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Kalsine Marn Katkılı Çimentoya Uygun Akışkanlaştırıcının Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 67 - 78, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.54370/ordubtd.1596932

Öz

Kalsine marn (CM) katkılı çimento ile naftalin sülfonat-formaldehit (NSF), vinil kopolimer (VCP) ve polikarboksilat eter (PCE) gibi farklı kökenli üç akışkanlaştırıcı arasındaki uyumluluk araştırması yapılmıştır. Dikkate alınan akışkanlaştıcıların kalsine marn katkılı çimento içeren harçların işlenebilirlikleri ve dayanımları üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Kalsine marn, piyasada bulunan diğer tamamlayıcı çimentolu malzemelere kıyasla nispeten yeni olması nedeniyle böyle bir araştırmaya ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Çalışmadaki katkılı çimentolar, kalsine marnın klinkere kısmen (%0, %10, %30 ve %50) yerdeğiştirilmesi ile elde edilmişlerdir. Deney karışımlarında kullanılan akışkanlaştırıcılar, karıştırma suyuna %0,8 (düşük), %1,2 (orta) ve %1,5 (yüksek) gibi oranlarda eklenmiştir. Harç numunelerinde yoğunluk, çökme-yayılma, ultrasonik darbe hızı (UPV) ve dayanımları belirlendi. Çalışmada incelenen parametrelere göre, kalsine marn katkılı çimento içeren harçların basınç dayanımları %30 yerdeğiştirme oranına kadar iyileşmiştir. Ayrıca, kalsine marn katkılı çimentolar ile akışkanlaştırıcılar arasındaki optimum uyumun %1,2’ ye kadar kullanım oranına sahip polikarboksilat eter (PCE) akışkanlaştırıcısı olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • ACI COMMITTEE 212, (1987). Chemical admixtures for concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 86, p.297.
  • Akgün, Y. (2020). Behavior of concrete containing alternative pozzolan calcined marl blended cement. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 64(4), 1087-1099. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.15122
  • Akgün, Y. (2021). Thermal performance of mortars/concretes containing calcined marl as alternative pozzolan. Emerging Materials Research, 10(3), 246-256. http://doi.org/10.1680/jemmr.20.00334
  • Akgün, Y. (2019). Alternatif puzolan kalsine marn içeren sürdürülebilir katkılı çimentolar. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 10(2), 779-789. http://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.492137
  • ASTM Standard C597-22, (2023). Standard test method for ultrasonic pulse velocity through concrete. ASTM International. https://www.astm.org/c0597-22.html
  • Andrew, R. M. (2018). Global CO2 emissions from cement production. Earth System Science Data, 10(1), 195-217. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-195-2018
  • Bahhou, A., Yassine, T., Elkhessaimi, Y., Hakkou, R., Tagnit-Hamou, A., & Benzaazoua, M. (2021). Using calcined marls as non-common supplementary cementitious materials. Minerals, 11(5), 517–539. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11050517
  • Bahhou, A., Taha, Y., Hakkou, R., Benzaazoua, M., & Tagnit-Hamou, A. (2024). Evaluating rotary and static calcination processes for montmorillonite marl: Pozzolanic properties, compressive strength, and cementitious paste characteristics. Applied Clay Science, 258, 107501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2024.107501
  • Bildirici, M. E., & Ersin, Ö.Ö., (2024). Cement production and CO2 emission cycles in the USA: evidence from MS-ARDL and MS-VARDL causality methods with century-long data. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(24), 35369-35395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33489-2
  • CEN (2012). EN 197-1 Cement Part 1: Composition, specification and conformity criteria for common cements. European Committee for Standardization.
  • CEN (2013). EN 934-2 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout - Part 2: Concrete admixtures; Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and labelling. European Committee for Standardization.
  • CEN (2016). EN 196–1 Methods of testing cement—Part 1: Determination of strength. European Committee for Standardization.
  • CEN (2019). EN 12350-8 Testing fresh concrete – Part 8: Self-compacying concrete – Slump-flow test. European Committee for Standardization.
  • CEN (2019). EN 12390-7 Testing hardened concrete – Part 7: Density of hardened concrete. European Committee for Standardization.
  • CEN (2022). EN 1097-6 Tests for mechanicak and physical properties of aggregates – Part 6: Determination of particle density and water absorption. European Committee for Standardization.
  • Cho, H. Y., & Suh, J. M. (2005). Effects of the synthetic conditions of poly {carboxylate-g-(ethylene glycol) methyl ether} on the dispersibility in cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(5), 891-899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.002
  • Danner, T., Østnor T., & Justnes, H., (2012). Calcined marl as pozzolana for sustainable development of the cement and concrete industry, In Proceedings of the 12th Canmet/ACI International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology and Sustainability Issues, SP-289, 357–365. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259005747
  • Danner, T., Justnes, H., Norden, G., & Østnor, T. (2015). Feasibility of calcined marl as an alternative pozzolanic material. In: Scrivener, K., Favier, A. (eds) Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete. RILEM Bookseries, vol 10. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9939-3_9 Danner, T., & Justnes, H. (2018). The influence of production parameters on pozzolanic reactivity of calcined clays. Nordic Concrete Research, 59(1), 1-12. http://doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2018-0011
  • Elistratkin, M. Y., Shatalova, S. V., Pospelova, E. A., & Minakova, A. V. (2019). The raw materials genetic type effect on the water-reducing additives effectiveness. In Materials Science Forum (Vol. 974, pp. 43–48). Trans Tech Publications, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.974.43
  • El Bitouri, Y., Azéma, N., Le Saoût, G., Lauten, R. A., & De Weerdt, K. (2022). Effect of plasticizer on hydration and rheological behavior of cement pastes. CivilEng, 3(3), 748-759. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng3030043
  • Guo, Y., Luo, L., Liu, T., Hao, L., Li, Y., Liu, P., & Zhu, T. (2024). A review of low-carbon technologies and projects for the global cement industry. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 136, 682-697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2023.01.021
  • Kermani, S., & Khalatbari, S. (2024). Enhancing concrete strength with polymer-based additives in the cement matrix: A comprehensive review. Journal of Civil Engineering Researchers, 6(1), 48-64. https://doi.org/10.61186/JCER.6.1.48
  • Kulshreshtha, R., Sharma, A., Gupta, S., & Kumar, M. A. (2023). Review of how retarding chemical super plasticizers affect the cement paste setting time in India. TECHNOFAME- A Journal of Multidisciplinary Advance Research, 12(2), 63–72. https://technofame.com/CMS/Journal/Journal_22/11.pdf
  • Kobya, V., Karakuzu, K., Mardani, A., Felekoğlu, B., & Ramyar, K. (2024). Effect of polycarboxylate-based water-reducing admixture chains length on portland cement-admixture compatibility. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 13(1), 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2023.2254313
  • Li, R., Lei, L., Sui, T., & Plank, J. (2021). Effectiveness of PCE superplasticizers in calcined clay blended cements. Cement and Concrete Research, 141, 106334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106334
  • Liu, Z., Deng, Z., Davis, S. J., & Ciais, P. (2024). Global carbon emissions in 2023. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 5(4), 253-254. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-024-00532-2
  • Moukannaa, S., Bagheri, A., Benzaazoua, M., Sanjayan, J. G., Pownceby, M. I., & Hakkou, R. (2020). Elaboration of alkali activated materials using a non-calcined red clay from phosphate mines amended with fly ash or slag: A structural study. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 256, 123678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123678
  • Murugan, A., Dharini, J. M., Ajitkumar, G., & Suganthi, M. (2024). Experimental study on the behavior of cement mortar and grout compatible with plasticizing and water reducing admixture. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 3146, No. 1). AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0224936
  • Nitin, Chaudhary, V., & Yeshpal. (2024). Review of advanced cementitious composites using water soluble polymer based admixture. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 141(22), e55430. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.55430
  • Ng, S., & Justnes, H. (2015). Influence of dispersing agents on the rheology and early heat of hydration of blended cements with high loading of calcined marl. Cement and Concrete Composites, 60, 123-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.04.007
  • Plank, J., Pöllmann, K., Zouaoui, N., Andres, P. R., & Schaefer, C. (2008). Synthesis and performance of methacrylic ester based polycarboxylate superplasticizers possessing hydroxy terminated poly (ethylene glycol) side chains. Cement and Concrete Research, 38(10), 1210-1216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.01.007
  • Plank, J., Sakai, E., Miao, C. W., Yu, C., & Hong, J. X. (2015). Chemical admixtures—Chemistry, applications and their impact on concrete microstructure and durability. Cement and Concrete Research, 78, 81-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.05.016
  • Rakhimova, N., Rakhimov, R., Morozov, V., Potapova, L., & Osin, Y. (2021). Marl as a supplementary material to alkali-activated blended cements. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 25(13), 2491-2508. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2019.1632744
  • Sposito, R., Maier, M., Beuntner, N., & Thienel, K. C. (2022). Physical and mineralogical properties of calcined common clays as SCM and their impact on flow resistance and demand for superplasticizer. Cement and Concrete Research, 154, 106743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106743
  • Tironi, A., Trezza, M. A., Scian, A. N., & Irassar, E. F. (2013). Assessment of pozzolanic activity of different calcined clays. Cement and Concrete Composites, 37, 319-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.01.002
  • Tugrul Tunc, E. (2024). Strength and Durability of Superplasticizer Concrete Based on Different Component Parameters: An Experimental and Statistical Study. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 50, 1649-1664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-08985-9
  • TSE (2011). TS 25 Natural pozzolan (Trass) for use in cement and con-crete - Definitions, requirements and conformity criteria. Turkish Standard Institute.
  • Xiang, Q., Pan, H., Ma, X., Yang, M., Lyu, Y., Zhang, X., ... & Xu, M. (2024). Impacts of energy-saving and emission-reduction on sustainability of cement production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 191, 114089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114089

Determination of Compatible Plasticizer to Calcined Marl Blended Cement

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 67 - 78, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.54370/ordubtd.1596932

Öz

Compatibility research between calcined marl (CM) blended cement and three plasticizers with different origins, such as naphthalene sulphonate–formaldehyde (NSF), vinyl copolymer (VCP), and polycarboxylate ether (PCE), was performed. The effects of considered plasticizers on the workabilities and strengths of mortars containing calcined marl blended cements were investigated. Calcined marl needs such research due to it is relatively novel compared to other supplementary cementitious materials available on the market. The blended cements in the study were obtained by partial replacement (0%, 10%, 30% and 50%) of calcined marl to clinker. Plasticizers used in the test mixtures were added in ratios such as 0.8% (low), 1.2% (medium), and 1.5% (high) to the mixing water. Density, slump-spread, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and strength on mortar samples were determined. According to the parameters examined in the study, the compressive strengths of mortars containing calcined marl blended cement improved up to a 30% replacement ratio. And, the optimum compatibility between plasticizers and blended cements with calcined marl was determined as polycarboxylate ether (PCE) plasticizer with up to 1.2% usage ratio.

Etik Beyan

There are no ethical issues regarding the publication of this article.

Kaynakça

  • ACI COMMITTEE 212, (1987). Chemical admixtures for concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 86, p.297.
  • Akgün, Y. (2020). Behavior of concrete containing alternative pozzolan calcined marl blended cement. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 64(4), 1087-1099. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.15122
  • Akgün, Y. (2021). Thermal performance of mortars/concretes containing calcined marl as alternative pozzolan. Emerging Materials Research, 10(3), 246-256. http://doi.org/10.1680/jemmr.20.00334
  • Akgün, Y. (2019). Alternatif puzolan kalsine marn içeren sürdürülebilir katkılı çimentolar. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 10(2), 779-789. http://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.492137
  • ASTM Standard C597-22, (2023). Standard test method for ultrasonic pulse velocity through concrete. ASTM International. https://www.astm.org/c0597-22.html
  • Andrew, R. M. (2018). Global CO2 emissions from cement production. Earth System Science Data, 10(1), 195-217. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-195-2018
  • Bahhou, A., Yassine, T., Elkhessaimi, Y., Hakkou, R., Tagnit-Hamou, A., & Benzaazoua, M. (2021). Using calcined marls as non-common supplementary cementitious materials. Minerals, 11(5), 517–539. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11050517
  • Bahhou, A., Taha, Y., Hakkou, R., Benzaazoua, M., & Tagnit-Hamou, A. (2024). Evaluating rotary and static calcination processes for montmorillonite marl: Pozzolanic properties, compressive strength, and cementitious paste characteristics. Applied Clay Science, 258, 107501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2024.107501
  • Bildirici, M. E., & Ersin, Ö.Ö., (2024). Cement production and CO2 emission cycles in the USA: evidence from MS-ARDL and MS-VARDL causality methods with century-long data. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(24), 35369-35395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33489-2
  • CEN (2012). EN 197-1 Cement Part 1: Composition, specification and conformity criteria for common cements. European Committee for Standardization.
  • CEN (2013). EN 934-2 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout - Part 2: Concrete admixtures; Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and labelling. European Committee for Standardization.
  • CEN (2016). EN 196–1 Methods of testing cement—Part 1: Determination of strength. European Committee for Standardization.
  • CEN (2019). EN 12350-8 Testing fresh concrete – Part 8: Self-compacying concrete – Slump-flow test. European Committee for Standardization.
  • CEN (2019). EN 12390-7 Testing hardened concrete – Part 7: Density of hardened concrete. European Committee for Standardization.
  • CEN (2022). EN 1097-6 Tests for mechanicak and physical properties of aggregates – Part 6: Determination of particle density and water absorption. European Committee for Standardization.
  • Cho, H. Y., & Suh, J. M. (2005). Effects of the synthetic conditions of poly {carboxylate-g-(ethylene glycol) methyl ether} on the dispersibility in cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(5), 891-899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.002
  • Danner, T., Østnor T., & Justnes, H., (2012). Calcined marl as pozzolana for sustainable development of the cement and concrete industry, In Proceedings of the 12th Canmet/ACI International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology and Sustainability Issues, SP-289, 357–365. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259005747
  • Danner, T., Justnes, H., Norden, G., & Østnor, T. (2015). Feasibility of calcined marl as an alternative pozzolanic material. In: Scrivener, K., Favier, A. (eds) Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete. RILEM Bookseries, vol 10. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9939-3_9 Danner, T., & Justnes, H. (2018). The influence of production parameters on pozzolanic reactivity of calcined clays. Nordic Concrete Research, 59(1), 1-12. http://doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2018-0011
  • Elistratkin, M. Y., Shatalova, S. V., Pospelova, E. A., & Minakova, A. V. (2019). The raw materials genetic type effect on the water-reducing additives effectiveness. In Materials Science Forum (Vol. 974, pp. 43–48). Trans Tech Publications, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.974.43
  • El Bitouri, Y., Azéma, N., Le Saoût, G., Lauten, R. A., & De Weerdt, K. (2022). Effect of plasticizer on hydration and rheological behavior of cement pastes. CivilEng, 3(3), 748-759. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng3030043
  • Guo, Y., Luo, L., Liu, T., Hao, L., Li, Y., Liu, P., & Zhu, T. (2024). A review of low-carbon technologies and projects for the global cement industry. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 136, 682-697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2023.01.021
  • Kermani, S., & Khalatbari, S. (2024). Enhancing concrete strength with polymer-based additives in the cement matrix: A comprehensive review. Journal of Civil Engineering Researchers, 6(1), 48-64. https://doi.org/10.61186/JCER.6.1.48
  • Kulshreshtha, R., Sharma, A., Gupta, S., & Kumar, M. A. (2023). Review of how retarding chemical super plasticizers affect the cement paste setting time in India. TECHNOFAME- A Journal of Multidisciplinary Advance Research, 12(2), 63–72. https://technofame.com/CMS/Journal/Journal_22/11.pdf
  • Kobya, V., Karakuzu, K., Mardani, A., Felekoğlu, B., & Ramyar, K. (2024). Effect of polycarboxylate-based water-reducing admixture chains length on portland cement-admixture compatibility. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 13(1), 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2023.2254313
  • Li, R., Lei, L., Sui, T., & Plank, J. (2021). Effectiveness of PCE superplasticizers in calcined clay blended cements. Cement and Concrete Research, 141, 106334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106334
  • Liu, Z., Deng, Z., Davis, S. J., & Ciais, P. (2024). Global carbon emissions in 2023. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 5(4), 253-254. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-024-00532-2
  • Moukannaa, S., Bagheri, A., Benzaazoua, M., Sanjayan, J. G., Pownceby, M. I., & Hakkou, R. (2020). Elaboration of alkali activated materials using a non-calcined red clay from phosphate mines amended with fly ash or slag: A structural study. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 256, 123678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123678
  • Murugan, A., Dharini, J. M., Ajitkumar, G., & Suganthi, M. (2024). Experimental study on the behavior of cement mortar and grout compatible with plasticizing and water reducing admixture. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 3146, No. 1). AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0224936
  • Nitin, Chaudhary, V., & Yeshpal. (2024). Review of advanced cementitious composites using water soluble polymer based admixture. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 141(22), e55430. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.55430
  • Ng, S., & Justnes, H. (2015). Influence of dispersing agents on the rheology and early heat of hydration of blended cements with high loading of calcined marl. Cement and Concrete Composites, 60, 123-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.04.007
  • Plank, J., Pöllmann, K., Zouaoui, N., Andres, P. R., & Schaefer, C. (2008). Synthesis and performance of methacrylic ester based polycarboxylate superplasticizers possessing hydroxy terminated poly (ethylene glycol) side chains. Cement and Concrete Research, 38(10), 1210-1216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.01.007
  • Plank, J., Sakai, E., Miao, C. W., Yu, C., & Hong, J. X. (2015). Chemical admixtures—Chemistry, applications and their impact on concrete microstructure and durability. Cement and Concrete Research, 78, 81-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.05.016
  • Rakhimova, N., Rakhimov, R., Morozov, V., Potapova, L., & Osin, Y. (2021). Marl as a supplementary material to alkali-activated blended cements. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 25(13), 2491-2508. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2019.1632744
  • Sposito, R., Maier, M., Beuntner, N., & Thienel, K. C. (2022). Physical and mineralogical properties of calcined common clays as SCM and their impact on flow resistance and demand for superplasticizer. Cement and Concrete Research, 154, 106743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106743
  • Tironi, A., Trezza, M. A., Scian, A. N., & Irassar, E. F. (2013). Assessment of pozzolanic activity of different calcined clays. Cement and Concrete Composites, 37, 319-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.01.002
  • Tugrul Tunc, E. (2024). Strength and Durability of Superplasticizer Concrete Based on Different Component Parameters: An Experimental and Statistical Study. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 50, 1649-1664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-08985-9
  • TSE (2011). TS 25 Natural pozzolan (Trass) for use in cement and con-crete - Definitions, requirements and conformity criteria. Turkish Standard Institute.
  • Xiang, Q., Pan, H., Ma, X., Yang, M., Lyu, Y., Zhang, X., ... & Xu, M. (2024). Impacts of energy-saving and emission-reduction on sustainability of cement production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 191, 114089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114089
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yapı Malzemeleri
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Yasemin Akgün 0000-0002-4178-5233

Murat Usta 0009-0000-4818-0969

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 23 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Akgün, Y., & Usta, M. (2025). Determination of Compatible Plasticizer to Calcined Marl Blended Cement. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 15(1), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.54370/ordubtd.1596932