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Neurodevelopmental disorders and empathy

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4, 585 - 595, 01.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.21601/ortadogutipdergisi.527937

Öz

A successful social interaction depends on the social cognitive traits that are defined as the ability to understand other people’s feelings and what goes through their minds. Inability to correctly assess the motivation of other’s feelings and behaviors, and anger control disorders are among the underlying causes of violent behaviors that have been escalating in our day. On the other hand, there is a negative relationship between empathy and criminal behavior. In this context, the role of neurodevelopmental disorders in the development of such behaviors have been discussed. It has been reported that neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders (OSD), specific learning disabilities, and intellectual disability may have negative effects on empathy development. Children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders, especially ADHD, are experiencing developmental difficulties in cognitive, emotional, academic, and social areas. However, in the research, inconsistent findings related to difficulties in interpreting social cues and empathy skills in ADHD have been found, and it has been suggested that this may be related to comorbid psychopathologies. It has been determined that cognitive impairment is deteriorated in OSD due to social cognitive problems. In this article, it is aimed to review the literature on development of empathy in neurodevelopmental disorders, especially ADHD. Key words such as ‘empathy’, ‘attention deficit hyperactivity disorder’, ‘autism’, ‘learning disabilities’ were entered in this direction and Medline, PSYCInfo and Turkish Medical Journal were scanned from 1990.

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; 5th Edition (DSM-V) Washington DC: APA 2013.
  • Astington JW, J Pelletier. Theory of mind, language, and learning in the early years: Developmental origins of school readiness. The development of social cognition and communication 2005. p. 205-230.
  • Astington JW. Sometimes necessary, never sufficient: False-belief understanding and social competence. 2013.
  • Bachara, Gary H. Empathy in learning disabled children. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1976; 43(2): 541-542.
  • Balleine BW, Delgado MR, Hikosaka O. The role of the dorsal striatum in re-ward and decision-making. J Neurosci.2007. 27(31): 8161–8165
  • Barkley RA. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive function: Constructing a unified theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull. 1997; 121: 65-94.85.
  • Barkley RA, Fischer M, Smallish L, Fletcher K. Young adult outcome of hyperactive children: adaptive functioning in major life activities. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2006; 45(2): 192-202.
  • Bechara A, Damasio H, Damasio AR. Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb. Cortex. 2000; 10(3): 295–307.
  • Blair J, D Mitchell, K Blair. The Psychopath: emotion and the Brain. Blackwell Publishing. 2005.
  • Bons D, Van Den Broek E, Scheepers F, Herpers P, Rommelse N, Buitelaaar JK. Motor, emotional, and cognitive empathy in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and conduct disorder. Journal of abnormal child psychology. 2013; 41(3): 425-443.
  • Brems, Christiane. Dimensionality of empathy and its correlates. The Journal of Psychology. 1989; 123(4): 329-337.
  • Cutting AL, J Dunn. The cost of understanding other people: Social cognition predicts young children’s sensitivity to criticism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2002; 43(7): 849-860.
  • De Kemp RA, Overbeek G, de Wied M, Engels RC, Scholte RH. Early adolescent empathy, parental support, and antisocial behavior. The Journal of Genetic Psychology. 2007; 168(1): 5-18.
  • De Oliveira-Souza R, Hare RD, Bramati IE, Garrido GJ, Ignácio FA, Tovar-Moll F, Moll J. Psychopathy as a disorder of the moral brain: fronto-temporo-limbic grey matter reductions demonstrated by voxel-based morphometry. Neuroimage. 2008; 40(3): 1202-1213.
  • Decety J, Jackson PL. The functional architecture of human empathy. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev. 2004; 3: 71-100.
  • Demirci E, Özmen S, Öztop DB. Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Olan Erkek Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Dürtüsellik ve Serum Oksitosin İlişkisi: Bir Ön Çalışma. 2016.
  • Deschamps PKH, Schutter DJLG, Kenemans JL, Matthys W. Empathy and prosocial behavior in response to sadness and distress in 6-to 7-year olds diagnosed with disruptive behavior disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. European child & adolescent psychiatry. 2015; 24(1): 105-113.
  • Dziobek I, Rogers K, Fleck S, Bahnemann M, Heekeren HR, Wolf OT, Convit A. Dissociation of cognitive and emotional empathy in adults with Asperger syndrome using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2008; 38(3): 464-473.
  • Eisenberg N, J Strayer. Critical issues in the study of empathy. 1987.
  • Endresen IM, D Olweus. Self-reported empathy in Norwegian adolescents: Sex differences, age trends, and relationship to bullying. 2001.
  • Eslinger PJ. Neurological and neuropsychological bases of empathy. Eur Neurol. 1998; 39: 193-199.
  • Eyuboglu D, Bolat N, Eyuboglu M. Empathy and theory of mind abilities of children with specific learning disorder (SLD). Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2018; 28(2): 136-141.
  • Gambin M, Carla S. “The Differential Relations Between Empathy and Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms in Inpatient Adolescents.” Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 2016; 47(6): 966-974.
  • Gini G, Albiero P, Benelli B, Altoè G. Does empathy predict adolescents’ bullying and defending behavior? Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression. 2007; 33(5): 467-476.
  • Grady CL, ML Keightley. Studies of altered social cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders using functional neuroimaging. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2002; 47(4): 327-336.
  • Harrison NA, Wilson CE, Critchley HD. Processing of observed pupil size modulates perception of sadness and predicts empathy. Emotion. 2007; 7: 724–729.
  • Hughes C, R Ensor. Behavioural problems in 2‐year‐olds: links with individual differences in theory of mind, executive function and harsh parenting. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2006; 47(5): 488-497.
  • Humphreys KL, Katz SJ, Lee SS, Hammen C, Brennan PA, Najman JM. The association of ADHD and depression: Mediation by peer problems and parent–child difficulties in two complementary samples. Journal of abnormal psychology. 2013; 122(3): 854.
  • Jabbi M, Swart M, Keysersa C. Empathy for positive and negative emotions in the gustatory cortex. Neuroimage. 2007; 34: 1744–1753.
  • Jones AP, Happé FG, Gilbert F, Burnett S, Viding E. Feeling, caring, knowing: different types of empathy deficit in boys with psychopathic tendencies and autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2010; 51(11): 1188-1197.
  • Kaya A, Siyez DM. KA-S_ Çocuk ve Ergenler için Empatik Eğilim Ölçeği: Geliştirilmesi Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim. 2010; 35(156): 111-125.
  • Kilic BG, Gunay Ay M. Factors Associated Wıth Empathy among Adolescents Wıth Attention-Defıcit/Hyperactivity Disorder. P-6.48, AACAP’s 63rd Annual Meeting, October 24-29. 2016. New York, NY.
  • Kok FM, Groen Y, Becke M, Fuermaier AB, Tucha O. Self-reported empathy in adult women with autism spectrum disorders–A systematic mini review. PloS one. 2016; 11(3): e0151568.
  • Lough S, Kipps CM, Treise C, Watson P, Blair JR, Hodges JR. Social reasoning, emotion and empathy in frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia. 2006; 44(6): 950-958.
  • Maheady, Larry, George EM. Assessing social perception abilities in learning disabled students. Learning Disability Quarterly. 1982; 5(4): 363-370.
  • Marci C, Ham J, Moran E, Orr SP. Physiologic correlates of perceived therapist empathy and social-emotional process during psychotherapy. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007; 195: 103-111
  • Marton I, Wiener J, Rogers M, Moore C, Tannock R. Empathy and social perspective taking in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of abnormal child psychology. 2009; 37(1): 107-118.
  • Mehrabian A, Epstein N. A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality. 1972; 40: 525-543. (doi: 10.1111/1467-6494.ep8970028).
  • Miller PA, Op De Haar MAJ. Emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and temperament characteristics of high-empathy children. Motivation and Emotion. 1997; 21(1): 109-125.
  • Miller PA, Eisenberg N. The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological bulletin. 1988; 103(3): 324.
  • Montag C, Heinz A, Kunz D, Gallinat J. Self-reported empathic abilities in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research. 2007; 92(1-3): 85-89.
  • Montgomery CB, Allison C, Lai MC, Cassidy S, Langdon PE, Baron-Cohen S. Do adults with high functioning autism or Asperger Syndrome differ in empathy and emotion recognition? Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2016; 46(6): 1931-1940.
  • Nijmeijer JS, Minderaa RB, Buitelaar JK, Mulligan A, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and social dysfunctioning. Clinical psychology review. 2008; 28(4): 692-708.
  • Pasalich DS, Dadds MR, Hawes DJ. Cognitive and affective empathy in children with conduct problems: Additive and interactive effects of callous–unemotional traits and autism spectrum disorders symptoms. Psychiatry research. 2014; 219(3): 625-630.
  • Pelham JR, William E, Daniel A Waschbusch. “Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).” Practitioner’s Guide to Evidence-Based Psychotherapy. Springer US. 2006: 93-100.
  • Price BH, Daffner KR, Stowe RM, Mesulam MM. The comportmental learning disabilities of early frontal lobe damage. Brain. 1990; 113(5): 1383-1393.
  • Rankin KP, Kramer JH, Miller BL. Patterns of cognitive and emotional empathy in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology. 2005; 18(1): 28-36.
  • Rogers CR. Empatik Olmak Değeri Anlaşılmamış Bir Varoluş Şeklidir (İngilizce’den Çeviren: F. Akkoyun). Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 1975; 16(1): 103-122.
  • Rogers K, Dziobek I, Hassenstab J, Wolf OT, Convit A. Who cares? Revisiting empathy in Asperger syndrome. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2007; 37(4): 709-715.
  • Rueda P, Fernández-Berrocal P, Schonert-Reichl KA. Empathic abilities and theory of mind in adolescents with Asperger syndrome: Insights from the twenty-first century. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2014; 1(4): 327-343.
  • Schutter DJ, van Honk J. An electrophysiological link between the cerebellum, cognition and emotion: frontal theta EEG activity to single-pulse cerebellar TMS. Neuro-image. 2006: 33(4): 1227–1231.
  • Schwenck C, Schmitt D, Sievers S, Romanos M, Warnke A, Schneider W. Cognitive and emotional empathy in children with ADHD and conduct disorder. Zeitschrift fur Kinder-und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie. 2011; 39(4): 265-276.
  • Schwenck C, ve ark. Empathy in children with autism and conduct disorder: Group‐specific profiles and developmental aspects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2012; 53(6): 651-659.
  • Seger CA, Stone M, Keenan JP. Cortical activations during judgments about the self and an other person. Neuropsychologia. 2004; 42: 614-624.
  • Shamay-Tsoory SG, Tomer R, Goldsher D, Berger BD, Aharon-Peretz J. Impairment in cognitive and affective empathy in patients with brain lesions: anatomical and cognitive correlates. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology. 2004; 26(8): 1113-1127.
  • Shamay-Tsoory SG, Tomer R, Berger BD, Goldsher D, Aharon-Peretz J. Impaired “affective theory of mind” is associated with right ventromedial prefrontal damage. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology. 2005; 18(1): 55-67.
  • Slaughter V, MJ Dennis, M Pritchard. Theory of mind and peer acceptance in preschool children. British journal of developmental psychology. 2002; 20(4): 545-564.
  • Smith A. Cognitive Empathy and Emotional Empathy in Human Behavior and Evolution.” Psychological Record. 2006; 56(1): 3.
  • Steingard R, Biederman J, Doyle A, Sprich-Buckminster S. Psychiatric comorbidity in attention deficit disorder: Impact on the interpretation of Child Behavior Checklist results. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1992; 31(3): 449-454.
  • Stuss DT, Gallup Jr GG, Alexander MP. The frontal lobes are necessary for theory of mind. Brain. 2001; 124(Pt 2): 279-286.
  • Uekermann J, ve ark. Social cognition in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2010; 34(5): 734-743.
  • Valera EM, Faraone SV, Murray KE, Seidman LJ. Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological psychiatry. 2007; 61(12): 1361-1369.
  • Vaughn S, Hogan A, Kouzekanani K, Shapiro S. Peer acceptance, self-perceptions, and social skills of learning disabled students prior to identification. Journal of Educational Psychology. 1990; 82(1): 101.
  • Westby CE, Cutler SK. Language and ADHD: Understanding the bases and treatment of self-regulatory deficits. Topics in language disorders. 1994; 14(4): 58-76.
  • Wicker B, Keysers C, Plailly J, Royet JP, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G. Both of us disgusted in My insula: the common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron. 2003; 40(3): 655-664.
  • De Wied M, Goudena PP, Matthys W. Empathy in boys with disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2005: 46(8): 867-880.

Nörogelişimsel bozukluklar ve empati

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4, 585 - 595, 01.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.21601/ortadogutipdergisi.527937

Öz

Başarılı bir sosyal etkileşim, diğer insanların duygularını ve zihninden geçenleri anlayabilme yeteneği olarak tanımlanan sosyal bilişsel özelliklere bağlıdır. Başkalarının duygularını ve davranışlarındaki motivasyonu doğru değerlendirememe ve öfke kontrol bozuklukları çağımızda tırmanışta olan şiddet davranışlarının altında yatan nedenler arasında sayılmaktadır. Öte yandan empati ve suç davranışları arasında olumsuz yönde bir ilişki olduğu üzerinde durulmaktadır. Bu bağlamda nörogelişimsel bozuklukların bu tip davranışların gelişiminde rolü tartışılmaktadır. Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB), otizm spektrum bozuklukları (OSB), özgül öğrenme bozukluğu, anlıksal yetiyitimi gibi nörogelişimsel bozuklukların empati gelişimi üzerine olumsuz etkileri olabileceği bildirilmektedir. Özellikle DEHB başta olmak üzere nörogelişimsel bozukluğu olan çocuk ve ergenler, bilişsel, duygusal, akademik ve sosyal alanlarda gelişimsel zorluklar yaşamaktadır. Ancak araştırmalarda DEHB’de sosyal ipuçlarını yorumlama güçlükleri ve empati becerileri ile ilgili tutarsız bulgular saptanmış ve bu durumun komorbid psikopatolojilerle ilişkili olabileceği ileri sürülmüştür. OSB’de de sosyal biliş sorunlarına bağlı olarak bilişsel empatide bozulmalar olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu yazıda, başta DEHB olmak üzere nörogelişimsel bozukluklarda empati gelişimi ile ilgili yazın bilgilerinin gözden geçirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda ‘empati’, ‘dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu’, ‘otizm’, ‘disleksi’, gibi anahtar sözcükleri girilerek Medline, PSYCInfo ve Türk Tıp Dizini 1990 yılından itibaren taranmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; 5th Edition (DSM-V) Washington DC: APA 2013.
  • Astington JW, J Pelletier. Theory of mind, language, and learning in the early years: Developmental origins of school readiness. The development of social cognition and communication 2005. p. 205-230.
  • Astington JW. Sometimes necessary, never sufficient: False-belief understanding and social competence. 2013.
  • Bachara, Gary H. Empathy in learning disabled children. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1976; 43(2): 541-542.
  • Balleine BW, Delgado MR, Hikosaka O. The role of the dorsal striatum in re-ward and decision-making. J Neurosci.2007. 27(31): 8161–8165
  • Barkley RA. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive function: Constructing a unified theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull. 1997; 121: 65-94.85.
  • Barkley RA, Fischer M, Smallish L, Fletcher K. Young adult outcome of hyperactive children: adaptive functioning in major life activities. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2006; 45(2): 192-202.
  • Bechara A, Damasio H, Damasio AR. Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb. Cortex. 2000; 10(3): 295–307.
  • Blair J, D Mitchell, K Blair. The Psychopath: emotion and the Brain. Blackwell Publishing. 2005.
  • Bons D, Van Den Broek E, Scheepers F, Herpers P, Rommelse N, Buitelaaar JK. Motor, emotional, and cognitive empathy in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and conduct disorder. Journal of abnormal child psychology. 2013; 41(3): 425-443.
  • Brems, Christiane. Dimensionality of empathy and its correlates. The Journal of Psychology. 1989; 123(4): 329-337.
  • Cutting AL, J Dunn. The cost of understanding other people: Social cognition predicts young children’s sensitivity to criticism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2002; 43(7): 849-860.
  • De Kemp RA, Overbeek G, de Wied M, Engels RC, Scholte RH. Early adolescent empathy, parental support, and antisocial behavior. The Journal of Genetic Psychology. 2007; 168(1): 5-18.
  • De Oliveira-Souza R, Hare RD, Bramati IE, Garrido GJ, Ignácio FA, Tovar-Moll F, Moll J. Psychopathy as a disorder of the moral brain: fronto-temporo-limbic grey matter reductions demonstrated by voxel-based morphometry. Neuroimage. 2008; 40(3): 1202-1213.
  • Decety J, Jackson PL. The functional architecture of human empathy. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev. 2004; 3: 71-100.
  • Demirci E, Özmen S, Öztop DB. Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Olan Erkek Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Dürtüsellik ve Serum Oksitosin İlişkisi: Bir Ön Çalışma. 2016.
  • Deschamps PKH, Schutter DJLG, Kenemans JL, Matthys W. Empathy and prosocial behavior in response to sadness and distress in 6-to 7-year olds diagnosed with disruptive behavior disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. European child & adolescent psychiatry. 2015; 24(1): 105-113.
  • Dziobek I, Rogers K, Fleck S, Bahnemann M, Heekeren HR, Wolf OT, Convit A. Dissociation of cognitive and emotional empathy in adults with Asperger syndrome using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2008; 38(3): 464-473.
  • Eisenberg N, J Strayer. Critical issues in the study of empathy. 1987.
  • Endresen IM, D Olweus. Self-reported empathy in Norwegian adolescents: Sex differences, age trends, and relationship to bullying. 2001.
  • Eslinger PJ. Neurological and neuropsychological bases of empathy. Eur Neurol. 1998; 39: 193-199.
  • Eyuboglu D, Bolat N, Eyuboglu M. Empathy and theory of mind abilities of children with specific learning disorder (SLD). Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2018; 28(2): 136-141.
  • Gambin M, Carla S. “The Differential Relations Between Empathy and Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms in Inpatient Adolescents.” Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 2016; 47(6): 966-974.
  • Gini G, Albiero P, Benelli B, Altoè G. Does empathy predict adolescents’ bullying and defending behavior? Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression. 2007; 33(5): 467-476.
  • Grady CL, ML Keightley. Studies of altered social cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders using functional neuroimaging. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2002; 47(4): 327-336.
  • Harrison NA, Wilson CE, Critchley HD. Processing of observed pupil size modulates perception of sadness and predicts empathy. Emotion. 2007; 7: 724–729.
  • Hughes C, R Ensor. Behavioural problems in 2‐year‐olds: links with individual differences in theory of mind, executive function and harsh parenting. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2006; 47(5): 488-497.
  • Humphreys KL, Katz SJ, Lee SS, Hammen C, Brennan PA, Najman JM. The association of ADHD and depression: Mediation by peer problems and parent–child difficulties in two complementary samples. Journal of abnormal psychology. 2013; 122(3): 854.
  • Jabbi M, Swart M, Keysersa C. Empathy for positive and negative emotions in the gustatory cortex. Neuroimage. 2007; 34: 1744–1753.
  • Jones AP, Happé FG, Gilbert F, Burnett S, Viding E. Feeling, caring, knowing: different types of empathy deficit in boys with psychopathic tendencies and autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2010; 51(11): 1188-1197.
  • Kaya A, Siyez DM. KA-S_ Çocuk ve Ergenler için Empatik Eğilim Ölçeği: Geliştirilmesi Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim. 2010; 35(156): 111-125.
  • Kilic BG, Gunay Ay M. Factors Associated Wıth Empathy among Adolescents Wıth Attention-Defıcit/Hyperactivity Disorder. P-6.48, AACAP’s 63rd Annual Meeting, October 24-29. 2016. New York, NY.
  • Kok FM, Groen Y, Becke M, Fuermaier AB, Tucha O. Self-reported empathy in adult women with autism spectrum disorders–A systematic mini review. PloS one. 2016; 11(3): e0151568.
  • Lough S, Kipps CM, Treise C, Watson P, Blair JR, Hodges JR. Social reasoning, emotion and empathy in frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia. 2006; 44(6): 950-958.
  • Maheady, Larry, George EM. Assessing social perception abilities in learning disabled students. Learning Disability Quarterly. 1982; 5(4): 363-370.
  • Marci C, Ham J, Moran E, Orr SP. Physiologic correlates of perceived therapist empathy and social-emotional process during psychotherapy. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007; 195: 103-111
  • Marton I, Wiener J, Rogers M, Moore C, Tannock R. Empathy and social perspective taking in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of abnormal child psychology. 2009; 37(1): 107-118.
  • Mehrabian A, Epstein N. A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality. 1972; 40: 525-543. (doi: 10.1111/1467-6494.ep8970028).
  • Miller PA, Op De Haar MAJ. Emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and temperament characteristics of high-empathy children. Motivation and Emotion. 1997; 21(1): 109-125.
  • Miller PA, Eisenberg N. The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological bulletin. 1988; 103(3): 324.
  • Montag C, Heinz A, Kunz D, Gallinat J. Self-reported empathic abilities in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research. 2007; 92(1-3): 85-89.
  • Montgomery CB, Allison C, Lai MC, Cassidy S, Langdon PE, Baron-Cohen S. Do adults with high functioning autism or Asperger Syndrome differ in empathy and emotion recognition? Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2016; 46(6): 1931-1940.
  • Nijmeijer JS, Minderaa RB, Buitelaar JK, Mulligan A, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and social dysfunctioning. Clinical psychology review. 2008; 28(4): 692-708.
  • Pasalich DS, Dadds MR, Hawes DJ. Cognitive and affective empathy in children with conduct problems: Additive and interactive effects of callous–unemotional traits and autism spectrum disorders symptoms. Psychiatry research. 2014; 219(3): 625-630.
  • Pelham JR, William E, Daniel A Waschbusch. “Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).” Practitioner’s Guide to Evidence-Based Psychotherapy. Springer US. 2006: 93-100.
  • Price BH, Daffner KR, Stowe RM, Mesulam MM. The comportmental learning disabilities of early frontal lobe damage. Brain. 1990; 113(5): 1383-1393.
  • Rankin KP, Kramer JH, Miller BL. Patterns of cognitive and emotional empathy in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology. 2005; 18(1): 28-36.
  • Rogers CR. Empatik Olmak Değeri Anlaşılmamış Bir Varoluş Şeklidir (İngilizce’den Çeviren: F. Akkoyun). Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 1975; 16(1): 103-122.
  • Rogers K, Dziobek I, Hassenstab J, Wolf OT, Convit A. Who cares? Revisiting empathy in Asperger syndrome. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2007; 37(4): 709-715.
  • Rueda P, Fernández-Berrocal P, Schonert-Reichl KA. Empathic abilities and theory of mind in adolescents with Asperger syndrome: Insights from the twenty-first century. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2014; 1(4): 327-343.
  • Schutter DJ, van Honk J. An electrophysiological link between the cerebellum, cognition and emotion: frontal theta EEG activity to single-pulse cerebellar TMS. Neuro-image. 2006: 33(4): 1227–1231.
  • Schwenck C, Schmitt D, Sievers S, Romanos M, Warnke A, Schneider W. Cognitive and emotional empathy in children with ADHD and conduct disorder. Zeitschrift fur Kinder-und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie. 2011; 39(4): 265-276.
  • Schwenck C, ve ark. Empathy in children with autism and conduct disorder: Group‐specific profiles and developmental aspects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2012; 53(6): 651-659.
  • Seger CA, Stone M, Keenan JP. Cortical activations during judgments about the self and an other person. Neuropsychologia. 2004; 42: 614-624.
  • Shamay-Tsoory SG, Tomer R, Goldsher D, Berger BD, Aharon-Peretz J. Impairment in cognitive and affective empathy in patients with brain lesions: anatomical and cognitive correlates. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology. 2004; 26(8): 1113-1127.
  • Shamay-Tsoory SG, Tomer R, Berger BD, Goldsher D, Aharon-Peretz J. Impaired “affective theory of mind” is associated with right ventromedial prefrontal damage. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology. 2005; 18(1): 55-67.
  • Slaughter V, MJ Dennis, M Pritchard. Theory of mind and peer acceptance in preschool children. British journal of developmental psychology. 2002; 20(4): 545-564.
  • Smith A. Cognitive Empathy and Emotional Empathy in Human Behavior and Evolution.” Psychological Record. 2006; 56(1): 3.
  • Steingard R, Biederman J, Doyle A, Sprich-Buckminster S. Psychiatric comorbidity in attention deficit disorder: Impact on the interpretation of Child Behavior Checklist results. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1992; 31(3): 449-454.
  • Stuss DT, Gallup Jr GG, Alexander MP. The frontal lobes are necessary for theory of mind. Brain. 2001; 124(Pt 2): 279-286.
  • Uekermann J, ve ark. Social cognition in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2010; 34(5): 734-743.
  • Valera EM, Faraone SV, Murray KE, Seidman LJ. Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological psychiatry. 2007; 61(12): 1361-1369.
  • Vaughn S, Hogan A, Kouzekanani K, Shapiro S. Peer acceptance, self-perceptions, and social skills of learning disabled students prior to identification. Journal of Educational Psychology. 1990; 82(1): 101.
  • Westby CE, Cutler SK. Language and ADHD: Understanding the bases and treatment of self-regulatory deficits. Topics in language disorders. 1994; 14(4): 58-76.
  • Wicker B, Keysers C, Plailly J, Royet JP, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G. Both of us disgusted in My insula: the common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron. 2003; 40(3): 655-664.
  • De Wied M, Goudena PP, Matthys W. Empathy in boys with disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2005: 46(8): 867-880.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Merve Günay Ay 0000-0002-7156-7181

Birim Günay Kılıç Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-4566-2564

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Günay Ay M, Kılıç BG. Nörogelişimsel bozukluklar ve empati. otd. 2019;11(4):585-9.

e-ISSN: 2548-0251

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