MILLET SYSTEM IS ALIVE: PATH-DEPENDENCY IN RULING DIVERSITY IN CYPRUS

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 26 - 43, 01.12.2016

Huseyin Alptekin

Öz

This article sees the roots of the identity politics in Cyprus in the historical legacy of the Ottoman millet system. It demonstrates that ethnic divisions in Cyprus have been re produced by the institutionalized political legacies going back to the Ottoman millet system. The system persists due to a number of institutionalist mechanisms from path dependency historical institutionalism to the elite incentives to continue the status quo rational choice institutionalism and the limits of cultural repertoire sociological/cultural institutionalism . The change toward a different model of ruling diversity is not impossible, but extremely unlikely given the rational, cultural, and historical bases of the millet system-like designs in Cyprus. Hence, there still seems to be no alternative to the bi-communality of the island in negotiating for its future politics. Given the resistance of current institutional legacy in Cyprus, the change can only be possible with deeper exogenous shocks or a long chain of small steps that might take unpredictable length

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cyprus, millet system, historical institutionalism, path dependency, ethnic politics

MİLLET SİSTEMİ YAŞIYOR: KIBRIS’TA FARKLILIKLARIN İDARESİNDE İZLEK BAĞIMLILIĞI

Öz

Bu makale Kıbrıs adasında Osmanlı döneminden bugüne gözlemlenen kimlik politikalarını Osmanlı millet sisteminin bir mirası olarak görmektedir. Adadaki iki temel etnik grup olan Türk ve Rum nüfusları millet sistemi ile kurumsallaşmış ve yüzyıllar boyunca bu sistemin mirası üzerinde hayat bulmuştur. Bu mirası cari kılan temel üç mekanizmanın her üçü de kurumsalcı literatür içinde kalınarak açıklanabilir: tarihsel kurumsalcılığın izlek bağımlılığı kavramı, siyasi elitlerin statükoyu korumaya yönelik motivasyonları rasyonel seçim kurumsalcılığı ve kültürel repertuar sosyolojik/kültürel kurumsalcılık . Bu şartlar altında başka bir modele geçiş imkansız olmasa da oldukça zor görünmektedir. Bu bakımdan geleceğe dair projeksiyonlar da millet sisteminin genel çerçevesi dışında düşünülemez. Herhangi bir değişiklik ise ancak iki şekilde mümkün olabilecektir: tarih boyunca yaşanmış kırılmalardan da daha derin bir harici şok yahut çok uzun bir dönem boyunca ısrarla aynı doğrultuda süregidecek olan değişim adımları

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kıbrıs, millet sistemi, tarihsel kurumsalcılık, izlek bağımlılığı, etnik siyaset

Kaynakça

• Acemoğlu, Daron and James Robinson, Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
• Alptekin, Huseyin, “Millet System is Alive: Path-dependency in Turkish and Cypriot Minority Incorporation Patterns”, APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper, (2010).
• Basis for a Comprehensive Settlement of the Cyprus Problem, revised version of Annan Plan, (2003), ‹2003http://www.tcea.org.uk/Documents/Annan26022003.doc›
• Brubaker, Rogers, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany, (Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1992).
• Bryant, Rebecca, “An Education in Honor”, Vangelis Calotychos, “Cyprus and Its People”, (Colorado: Westview Press, 1998), pp. 53-69.
• Buchanan, James M. and Gordon Tullock, The Calculus of Consent. Vol. 3, (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1962).
• Cassia, Paul Sant, “Religion, Politics and Ethnicity in Cyprus during the Turkocratia (1571–1878)”, European Journal of Sociology, Vol. 27, No. 1 (1986), pp. 3-28.
• Calotychos, Vangelis, “Interdisiplinary Perspectives: Difference at the Heart of the Cyprus Identity and Its Study”, Vangelis Calotychos. “Cyprus and Its People” (Colorado: Westview Press, 1998), pp. 1-32.
• Chandra, Kanchan, and Steven Wilkinson, “Measuring the Effect of Ethnicity”, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 41. No. 4-5 (2008), pp. 515-563.
• Citizenship Law of the Republic of Cyprus, (1993), ‹http://www.uniset.ca/naty/trnc_ en.htm›
• Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus, (1960), ‹http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/cyphome/ govhome nsf›
• Constitution of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, (1985), ‹http://www.cm. gov.nc.tr/servet/cons/consin.htm›
• Cyprus Treaty of Alliance, (1960), ‹http://www.cypnet.com/.ncyprus/history/republic/try-alliance.html›
• Cyprus Treaty of Guarantee, (1960), ‹http://www.cypnet.com/.ncyprus/history/republic/try-guarantee.html›
• Dietzel, Irene and Vasilios N. Makrides, “Ethno-Religious Coexistence and Plurality in Cyprus under British Rule (1878—1960)”, Social Compass, Vol. 56, No. 1 (2009), pp. 69-83.
• Kenanoğlu, Macit, Osmanlı Millet Sistemi, (İstanbul: Klasik, 2004).
• Kızılyürek, Necati, Milliyetçilik Kıskacında Kıbrıs, (İstanbul: İletişim, 2002).
• _________, Doğmamış Bir Devletin Tarihi, Birleşik Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, (İstanbul: İletişim, 2005).
• Kurtaran, Uğur, “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Millet Sistemi”, Kafkas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitü Dergisi, Vol. 1, No. 8 (2011), pp. 57-71.
• Lijphart, Arend, “Consociational Democracy”, World Politics, Vol. 21 No. 2 (1969): 207- 225.
• North, Douglass C., “The New Institutional Economics and Third World Development”, John Harris, Janet Hunter and Colin M. Lewis, “The New Institutional Economics and Third World Development”, (London: Routledge, 1995), pp. 17-26.
• _________, “Institutions and a Transaction-Cost Theory of Exchange”, James E. Alt and Kenneth Shepsle, “Perspectives on Positive Political Economy” (Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1990), pp.182-194.
• _________, Structure and Change in Economic History, (New York: Norton, 1981).
• Olson, Mancur, Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982).
• Özersay, Kudret, Kıbrıs Soruınu, Hukuksal Bir İnceleme, (Ankara: ASAM Yayınları, 2002).
• Parekh, Bhikhu, Rethinking Multiculturalism, (New York: Palgrave, 2000).
• Shepsle, Kenneth, “Studying Institutions: Some Lessons from the Rational Choice Approach”, Journal of Theoretical Politics, Vol. 1, No. 2 (1989), pp. 131-147.
• Thelen, Kathleen, “Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics”, Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 2, No.1 (1999), pp. 369-404.
• Thelen, Kathleen and Sven Steinmo, “Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Perspective”, Kathleen Thelen and Sven Steinmo, “Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis”, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 1-32.
• Treaty of Establishment of the Republic of Cyprus, (1960), ‹http://www.cypnet.com/. ncyprus/history/republic/try-establishment.html›
• Wolfe, James H., “Cyprus: Federation Under International Safeguards”, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol. 18, No. 2 (1988), pp. 75-89.
• Zarocostas, John, “Cyprus”, Mohammed Ayoob, “Conflict and Intervention in the Third World”, (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1980), pp. 107- 135.