Exploring the Causes of Revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 55 - 79, 01.01.2014

Maria Syed

Öz

The theory put forth by fourth generation of revolutionary theorists is followed in this article to understand the causes of revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt in 2011. The study looks into the internal factors and external factors that led to the revolutions. It finds out that the cause was not one but a complex mix of various factors that had been simmering for too long under the rule of authoritarian regimes; they were neither purely economic nor political or social in character. The study tested the fourth generation of revolutionary theory. The findings show that the conceptual framework of the theory is applicable and fully explains the causes of revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tunisia, Egypt, Revolution, Authoritarian regimes

Tunus ve Mısır’daki Devrimlerin Nedenlerini Keşfetmek

Öz

Bu makalede devrimci teorisyenlerin dördüncü kuşağı tarafından geliştirilen teori, 2011 yılında Tunus ve Mısır’da devrimlerin nedenlerini anlamak için kullanılmıştır. Çalışma devrimlere yol açan iç faktörler ve dış etkenlere bakar. Çalışma sebebin bir değil fakat birden fazla karmaşık faktörün bir araya gelmesinden oluştuğu sonucuna varır. Bu faktörler çok uzun süre otoriter rejimlerin egemenliği altında oluşmuştur ve bunlar ne salt siyasi ne salt sosyal içerikli faktörlerdir. Çalışma, devrimci teorinin dördüncü neslini test etmektedir. Bulgular, teorinin kavramsal çerçevesinin uygulanabilir ve Tunus ve Mısır’daki devrimlerin nedenlerinin tamamıyla açıklayabilir nitelikte olduğunu göstermektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tunus, Mısır, Devrim, Otoriter Rejimler

Kaynakça

• “Bread and Protests: the return of high food prices”, IISS Strategic Comments 17, No. 2, pp. 1-3.
• Aliboni, Roberto, “The International Dimension of the Arab Spring”,The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 46, No. 4, 2012, pp. 5-9.
• Altunışık, Meliha Benli, “Understanding Arab Uprisings-1”, ORSAM Foreign Policy Analysis. http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/ showArticle.aspx?ID=1955.
• Anderson, Lisa, “Demystifying the Arab Spring”, Foreign Affairs,Vol. 90, No. 3,May/ June 2011. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67693/lisa-anderson/demystifying-the-arab-spring.
• Behr, Timo and Mika Aaltola, “The Arab Uprising Causes, Prospects and Implication”, FIIA Briefing Paper 76, March 2011. www.fiia.fi/assets/publications/bp76.pdf.
• Boukhars, Anour, “The Arab Revolutions for Dignity”,American Foreign Policy Interests: The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy, Vol. 33, No. 2, March 2011, pp. 61-68.
• Cavatorta, Francesco and Rikke Hostrup Haugbolle, “The End of Authoritarian Rule and the Mythology of Tunisia under Ben Ali”, Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 17, No. 2, July 2012, pp. 187-195.
• El-Affendi, Abdelwahab, “Constituting liberty, Healing the Nation: revolutionary identity creation in the Arab World’s delayed 1989”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 32, No.7, September 2011, pp. 1255-1271.
• Goldstone, Jack A., “Toward a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory”, Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 4, June 2001, pp. 139-187.
• ______________, “Pathways to State Failure”,Conflict Management and Peace Science, Vol. 25, No. 4, September 2008, pp. 285-296.
• ______________, “Understanding the Revolutions of 2011”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 90, No. 3, May/June 2011.
• Joffe, George, “The Arab Spring in North Africa: origins and prospects”, The Journal of North African Studies, Vol. 16, No. 4, December 2011, pp. 507-532.
• Khashan, Hilal, “The Eclipse of Arab Authoritarianism and the Challenge of Popular Sovereignty”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 5, June 2012, pp. 919-930.
• Khusrokhavar, Frahad, The New Arab Revolutions that shook the World, (Boulder: Paradigm, 2012).
• MacQueen, Benjamin, “The Political Economy of Transition in Egypt”, Ortadoğu Etütleri, Vol. 4, No. 1, July 2012, pp. 257-261.
• Masoud, Tarek, “The Road to (and from) Liberation Square”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 22, No. 3, July 2011, pp. 20-34.
• Omotola, J. Shola, “Legitimacy Crisis and ‘Popular Uprisings’ in North Africa”, Strategic Analysis, Vol. 36, No. 5, September 2012, pp. 713-719.
• Pace, Michelle and Francesco Cavatorta, “The Arab Uprisings in Theoretical Perspective – An Introduction”, Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 17, No. 2, July 2012, pp. 125-138.
• Ramadan, Tariq,The Arab Awakening Islam and the New Middle East, (London: Penguin Books, 2012).
• Schraeder, Peter J. and Hamadi Redissi, “Ben Ali’s Fall”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 22, No. 3, July 2011, pp. 5-19.
• Stein, Ewan, “Revolution or Coup? Egypt’s Fraught Transition”, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Vol. 54, No. 4, August 2012, pp. 45-66.
• Syed, Maria, “Prospects of Arab Spring in Pakistan”, IPRI Journal XII, No. 2 (Summer 2012), pp. 153-159.
• Talk on “Tunisia and the Arab Spring” by Hadi ben Abbas, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs of Tunisia, at Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad, September 20, 2012.
• Zguric, Borna, “Challenges for democracy in countries affected by the ‘Arab Spring’”, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, Vol. 23, No. 4, September 2012, pp. 417-434.