1983). Morality. In Mussen, P. (Ed), Handbook of child psychology. Vol. 3. Cognitive development. (pp. 556–629). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Rubio-Garay, F., Amor, P. J., & Carrasco, M. A. (2019). The Contribution of Moral Disengagement to Dating Violence and General Aggression: The Gender and Age Moderating Effects. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 22, E59. doi:10.1017/sjp.2019.57
  • Stevens, J. E. (1994). The Biology of Violence. BioScience, 44(5), 291-294. https://doi.org/10.2307/1312377
  • Şengün, M. and Kaya, M. (2007). Ahlaki Olgunluk Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(24-25), 51-64.
  • Tarsha, M. & Narvaez, D. (2019). Early Life Experience and Aggression. Peace Review, 31, 14-23. 10.1080/10402659.2019.1613591.
  • Tarsha, M. S., & Narvaez, D. (2023). The developmental neurobiology of moral mindsets: Basic needs and childhood experience. In M. K. Berg & E. C. Chang (Eds.), Motivation and morality: A multidisciplinary approach (pp. 187–204). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000342-008
  • Uygun, Ş., Okudan, M., & Ziyalar, N. (2020). Bireylerin Empatik Eğilim ve Ahlaki Olgunluk Düzeylerinin Hayvan Haklarına Yönelik Bakış Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Türkiye Klinikleri Adli Tıp ve Adli Bilimler Dergisi, 17(3), 245-253.
  • Velicer, W., Huckel, L., & Hansen, C. (1989). A measurement model for measuring attitudes toward violence. Personality And Social Psychology Bulletin, 15(3), 349-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167289153006
  • Valdivia-Peralta, M., Paino, M., Fonseca-Pedrero, E., & González-Bravo, L. (2018). Attitudes Toward Dating Violence in Early and Late Adolescents in Concepción, Chile. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1–21.
  • Vigil-Colet, A., Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Morales-Vives, F. (2015). The effects of ageing on self-reported aggression measures are partly explained by response bias. Psicothema, 27(3), 209-215. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2015.32
  • Visu-Petra, G., Borlean, C., Chendran, L., & Bus, I. (2008). An Investigation of Antisocial Attitudes, Family Background and Moral Reasoning in Violent Offenders and Police Students. Cognition, Brain, Behavior, 12(2), 143-159.
  • Walker, S., & Richardson, D.R. (1998). Aggression strategies among older adults: Delivered but not seen. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3, 287-294.
  • Walker, S., Richardson, D.S., & Green, L.R. (2000). Aggression among older adults: The relationship of interaction networks and gender role to direct and indirect responses. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 145-154.
  • Watlington, C. G. & Murphy, C. M. (2006). The Roles of religion and spirituality among African American survivors of domestic violence. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(7): 837-857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20268
  • Whitfield, C. L., Anda, R. F., Dube, S.R., & Felitti, V. J. (2003). Violent Childhood Experiences and the Risk of Intimate Partner Violence in Adults: Assessment in a Large Health Maintenance Organization. J Interpers Violence, 18, 166-185. DOI: 10.1177/0886260502238733
  • World Health Organization (2022). World Health Organizatıon Violence Prevention Unit: Approach, Objectives And Activities, 2022-2026. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/documents/social-determinants-of-health/who_2022_plv_strategy_2022-2026_finalfile.pdf?sfvrsn=c819ff54_3&download=true
  • Yagiz, R., Sevil, Ü., & Guner, Ö. (2020). The effect of university students' violence tendency on their attitude towards domestic violence and the factors affecting domestic violence attitudes. Journal of injury & violence research, 12(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.5249/jivr.v12i1.1224
  • Yıldırım, Y. (2014). Ortaokul 5. ve 6. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Ahlaki Olgunluk Düzeyi ile Sosyal Tutumlarının İncelenmesi [Master's thesis, Erzincan University].
Toplam 104 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Adli Psikoloji
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Esra Çetinöz 0000-0002-0924-5261

Fatmatüz Zehra Pehlivan 0000-0001-6701-3349

Eda Aslan 0000-0003-3671-0322

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 7 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 7 Ağustos 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Çetinöz, E., Pehlivan, F. Z., & Aslan, E. (2024). Investigation of the Effects of Violence Tendency and Moral Maturity on Attitudes Towards Physical Violence. OPUS Journal of Society Research, 21(4), 238-252. https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1505938
 Kapak Resmi İndir