BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Saudi Women under the Context of the Arab Spring

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 9 - 29, 01.01.2014

Öz

The main goal of this article is to show how Saudi women frame their activism in recent times. Taking into consideration a view on how Saudi women is portrayed as homogenised and single person, this article analyse the moments of making public their demands and how women employ certain tactics to advance their petitions, but also to become visualised and heard. Although there is a small group of women who are taking part in actual demonstrations, the growing identification on gender lines is taking place, above social divisions and geographical distances. In order to understand how this is taking place, it is conceived here that women actions should be seen under an optic of continuity, starting from early nineties and passing through different stages until the present. In fact, the context of the Arab Spring just served as another impulse to reinvigorate their demands. In contrast to past actions, the activism of women focused on two issues which are analysed: the right to vote and the right to drive. Through their actions, women subvert the image of a “Saudi woman” attached to them, invoking its symbols as means to change the homogenised and idealised women. Here we present how women issue is included in the public debate and how through the crisis of legitimacy experienced by the state, under the context of the “Arab Spring” women take advantage of those moments to demand for change. Due the activism of some Saudi women who by their own actions, public exposure, the use of media, organisation of actions to become political candidates or to demand the right to drive, changes are happening. Meanwhile, despite the polemic caused in the society, the government has to balance between the reformist and traditional elements of the society

Kaynakça

  • Al Bakr, F., “Women’s Education and Employment in Saudi Arabia: Struggle for Survival” in Mimeo, 2006. p.33.
  • Al Baladi, “Letter to the King”, April 3 2011, Al Baladi website. http://baladi-sa.net/
  • Al Fassi, H., “Saudi Women: Modernization and Change” in J. Seznec, Kirk, M (eds.) Industrialization in the Gulf: a Socioeconomic Revolution,( London: Routledge, 2010). p.157-170
  • ________, “Ma’a nihaiat alam.. Mada turidu al mar’a al saudiyya” [towards the end of the year... ¿What Saudi women wishes?], Iqtisadiyya, 3 January 2006. http:www.aleqt.com/article. php?do=show&id=737.
  • Alawi, I., “Saudi Arabia’s Anti Protest Fatwa is Transparent”, The Guardian, 1 April 2011. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/apr/01/saudi-arabia-anti-protest-fatwa
  • Al-Musnad, A. (ed.)., Islamic Fatawa Regarding Women. (Riyad, Darussalam, 2006)
  • Altorki, S., “The Concept and practice of Citizenship in Saudi Arabia” in Suad Joseph (ed.), Gender and Citizenship and the Middle East, (New York, Syracuse University, 2000), pp. 215- 236.
  • “Aspiring Women Voter Takes Ministry to Court”, Saudi Gazette, 29 April, 2011. http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index. cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=2011042999422
  • Central Department of Statistics and Information, “Saudi Labour 15 years and over”, Development Indicators, http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english/index.php?option=com_ docman&task=cat_view&gid=85&Itemid=162
  • Doumato, E., “ Education in Saudi Arabia: Gender, Jobs and the Price of Religion”, Pripstein, M and Doumato (eds.), Women and Globalization in the Arab World, (Boulder and Londonr: Lynne Rienner, 2003), pp. 239-257.
  • _________, “Gender, Monarchy and National Identity in Saudi Arabia”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 9, No. 192, 1992, pp.29-39.
  • Einsenstein, Z., Hatreds:Racialisedand Sexualised Conflicts in the 21 Century, (New York and London: Routledge, 1996).
  • Galindo, A. “La negociación con el Estado saudita: las tácticas de las mujeres sauditas”, Liminar, Vol. 6, No.2, 2008, pp.31-51.
  • Internet World Statistics, Saudi Arabia, (2012) http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats5.htm, (accesed Abril 9, 2012).
  • Jones, S., Saudi Woman Driver Saved from Lasing by King Abdullah”, The Guardian, 28 September 2011. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/29/saudi-woman-lashing-kingabdullah.
  • Joseph, S., “Gendering Citizenship in the Middle East” in Joseph, S. (ed.), Gender and Citizenship and the Middle East, (New York, Syracuse University, 2000). pp. 3-30.
  • Lali Sandiumenage blog, June 7, 2011. http://blogs.lavanguardia.com/guerreros-del-teclado/author/lalisandiumenge/
  • Meijer, R., “Reform in Saudi Arabia; The Gender Segregation Debate”, Middle East Policy, Vol. 17, No..4, 2010, pp. 80-100.
  • Minister of Higher Education, Statistics of Higher Education 1989/90, (Riyadh: Minister of Higher Education, 1991).
  • Minister of Higher Education. Statistics of Higher Education 1977/78. (Riyadh: Minister of Higher Education, 1980).
  • Mufdali, M., “Ikhtilat mustalah jadid wa-adilla al-shar‘iyya turaddu bi-quwa ‘ala min yaharramuhu,” [the mixing of men and women is a new term and the legal evidence strongly forbid it], Okaz, 9 December 2009. http://www.okaz.com.sa/new/Issues/20091209/Con20091209319589.htm
  • Peterson, J., The emergence of post-traditional Oman, Durham Middle East Papers, No. 78. Durham, UK. Institute for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Durham, 2005.
  • Shaheen, A., “Women Driving Campaign Sparks Debate”, Gulf News, 20 June 2011. http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudiarabia/women-driving-campaign-sparks-debate-in-saudi-arabia-1.824115
  • Saudi Jeans blog, “So Much for Free thinking”, October 5, 2009, http://saudijeans.org/2009/10/page/2/
  • Saudi Reform, 23 February 2011, Hasantalk Blog, http://www. hasantalk.com
  • Saudi Women Revolution, Statement, Facebook page, https://www.facebook.com/pages/Saudi-Women-Revolution/188278964539309
  • Sunder, R., The Scandal of the State: Women, Law and Citizenship in Postcolonial India, (Durham/London: Duke University Press, 2003).
  • Viterna, J. and Fallon, K. “Democratization, Women’s Movements, and Gender –Equitable States: A Framework for Comparison”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 73, 2008, pp. 668-689.
  • Wali amri idara bi amri- My Guardian knows what is best for me. http://www.waluamree.com.
  • womentodrive, 11th statement, August 31, 2012, http://www. ipetitions.com/petition/women2drive-17jun2012.

Arap Baharı Bağlamında Suudi Kadını

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 9 - 29, 01.01.2014

Öz

Bu makalenin temel amacı Suudlu kadınların son zamanlardaki aktivizmlerini nasıl dile getirdiklerini göstermektir. Suudlu kadınların homojenize ve tek birey olarak nasıl tasvir edildiği görüşü göz önünde bulundurularak, bu makale zaman dilimlerini ve kadınların hem kendi taleplerini dile getirmek hem de görünür ve duyulur olmak için nasıl belirli taktikleri uyguladıklarını analiz etti. Küçük bir kadın grubunun asıl gösterilere katılmalarına rağmen, artan cinsiyet hatlarının tanımı sosyal ayrım ve coğrafi mesafenin üzerinde gerçekleşmektedir. Bunun nasıl gerçekleştiğini anlamak için, kadınların eylemlerine doksanların başından başlayıp günümüze kadar geçen farklı evrelerde süreklilik perspektifinden incelenmelidir. Aslında, Arap Baharının bağlamı, kendi taleplerini hareketi geçirmek için ayrı bir motivasyon sağlamıştır. Geçmiş eylemlerin aksine, kadınların aktivizmi incelendiğinde iki konu üzerinde duruldu: Oy hakkı ve araba kullanma hakkı. Kendi eylemleri aracılığıyla, kadınlar onlara yapışan “Suudlu kadın” imajını yıkarak, homojenize ve idealize kadın imajını değiştirmek için bir araç olarak onun sembolleri kullanılıyor. Bu çalışmada, kadın meselelerinin nasıl kamusal tartışmaya dahil edildiğini ve “Arap Baharı” bağlamında devletin yaşadığı meşruiyet krizi ile kadınların o anlardan yararlanarak nasıl değişim için taleplerde bulunduklarını takdim ediyoruz. Bazı Suudlu kadınların kendi inisiyatifleri sonucunda gerçekleştirdikleri kamu ifşası, medyayı kullanma, siyasi aday olmak veya araba sürme hakkını talep etmek gibi eylemleri neticesinde bazı değişiklikler gerçekleşiyor. Bu arada, toplumda polemiğe neden olmasına rağmen hükümetin yenilikçiler ve toplumun geleneksel unsurları arasında dengeyi sağlaması gerekmektedir

Kaynakça

  • Al Bakr, F., “Women’s Education and Employment in Saudi Arabia: Struggle for Survival” in Mimeo, 2006. p.33.
  • Al Baladi, “Letter to the King”, April 3 2011, Al Baladi website. http://baladi-sa.net/
  • Al Fassi, H., “Saudi Women: Modernization and Change” in J. Seznec, Kirk, M (eds.) Industrialization in the Gulf: a Socioeconomic Revolution,( London: Routledge, 2010). p.157-170
  • ________, “Ma’a nihaiat alam.. Mada turidu al mar’a al saudiyya” [towards the end of the year... ¿What Saudi women wishes?], Iqtisadiyya, 3 January 2006. http:www.aleqt.com/article. php?do=show&id=737.
  • Alawi, I., “Saudi Arabia’s Anti Protest Fatwa is Transparent”, The Guardian, 1 April 2011. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/apr/01/saudi-arabia-anti-protest-fatwa
  • Al-Musnad, A. (ed.)., Islamic Fatawa Regarding Women. (Riyad, Darussalam, 2006)
  • Altorki, S., “The Concept and practice of Citizenship in Saudi Arabia” in Suad Joseph (ed.), Gender and Citizenship and the Middle East, (New York, Syracuse University, 2000), pp. 215- 236.
  • “Aspiring Women Voter Takes Ministry to Court”, Saudi Gazette, 29 April, 2011. http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index. cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=2011042999422
  • Central Department of Statistics and Information, “Saudi Labour 15 years and over”, Development Indicators, http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english/index.php?option=com_ docman&task=cat_view&gid=85&Itemid=162
  • Doumato, E., “ Education in Saudi Arabia: Gender, Jobs and the Price of Religion”, Pripstein, M and Doumato (eds.), Women and Globalization in the Arab World, (Boulder and Londonr: Lynne Rienner, 2003), pp. 239-257.
  • _________, “Gender, Monarchy and National Identity in Saudi Arabia”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 9, No. 192, 1992, pp.29-39.
  • Einsenstein, Z., Hatreds:Racialisedand Sexualised Conflicts in the 21 Century, (New York and London: Routledge, 1996).
  • Galindo, A. “La negociación con el Estado saudita: las tácticas de las mujeres sauditas”, Liminar, Vol. 6, No.2, 2008, pp.31-51.
  • Internet World Statistics, Saudi Arabia, (2012) http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats5.htm, (accesed Abril 9, 2012).
  • Jones, S., Saudi Woman Driver Saved from Lasing by King Abdullah”, The Guardian, 28 September 2011. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/29/saudi-woman-lashing-kingabdullah.
  • Joseph, S., “Gendering Citizenship in the Middle East” in Joseph, S. (ed.), Gender and Citizenship and the Middle East, (New York, Syracuse University, 2000). pp. 3-30.
  • Lali Sandiumenage blog, June 7, 2011. http://blogs.lavanguardia.com/guerreros-del-teclado/author/lalisandiumenge/
  • Meijer, R., “Reform in Saudi Arabia; The Gender Segregation Debate”, Middle East Policy, Vol. 17, No..4, 2010, pp. 80-100.
  • Minister of Higher Education, Statistics of Higher Education 1989/90, (Riyadh: Minister of Higher Education, 1991).
  • Minister of Higher Education. Statistics of Higher Education 1977/78. (Riyadh: Minister of Higher Education, 1980).
  • Mufdali, M., “Ikhtilat mustalah jadid wa-adilla al-shar‘iyya turaddu bi-quwa ‘ala min yaharramuhu,” [the mixing of men and women is a new term and the legal evidence strongly forbid it], Okaz, 9 December 2009. http://www.okaz.com.sa/new/Issues/20091209/Con20091209319589.htm
  • Peterson, J., The emergence of post-traditional Oman, Durham Middle East Papers, No. 78. Durham, UK. Institute for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Durham, 2005.
  • Shaheen, A., “Women Driving Campaign Sparks Debate”, Gulf News, 20 June 2011. http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudiarabia/women-driving-campaign-sparks-debate-in-saudi-arabia-1.824115
  • Saudi Jeans blog, “So Much for Free thinking”, October 5, 2009, http://saudijeans.org/2009/10/page/2/
  • Saudi Reform, 23 February 2011, Hasantalk Blog, http://www. hasantalk.com
  • Saudi Women Revolution, Statement, Facebook page, https://www.facebook.com/pages/Saudi-Women-Revolution/188278964539309
  • Sunder, R., The Scandal of the State: Women, Law and Citizenship in Postcolonial India, (Durham/London: Duke University Press, 2003).
  • Viterna, J. and Fallon, K. “Democratization, Women’s Movements, and Gender –Equitable States: A Framework for Comparison”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 73, 2008, pp. 668-689.
  • Wali amri idara bi amri- My Guardian knows what is best for me. http://www.waluamree.com.
  • womentodrive, 11th statement, August 31, 2012, http://www. ipetitions.com/petition/women2drive-17jun2012.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Alejandra Galindo Marınes Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Marınes, Alejandra Galindo. “Arap Baharı Bağlamında Suudi Kadını”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 5, sy. 2 (Ocak 2014): 9-29.

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