Araştırma Makalesi
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The United States Foreign Policy Towards Kurds

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 278 - 299, 30.12.2019

Öz

The aim of this study is to analyze the role of Kurds in the US foreign policy towards the Middle East. This paper presents an alternative approach that pays attention to the role of non-state actors in the US foreign policy and interactions between the state and non-state actors. Our study claims that it is possible to investigate the impact of Kurdish opposition movements on US foreign policy by understanding how the foreign policy of Kurdish opposition movements as non-state actors is produced in interaction with international system, local system / order, identity and power relations. In this context, it is of particular importance to examine the nature, parameters and limits of the relationship between the Kurds and the US, the most influential state on the Kurds. As a result, it has been observed that ethnic opposition movements try to legitimize their actions against state power with their relations and discourses developed at an international level. On the other hand, it is argued that these movements are used as a leverage and implementer by the global powers.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, Mohammed M.A, and Michael M Gunter. “The Kurdish Spring: Geopolitical Changes and the Kurds.” The Middle East 68, no. 3 (January 2014): 479–80. Aydınlı, Ersel. “Between Security and Liberalization: Decoding Turkey's Struggle with the PKK.” Security Dialogue 33, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 209–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010602033002008.
  • Charountaki, Marianna. The Kurds and US Foreign Policy: International Relations in the Middle East Since 1945. 1st ed. London, UK: Routledge, 2014.
  • Federici, Vittoria. "The Rise of Rojava: Kurdish Autonomy in the Syrian Conflict." SAIS Review of International Affairs 35, no. 2 (2015): 81-90. https://doi:10.1353/sais.2015.0023.
  • Gibson, Bryan R. Sold out?: US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Gunes, Cengiz. The Kurds in a New Middle East: the Changing Geopolitics of a Regional Conflict. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
  • Gunter, Michael M. “Arab–Kurdish Relations and the Future of Iraq.” Third World Quarterly 32, no. 9 (October 31, 2011): 1623–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.618649.
  • Gunter, Michael M. “Erdoğan and the Decline of Turkey.” Middle East Policy 23, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 123–35. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12238.
  • Gunter, Michael M. “Iraq, Syria, Isis and the Kurds: Geostrategic Concerns for the U.S. and Turkey.” Middle East Policy 22, no. 1 (March 9, 2015): 102–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12116.
  • Gunter, Michael M. “The Continuing Kurdish Problem in Turkey After Ocalans Capture.” Third World Quarterly 21, no. 5 (August 25, 2010): 849–69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/713701074.
  • Gunter, Michael M. “The Five Stages of American Foreign Policy Towards the Kurds.” Insight Turkey 13 (January 2011).
  • Gunter, Michael M. “The Kurdish Question in Perspective.” World Affairs 166, no. 4 (January 2004): 197–205. https://doi.org/10.3200/wafs.166.4.197-205.
  • Gunter, Michael M. “The Kurdish Spring.” Third World Quarterly 34, no. 3 (May 24, 2013): 441–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.785339.
  • Gunter, Michael M. “Foreign Policy towards the Kurds” 13, no. 2 (2011): 93–106.
  • Gunter, Michael M. Out of Nowhere: the Kurds of Syria in Peace and War. London, UK: Hurst & Company, 2014.
  • Gunter, Michael M. Routledge Handbook on the Kurds. 1st ed. London, UK: Routledge, 2018.
  • Gunter, Michael M. The Kurds Ascending: the Evolving Solution to the Kurdish Problem in Iraq and Turkey. New York/Basingstoke, USA: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
  • Gurses, Mehmet. Anatomy of a Civil War: Sociopolitical Impacts of the Kurdish Conflict in Turkey. Michigan, USA: University of Michigan Press, 2018.
  • Hersh, Seymour M. “Plan B: As June 30th Approaches, Israel Looks to the Kurds,” 2004. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/06/28/plan-b-2.
  • Jwaideh, Wadie. The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development. Choice Reviews Online. Vol. 44. Syracuse NY: Syracuse University Press, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.44-1703.
  • Karami, Hasim, and David Romano. “Sub-State Actors and Trump’s Foreign Policy in the Middle East: The Case of Kurdish Forces in Iraq and Syria.” In Trump and the Middle East. Deakin University Burwood., 2018.
  • Kissinger, Henry. Years of Renewal. New York, NY, USA: Simon & Schuster, 2000.
  • Kutschera, Chris. “Mad Dreams of Independence: The Kurds of Turkey and the PKK.” Middle East Report, no. 189 (1994): 12–15. https://doi.org/10.2307/3013105.
  • Link, Arthur S, Woodrow Wilson, and Wayne J Campbell. “The Papers of Woodrow Wilson.” The History Teacher 4 (May 1971): 86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/492610.
  • Little, Douglas. “The United States and the Kurds: A Cold War Story.” Journal of Cold War Studies 12, no. 4 (November 15, 2010): 63–98. https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_r_00048.
  • Mearsheimer, John J, and Stephen M Walt. “The Case for Offshore Balancing A Superior U.S. Grand Strategy.” Foreign Affairs, 2016. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2016-06-13/case-offshore-balancing.
  • Meho, Lokman I. The Kurdish Question in U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary Sourcebook. Choice Reviews Online. Vol. 41. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-6290.
  • O'Ballance, Edgar, and Nigel Clive. “The Kurdish Struggle 1920–94.” International Affairs 72, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 853–54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/2624228.
  • O'Leary, Brendan. “The Kurds, the Four Wolves, and the Great Powers.” The Journal of Politics 80 (January 2018): 353–66.
  • Ozcan, Ali Kemal. Turkeys Kurds: a Theoretical Analysis of the Pkk and Abdullah Ocalan. 1st ed. London, England: Routledge, 2010.
  • Phillips, David L. The Kurdish Spring: a New Map of the Middle East. 1st ed. New York, NY, USA: Routledge, 2017.
  • Power, Samantha. A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide. New York: Harper Perennial, 2007.
  • Pusane, Ozlem Kayhan. “Turkeys Military Victory over the PKK and Its Failure to End the PKK Insurgency.” Middle Eastern Studies 51, no. 5 (April 21, 2015): 727–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2014.979801.
  • Romano, David, and Mehmet Gurses. Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. New York, NY, USA: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  • Romano, David. “Iraqi Kurdistan: Challenges of Autonomy in the Wake of US Withdrawal.” International Affairs 86, no. 6 (November 3, 2010): 1345–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2010.00947.x.
  • Romano, David, Rikar Hussein, and Stephen Rowe. “The United States and the Kurds of Iraq: Strange Allies.” Between State and Non-State, March 24, 2017, 177–95. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60181-0_10.
  • Romano, David. The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Roth, Mitchel P., and Murat Sever. “The Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) as Criminal Syndicate: Funding Terrorism through Organized Crime, A Case Study.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 30, no. 10 (August 22, 2007): 901–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100701558620.
  • Saeed, Seevan. Kurdish Politics in Turkey: from the PKK to the KCK. 1st ed. London, UK: Routledge, 2016.
  • Salihi, Emin. Irak Devletin Çöküşü ve Çatışma Süreci. Istanbul: Kaknus Yayınları, 2017.
  • Sarı, İsmail. “The Syria Safe Zone and the US Policy towards the Syrian Kurds,” 2019. https://iramcenter.org/en/the-syria-safe-zone-and-the-us-policy-towards-the-syrian-kurds/.
  • Sary, Ghadi. “Kurdish Self-Governance in Syria: Survival and Ambition.” The Royal Institute of International Affairs, September 15, 2016.
  • Shareef, Mohammed. The United States, Iraq and the Kurds: Shock, Awe and Aftermath. 1st ed. New York, NY, USA: Routledge, 2014.

ABD’nin Kürt Politikası

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 278 - 299, 30.12.2019

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı ABD'nin Ortadoğu'ya yönelik dış politikasında Kürtlerin rolünü tahlil etmektir. Bu çalışma, devlet dışı aktörlerin ABD dış politikasındaki rolü ile devlet ve devlet dışı aktörler arasındaki etkileşimlere dikkat eden alternatif bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır. Çalışmamız Kürt muhalefet hareketlerinin ABD dış politikasında etkisini araştırabilmenin devlet dışı aktörler olarak Kürt muhalefet hareketlerinin dış politikasının uluslararası sistem, yerel sistem/düzen, kimlik ve güç ilişkileri ile etkileşim içinde nasıl üretildiğinin anlaşılması ile mümkün olacağını iddia etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, Kürtler ve Kürtler üzerinde en etkili devlet olan ABD arasındaki ilişkinin niteliğinin, parametrelerinin ve sınırlarının incelenmesi özel bir önem taşımaktadır. Sonuç olarak etnik muhalif hareketlerin uluslararası düzeyde geliştirdikleri ilişkileri ve söylemleriyle devlet gücüne karşı eylemlerini meşrulaştırmaya çalıştıkları gözlemlenmiştir. Öte yandan, bu hareketlerin de sistem içinde özellikle küresel güçler tarafından bir kaldıraç gücü ve uygulayıcısı olarak kullanıldığı tartışılmıştır

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, Mohammed M.A, and Michael M Gunter. “The Kurdish Spring: Geopolitical Changes and the Kurds.” The Middle East 68, no. 3 (January 2014): 479–80. Aydınlı, Ersel. “Between Security and Liberalization: Decoding Turkey's Struggle with the PKK.” Security Dialogue 33, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 209–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010602033002008.
  • Charountaki, Marianna. The Kurds and US Foreign Policy: International Relations in the Middle East Since 1945. 1st ed. London, UK: Routledge, 2014.
  • Federici, Vittoria. "The Rise of Rojava: Kurdish Autonomy in the Syrian Conflict." SAIS Review of International Affairs 35, no. 2 (2015): 81-90. https://doi:10.1353/sais.2015.0023.
  • Gibson, Bryan R. Sold out?: US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Gunes, Cengiz. The Kurds in a New Middle East: the Changing Geopolitics of a Regional Conflict. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
  • Gunter, Michael M. “Arab–Kurdish Relations and the Future of Iraq.” Third World Quarterly 32, no. 9 (October 31, 2011): 1623–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.618649.
  • Gunter, Michael M. “Erdoğan and the Decline of Turkey.” Middle East Policy 23, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 123–35. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12238.
  • Gunter, Michael M. “Iraq, Syria, Isis and the Kurds: Geostrategic Concerns for the U.S. and Turkey.” Middle East Policy 22, no. 1 (March 9, 2015): 102–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12116.
  • Gunter, Michael M. “The Continuing Kurdish Problem in Turkey After Ocalans Capture.” Third World Quarterly 21, no. 5 (August 25, 2010): 849–69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/713701074.
  • Gunter, Michael M. “The Five Stages of American Foreign Policy Towards the Kurds.” Insight Turkey 13 (January 2011).
  • Gunter, Michael M. “The Kurdish Question in Perspective.” World Affairs 166, no. 4 (January 2004): 197–205. https://doi.org/10.3200/wafs.166.4.197-205.
  • Gunter, Michael M. “The Kurdish Spring.” Third World Quarterly 34, no. 3 (May 24, 2013): 441–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.785339.
  • Gunter, Michael M. “Foreign Policy towards the Kurds” 13, no. 2 (2011): 93–106.
  • Gunter, Michael M. Out of Nowhere: the Kurds of Syria in Peace and War. London, UK: Hurst & Company, 2014.
  • Gunter, Michael M. Routledge Handbook on the Kurds. 1st ed. London, UK: Routledge, 2018.
  • Gunter, Michael M. The Kurds Ascending: the Evolving Solution to the Kurdish Problem in Iraq and Turkey. New York/Basingstoke, USA: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
  • Gurses, Mehmet. Anatomy of a Civil War: Sociopolitical Impacts of the Kurdish Conflict in Turkey. Michigan, USA: University of Michigan Press, 2018.
  • Hersh, Seymour M. “Plan B: As June 30th Approaches, Israel Looks to the Kurds,” 2004. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/06/28/plan-b-2.
  • Jwaideh, Wadie. The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development. Choice Reviews Online. Vol. 44. Syracuse NY: Syracuse University Press, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.44-1703.
  • Karami, Hasim, and David Romano. “Sub-State Actors and Trump’s Foreign Policy in the Middle East: The Case of Kurdish Forces in Iraq and Syria.” In Trump and the Middle East. Deakin University Burwood., 2018.
  • Kissinger, Henry. Years of Renewal. New York, NY, USA: Simon & Schuster, 2000.
  • Kutschera, Chris. “Mad Dreams of Independence: The Kurds of Turkey and the PKK.” Middle East Report, no. 189 (1994): 12–15. https://doi.org/10.2307/3013105.
  • Link, Arthur S, Woodrow Wilson, and Wayne J Campbell. “The Papers of Woodrow Wilson.” The History Teacher 4 (May 1971): 86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/492610.
  • Little, Douglas. “The United States and the Kurds: A Cold War Story.” Journal of Cold War Studies 12, no. 4 (November 15, 2010): 63–98. https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_r_00048.
  • Mearsheimer, John J, and Stephen M Walt. “The Case for Offshore Balancing A Superior U.S. Grand Strategy.” Foreign Affairs, 2016. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2016-06-13/case-offshore-balancing.
  • Meho, Lokman I. The Kurdish Question in U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary Sourcebook. Choice Reviews Online. Vol. 41. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-6290.
  • O'Ballance, Edgar, and Nigel Clive. “The Kurdish Struggle 1920–94.” International Affairs 72, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 853–54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/2624228.
  • O'Leary, Brendan. “The Kurds, the Four Wolves, and the Great Powers.” The Journal of Politics 80 (January 2018): 353–66.
  • Ozcan, Ali Kemal. Turkeys Kurds: a Theoretical Analysis of the Pkk and Abdullah Ocalan. 1st ed. London, England: Routledge, 2010.
  • Phillips, David L. The Kurdish Spring: a New Map of the Middle East. 1st ed. New York, NY, USA: Routledge, 2017.
  • Power, Samantha. A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide. New York: Harper Perennial, 2007.
  • Pusane, Ozlem Kayhan. “Turkeys Military Victory over the PKK and Its Failure to End the PKK Insurgency.” Middle Eastern Studies 51, no. 5 (April 21, 2015): 727–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2014.979801.
  • Romano, David, and Mehmet Gurses. Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. New York, NY, USA: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  • Romano, David. “Iraqi Kurdistan: Challenges of Autonomy in the Wake of US Withdrawal.” International Affairs 86, no. 6 (November 3, 2010): 1345–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2010.00947.x.
  • Romano, David, Rikar Hussein, and Stephen Rowe. “The United States and the Kurds of Iraq: Strange Allies.” Between State and Non-State, March 24, 2017, 177–95. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60181-0_10.
  • Romano, David. The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Roth, Mitchel P., and Murat Sever. “The Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) as Criminal Syndicate: Funding Terrorism through Organized Crime, A Case Study.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 30, no. 10 (August 22, 2007): 901–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100701558620.
  • Saeed, Seevan. Kurdish Politics in Turkey: from the PKK to the KCK. 1st ed. London, UK: Routledge, 2016.
  • Salihi, Emin. Irak Devletin Çöküşü ve Çatışma Süreci. Istanbul: Kaknus Yayınları, 2017.
  • Sarı, İsmail. “The Syria Safe Zone and the US Policy towards the Syrian Kurds,” 2019. https://iramcenter.org/en/the-syria-safe-zone-and-the-us-policy-towards-the-syrian-kurds/.
  • Sary, Ghadi. “Kurdish Self-Governance in Syria: Survival and Ambition.” The Royal Institute of International Affairs, September 15, 2016.
  • Shareef, Mohammed. The United States, Iraq and the Kurds: Shock, Awe and Aftermath. 1st ed. New York, NY, USA: Routledge, 2014.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İsmail Sarı

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Sarı, İsmail. “The United States Foreign Policy Towards Kurds”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 11, sy. 2 (Aralık 2019): 278-99.

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