ABD Dış Politikası Ortadoğu’da Demokrasi Teşviki: Teorik Perspektifler ve Politika Tavsiyeleri

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 57 - 76, 14.07.2016

Katerina Dalacoura

Öz

Much has been written on US foreign policy in the Middle East. Since the attacks of 11 September 2001, democracy promotion has been an important aspect of this discussion. In this paper, I briefly introduce the complex rationale behind US democracy promotion in the Middle East in the years and decades preceding 9/11 and outline the changes that occurred following the attacks under the George W. Bush administration. I draw on insights from international relations theory to illustrate the role of democracy promotion within the broader context of US foreign policy towards the region and to assess its impact. Finally, I address recent developments under the Barack Obama administration and make recommendations for US policy

Anahtar Kelimeler

Democracy Promotion, United States, Middle East, International Relations Theory, US Foreign Policy.

US Foreign Policy and Democracy Promotion in the Middle East: Theoretical Perspectives and Policy Recommendations

Öz

ABD’nin Ortadoğu ile ilgili dış politikaları hakkında çok şey yazıldı. 11 Eylül
2001saldırısından bu yana sürdürülen demokrasi teşviki çalışmaları, bu
tartışmaların önemli bir bölümünü oluşturmakta. Bu makalede ABD’nin 11
Eylül sonrası başlattığı Ortadoğu’da demokrasi teşviki çalışmalarının ardında
yatan karmaşık mantığı ve 11 Eylül sonrası süreçte ve W.George Bush
yönetimi döneminde yaşanan değişikleri ana hatlarıyla belirtmeye çalıştım.
Uluslararası ilişkiler teorilerinden yola çıkarak ABD’nin bölgeye yönelik dış politikaları bağlamında demokrasi teşviki çalışmaların oynadığı rolün önemini
betimlemeye ve etkilerini ölçmeye çalıştım. Son olarak da, yakın dönemde
Barak Obama yönetiminde yaşanan gelişmeleri ele alarak ABD dış politikası-
na yönelik bazı tavsiyelerde bulundum.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Demokrasinin Teşviği, ABD, Ortadoğu, Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri, ABD Dış Politikası

Kaynakça

• Achcar, Gilbert, ‘Fantasy of a Region that Does Not Exist: Greater Middle East: The US Plan’, Monde Diplomatique, April 2004.
• Carapico, Sheila, ‘Foreign Aid for Promoting Democracy in the Arab World’, Middle East Journal, 56 (3) 2002.
• Carothers, Thomas, A Better Way to Support Middle East Reform, Carnegie Endowment Policy Brief 33, February 2005.
• Carothers, Thomas, The Clinton Record on Democracy Promotion, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Democracy and the Rule of Law Project, Working Paper 16, September 2000.
• Carr, E. H., The Twenty Years’ Crisis: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations, 2nd edition, London: Macmillan, 1946.
• Chipman, John, ‘Democracy alone will not bring an end to tyranny’, Financial Times, 29 September 2006.
• Dalacoura, Katerina, ‘US Democracy Promotion in the Arab Middle East Since 9/11’, International Affairs, 81 (5) 2005.
• Dalacoura, Katerina, Engagement or Coercion? Weighing Western Human Rights Policies towards Turkey, Iran and Egypt, London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2003.
• Democratizing the Middle East? The Fares Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies, Tufts University, Occasional Paper 2, 2006.
• Diamond, Larry, ‘Promoting Democracy’, Foreign Policy, 87,1992.
• Dodge, Toby, ‘Coming Face to Face with Bloody Reality: Liberal Common Sense and the Ideological Failure of the Bush Doctrine in Iraq’, International Politics, 46 (2/3), 2009.
• Dunne, Michelle, ‘Integrating Democracy into the U.S. Policy Agenda’, Thomas Carothers and Marina
• Ottaway (eds.), Uncharted Journey: Promoting Democracy in the Middle East, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005
• El Naggar, Said, ‘The Alexandria Statement’, Al Wafd, 25 April 2004 (unof- ficial translation from Arabic by Robert Springborg and Ahmed Ezzelarab)
• Gause III, Gregory F., ‘Can Democracy Stop Terrorism?’, Foreign Affairs, Sept/ Oct 2005
• Gause III, Gregory F., ‘Democracy Alone Can’t Defeat Terrorism’, International Herald Tribune, 13-14 August 2005
• Hafez, Mohammed, M., Why Muslims Rebel: Repression and Resistance in the Islamic World, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2003
• Hawthorne, Amy, ‘The New Reform Ferment’, in Thomas Carothers and Marina Ottaway (eds.), Uncharted Journey: Promoting Democracy in the Middle East, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005.
• Howeidy, Amira, ‘Democracy’s Backlash’, Al Ahram Weekly, http://weekly. ahram.org.eg/print/2006/785/eg3.htm 24 April 2006
• Ignatieff, Michael, The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005 74
• Ortadoğu Etütleri, July 2010 Volume 2, No 3
• Ottaway, Marina & Thomas Carothers, The Greater Middle East Initiative: Off to a False Start, Carnegie Endowment Policy Report 29, March 2004.
• Ottaway, Marina, Middle East Democracy Promotion is not a One-way Street, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Brief 82, November 2009.
• Ottaway, Marina, Thomas Carothers, Amy Hawthorne, Daniel Brumberg, Democratic Mirage in the Middle East, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Policy Brief 20, October 2002.
• Rachel Stohl and Suzette Grillot, The International Arms Trade, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006.
• Richards, Alan, ‘ “Modernity and Economic Development”: The “new” American Messianism’, Middle East Policy, 10 (3) 2003.
• Roth, Kenneth, ‘The Wrong Way to Combat Terrorism’, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 14 (1) 2007.
• Sadiki, Larbi, The Search for Arab Democracy: Discourses and Counter-Discourses, London: Hurst, 2002.
• Schemm, Paul, ‘Grand Gesture’, Middle East International, 745, 4 March 2005.
• Schwedler, Jillian, Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006
• Speech by President Barack Obama, Cairo University, Egypt, 04-06-2009, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-cairo- university-6-04-09.
• Walt, Stephen M., ‘The Shattered Kristol Ball’, National Interest online, 3 September 2008 http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=19672
• Windsor, Jennifer, L., ‘Promoting Democratization Can Combat Terrorism’, The Washington Quarterly, 26 (3), Summer 2003.
• Wittes, Tamara & Sarah Yerkes, What Price Freedom? Assessing the Bush Administration’s Freedom Agenda, Saban Centre for Middle East Policy, Analysis Paper 10, September 2006.
• Wright, Robert, ‘In Search of a Foreign Policy’, International Herald Tribune, 19 July 2006.