Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Feudal rule of Mutawila of Jabal Amel under the Ottoman era 1804-1830 A.D

Yıl 2021, , 1 - 19, 15.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.21021/osmed.789531

Öz

This study deals with the feudal rule of al-Mutawila, a Shiite sect settled in the South of Lebanon, in Jabal Amel under the Ottoman era during the period (1804–1830). Despite the abundance of a great many references on the political and feudal history of Levant under the Ottoman regime, there still remains a large number of issues which have not been tackled by historians. Of these is the history of the Shiite al-Mutawila in Jabal Amel which was eschewed by both Lebanese and non-Lebanese historians in what seems to be a deliberate attempt to ignore historicizing that crucial era in the history of that region of the Muslim World.
The present study is simply a humble effort I have exerted seeking to reevaluate that Muslim sect, in which I stood detached, impartial and free of any inclinations or prejudices and was urged by a wish that such an effort will ultimately be beneficial to bridging any gaps among the great two Islamic sects; the Sunnis and the Shiites.

Kaynakça

  • • Al-Turk (Nicola), Incidents of Time in Mount Lebanon, Manuscript in al-Assad National Library in Damascus, No. 4724.
  • • Anonymous author, A Walk of Time in the Incidents of Mount Lebanon, Manuscript in the National Library in Paris, No. Arabe 1684.
  • • Anonymous author, History of Bashir al-Shihabi Family, Manuscript in the National Library in Paris, Arabe No. 2111.
  • • Anonymous author, The Story of Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar, illustrated manuscript, is in the Central Library of Cairo University, No. 22970.
  • • Anonymous author, This is the History of Jabal al-Druze and the Levantine and Egyptian Countries, Manuscript in the National Library of Berlin, No. 377 (II) 979 we.
  • • Abu Nahel (Osama), Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar: his administration and his political and economic relations with regional and international powers from 1775-1804 AD. Unpublished PhD thesis, Khartoum: El-Neelain University, 2000.
  • • Abu Nahel (Osama), Zahir al-Omar in Palestine and Ali Bey al-Kabir in Egypt: A Comparative Historical Study, Unpublished MA Thesis, Faculty of Dar Al Uloom, Cairo: Cairo University 1991.
  • • Abdul Karim (Ahmad Ezzat), "The Administrative Division of Syria in the Ottoman Era", Annals of the Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University, Vol. 1, May 1951.
  • • Al-Amin (Mohsen), Jabal Amel Plans, 1st Edition, Edited by: Hassan Al-Amin, Beirut: The International House for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, 1983.
  • • Al-Damashqi (Mikhail), History of the Incidents of Levant and Lebanon (1782-1841), edited by: Louis Ma'louf, Beirut: Catholic Press, 1912.
  • • Al-Hurr (Abdul Majeed), Landmarks of Ameli Literature, 1st Edition, Beirut: Dar Al-Afaq Al-Jadeeda Publications, 1982.
  • • Ali (Muhammad Kurd), Khotat al-Sham, Vol. 6, Damascus, 1925.
  • • Al-Rayes (Muhammad Diaa al-Din), The Arab East and the Ottoman Caliphate, Vol. 1, Cairo: The Renaissance Library of Egypt, 1950.
  • • Al-Rukaini (Hasan Haidar), “Jabal Amel in a Century”, al-Irfan Journal, Vol. 29, part 1, March 1939.
  • • Al-Sabbagh (Mikhail), The History of Sheikh Zahir al-Omar al-Zaidani, published and commented: Constantine al-Basha al-Mukhlesi, Harissa, 1935.
  • • Al-Safa (Muhammad Jaber), History of Jabal Amel, 2nd Edition, Beirut: An-Nahar Publishing House, 1981.
  • • Al-Shihabi (Haider), History of Emir Bashir al-Kabir, compiled by: Priest Boutros Badr Habeish, commented on his footnotes: Khoury Boulos Qarali, First Section, Beit Shabab, Lebanon, 1933.
  • • Al-Shihabi (Haider), Lebanon during the reign of the Shihabite princes, comment: Dr. Asad Rustom and Fu'ad Afram al-Bustani, Beirut: The Catholic Press, 1933.
  • • Ibrahim Al-Awrah, History of the Wilayat of Suleiman Pasha al-Adil, published and commented on: Constantine al-Basha al-Mukhlesi, Sidon, 1936.
  • • Al-Zein (Ali), Chapters from the History of the Shiites in Lebanon, 1st Edition, Beirut: Dar al-Kalimah Publishing, 1979.
  • • Al-Zein (Ali), In Search of Our History in Lebanon, 1st Edition, Beirut, 1973.
  • • Anonymous author, the disclosure of the Nakbat al-Sham, 1st Edition, Cairo, 1895.
  • • Bazile (Constantine), Syria and Palestine under Ottoman rule, trans. by: Tariq Ma'sarani, Moscow: House of Progress, 1989.
  • • Baydoun (Ibrahim) and others, Pages from the History of Jabal Amel, Beirut: Dar Al-Farabi, 1979.
  • • Farhat (Hani), The Ameli Trio in the Renaissance, Beirut: The International House of Printing, Publishing and Distribution, 1981.
  • • Makki (Muhammad Kazim), Intellectual and Literary Movements in Jabal Amel, 2nd Edition, Beirut: Dar al-Andalus for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, 1982.
  • • Mansour (Asaad), The History of Nazareth from its Earliest Times to Our Present Days, Cairo, 1924.
  • • Muammar (Tawfiq), Zahir al-Omar, Nazareth, 1979.
  • • Qassem (Jamal Zakaria) And others, The Lebanese Crisis: Its Origins, Development, and Its Various Dimensions, Cairo: Published by the Arab Organization for Education, Culture and Science, 1978.
  • • Poliak, Feudalism in Egypt, Syria, Palestine and Lebanon, trans. by Atef Karam, Beirut, 1948.
  • • Rostom (Asad), Bashir Between Sultan and al-Aziz, Section One, Beirut: Lebanese University Publications, 1956.
  • • Sbeiti (Ali,) “Jabal Amel in two centuries”, al-Irfan Journal, Vol. 5, Vol. 1, November 29, 1913.
  • • Tarhini (Fayez), Sheikh Ahmad Reda and the Ameli Thought, presented by: Dr. Victor al-Keek, 1st Edition, Beirut: Dar Al-Afaq Publications, 1983.

The Feudal Rule of Mutawila of Jabal Amel under the Ottoman Era 1804-1830 A.D

Yıl 2021, , 1 - 19, 15.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.21021/osmed.789531

Öz

This study deals with the feudal rule of al-Mutawila, a Shiite sect settled in the South of Lebanon, in Jabal Amel under the Ottoman era during the period (1804–1830). Despite the abundance of a great many references on the political and feudal history of the Levant under the Ottoman regime, there remains a large number of issues that have not been tackled by historians. Of these is the history of the Shiite al-Mutawila in Jabal Amel which was eschewed by both Lebanese and non-Lebanese historians in what seems to be a deliberate attempt to ignore historicizing that crucial era in the history of that region of the Muslim World.
The present study is simply a humble effort I have exerted seeking to reevaluate that Muslim sect, in which I stood detached, impartial, and free of any inclinations or prejudices and was urged by a wish that such an effort will ultimately be beneficial to bridging any gaps among the great two Islamic sects; the Sunnis and the Shiites.

Kaynakça

  • • Al-Turk (Nicola), Incidents of Time in Mount Lebanon, Manuscript in al-Assad National Library in Damascus, No. 4724.
  • • Anonymous author, A Walk of Time in the Incidents of Mount Lebanon, Manuscript in the National Library in Paris, No. Arabe 1684.
  • • Anonymous author, History of Bashir al-Shihabi Family, Manuscript in the National Library in Paris, Arabe No. 2111.
  • • Anonymous author, The Story of Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar, illustrated manuscript, is in the Central Library of Cairo University, No. 22970.
  • • Anonymous author, This is the History of Jabal al-Druze and the Levantine and Egyptian Countries, Manuscript in the National Library of Berlin, No. 377 (II) 979 we.
  • • Abu Nahel (Osama), Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar: his administration and his political and economic relations with regional and international powers from 1775-1804 AD. Unpublished PhD thesis, Khartoum: El-Neelain University, 2000.
  • • Abu Nahel (Osama), Zahir al-Omar in Palestine and Ali Bey al-Kabir in Egypt: A Comparative Historical Study, Unpublished MA Thesis, Faculty of Dar Al Uloom, Cairo: Cairo University 1991.
  • • Abdul Karim (Ahmad Ezzat), "The Administrative Division of Syria in the Ottoman Era", Annals of the Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University, Vol. 1, May 1951.
  • • Al-Amin (Mohsen), Jabal Amel Plans, 1st Edition, Edited by: Hassan Al-Amin, Beirut: The International House for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, 1983.
  • • Al-Damashqi (Mikhail), History of the Incidents of Levant and Lebanon (1782-1841), edited by: Louis Ma'louf, Beirut: Catholic Press, 1912.
  • • Al-Hurr (Abdul Majeed), Landmarks of Ameli Literature, 1st Edition, Beirut: Dar Al-Afaq Al-Jadeeda Publications, 1982.
  • • Ali (Muhammad Kurd), Khotat al-Sham, Vol. 6, Damascus, 1925.
  • • Al-Rayes (Muhammad Diaa al-Din), The Arab East and the Ottoman Caliphate, Vol. 1, Cairo: The Renaissance Library of Egypt, 1950.
  • • Al-Rukaini (Hasan Haidar), “Jabal Amel in a Century”, al-Irfan Journal, Vol. 29, part 1, March 1939.
  • • Al-Sabbagh (Mikhail), The History of Sheikh Zahir al-Omar al-Zaidani, published and commented: Constantine al-Basha al-Mukhlesi, Harissa, 1935.
  • • Al-Safa (Muhammad Jaber), History of Jabal Amel, 2nd Edition, Beirut: An-Nahar Publishing House, 1981.
  • • Al-Shihabi (Haider), History of Emir Bashir al-Kabir, compiled by: Priest Boutros Badr Habeish, commented on his footnotes: Khoury Boulos Qarali, First Section, Beit Shabab, Lebanon, 1933.
  • • Al-Shihabi (Haider), Lebanon during the reign of the Shihabite princes, comment: Dr. Asad Rustom and Fu'ad Afram al-Bustani, Beirut: The Catholic Press, 1933.
  • • Ibrahim Al-Awrah, History of the Wilayat of Suleiman Pasha al-Adil, published and commented on: Constantine al-Basha al-Mukhlesi, Sidon, 1936.
  • • Al-Zein (Ali), Chapters from the History of the Shiites in Lebanon, 1st Edition, Beirut: Dar al-Kalimah Publishing, 1979.
  • • Al-Zein (Ali), In Search of Our History in Lebanon, 1st Edition, Beirut, 1973.
  • • Anonymous author, the disclosure of the Nakbat al-Sham, 1st Edition, Cairo, 1895.
  • • Bazile (Constantine), Syria and Palestine under Ottoman rule, trans. by: Tariq Ma'sarani, Moscow: House of Progress, 1989.
  • • Baydoun (Ibrahim) and others, Pages from the History of Jabal Amel, Beirut: Dar Al-Farabi, 1979.
  • • Farhat (Hani), The Ameli Trio in the Renaissance, Beirut: The International House of Printing, Publishing and Distribution, 1981.
  • • Makki (Muhammad Kazim), Intellectual and Literary Movements in Jabal Amel, 2nd Edition, Beirut: Dar al-Andalus for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, 1982.
  • • Mansour (Asaad), The History of Nazareth from its Earliest Times to Our Present Days, Cairo, 1924.
  • • Muammar (Tawfiq), Zahir al-Omar, Nazareth, 1979.
  • • Qassem (Jamal Zakaria) And others, The Lebanese Crisis: Its Origins, Development, and Its Various Dimensions, Cairo: Published by the Arab Organization for Education, Culture and Science, 1978.
  • • Poliak, Feudalism in Egypt, Syria, Palestine and Lebanon, trans. by Atef Karam, Beirut, 1948.
  • • Rostom (Asad), Bashir Between Sultan and al-Aziz, Section One, Beirut: Lebanese University Publications, 1956.
  • • Sbeiti (Ali,) “Jabal Amel in two centuries”, al-Irfan Journal, Vol. 5, Vol. 1, November 29, 1913.
  • • Tarhini (Fayez), Sheikh Ahmad Reda and the Ameli Thought, presented by: Dr. Victor al-Keek, 1st Edition, Beirut: Dar Al-Afaq Publications, 1983.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Osama Abu Nahel 0000-0003-0154-7908

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Nisan 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Eylül 2020
Kabul Tarihi 14 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Abu Nahel, Osama. “The Feudal Rule of Mutawila of Jabal Amel under the Ottoman Era 1804-1830 A.D”. Osmanlı Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 12 (Nisan 2021): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.21021/osmed.789531.

İndeksler / Indexes

SCOPUSTÜBİTAK/ULAKBİM TR DİZİN [SBVT]

INDEX COPERNİCUS [ICI], ISAM, SOBIAD ve Scilit tarafından dizinlenmektedir.



by.png

Dergimizde yayımlanan makaleler, aksi belirtilmediği sürece, Creative Commons Atıf 4.0 Uluslararası (CC BY 4.0) ile lisanslanır. Dergiye yayımlanmak üzere metin yollayan tüm yazar ve çevirmenlerin, gönderdikleri metnin yegâne telif sahibi olmaları ya da gerekli izinleri almış olmaları beklenir. Dergiye metin yollayan yazar ve çevirmenler bu metinlerin CC BY 4.0 kapsamında lisanslanacağını, aksini sayı editörlerine en başında açıkça beyan etmedikleri müddetçe, peşinen kabul etmiş sayılırlar.