Araştırma Makalesi
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The Feudal rule of Mutawila of Jabal Amel under the Ottoman era 1804-1830 A.D

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 12, 1 - 19, 15.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.21021/osmed.789531

Öz

This study deals with the feudal rule of al-Mutawila, a Shiite sect settled in the South of Lebanon, in Jabal Amel under the Ottoman era during the period (1804–1830). Despite the abundance of a great many references on the political and feudal history of Levant under the Ottoman regime, there still remains a large number of issues which have not been tackled by historians. Of these is the history of the Shiite al-Mutawila in Jabal Amel which was eschewed by both Lebanese and non-Lebanese historians in what seems to be a deliberate attempt to ignore historicizing that crucial era in the history of that region of the Muslim World.
The present study is simply a humble effort I have exerted seeking to reevaluate that Muslim sect, in which I stood detached, impartial and free of any inclinations or prejudices and was urged by a wish that such an effort will ultimately be beneficial to bridging any gaps among the great two Islamic sects; the Sunnis and the Shiites.

Kaynakça

  • • Al-Turk (Nicola), Incidents of Time in Mount Lebanon, Manuscript in al-Assad National Library in Damascus, No. 4724.
  • • Anonymous author, A Walk of Time in the Incidents of Mount Lebanon, Manuscript in the National Library in Paris, No. Arabe 1684.
  • • Anonymous author, History of Bashir al-Shihabi Family, Manuscript in the National Library in Paris, Arabe No. 2111.
  • • Anonymous author, The Story of Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar, illustrated manuscript, is in the Central Library of Cairo University, No. 22970.
  • • Anonymous author, This is the History of Jabal al-Druze and the Levantine and Egyptian Countries, Manuscript in the National Library of Berlin, No. 377 (II) 979 we.
  • • Abu Nahel (Osama), Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar: his administration and his political and economic relations with regional and international powers from 1775-1804 AD. Unpublished PhD thesis, Khartoum: El-Neelain University, 2000.
  • • Abu Nahel (Osama), Zahir al-Omar in Palestine and Ali Bey al-Kabir in Egypt: A Comparative Historical Study, Unpublished MA Thesis, Faculty of Dar Al Uloom, Cairo: Cairo University 1991.
  • • Abdul Karim (Ahmad Ezzat), "The Administrative Division of Syria in the Ottoman Era", Annals of the Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University, Vol. 1, May 1951.
  • • Al-Amin (Mohsen), Jabal Amel Plans, 1st Edition, Edited by: Hassan Al-Amin, Beirut: The International House for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, 1983.
  • • Al-Damashqi (Mikhail), History of the Incidents of Levant and Lebanon (1782-1841), edited by: Louis Ma'louf, Beirut: Catholic Press, 1912.
  • • Al-Hurr (Abdul Majeed), Landmarks of Ameli Literature, 1st Edition, Beirut: Dar Al-Afaq Al-Jadeeda Publications, 1982.
  • • Ali (Muhammad Kurd), Khotat al-Sham, Vol. 6, Damascus, 1925.
  • • Al-Rayes (Muhammad Diaa al-Din), The Arab East and the Ottoman Caliphate, Vol. 1, Cairo: The Renaissance Library of Egypt, 1950.
  • • Al-Rukaini (Hasan Haidar), “Jabal Amel in a Century”, al-Irfan Journal, Vol. 29, part 1, March 1939.
  • • Al-Sabbagh (Mikhail), The History of Sheikh Zahir al-Omar al-Zaidani, published and commented: Constantine al-Basha al-Mukhlesi, Harissa, 1935.
  • • Al-Safa (Muhammad Jaber), History of Jabal Amel, 2nd Edition, Beirut: An-Nahar Publishing House, 1981.
  • • Al-Shihabi (Haider), History of Emir Bashir al-Kabir, compiled by: Priest Boutros Badr Habeish, commented on his footnotes: Khoury Boulos Qarali, First Section, Beit Shabab, Lebanon, 1933.
  • • Al-Shihabi (Haider), Lebanon during the reign of the Shihabite princes, comment: Dr. Asad Rustom and Fu'ad Afram al-Bustani, Beirut: The Catholic Press, 1933.
  • • Ibrahim Al-Awrah, History of the Wilayat of Suleiman Pasha al-Adil, published and commented on: Constantine al-Basha al-Mukhlesi, Sidon, 1936.
  • • Al-Zein (Ali), Chapters from the History of the Shiites in Lebanon, 1st Edition, Beirut: Dar al-Kalimah Publishing, 1979.
  • • Al-Zein (Ali), In Search of Our History in Lebanon, 1st Edition, Beirut, 1973.
  • • Anonymous author, the disclosure of the Nakbat al-Sham, 1st Edition, Cairo, 1895.
  • • Bazile (Constantine), Syria and Palestine under Ottoman rule, trans. by: Tariq Ma'sarani, Moscow: House of Progress, 1989.
  • • Baydoun (Ibrahim) and others, Pages from the History of Jabal Amel, Beirut: Dar Al-Farabi, 1979.
  • • Farhat (Hani), The Ameli Trio in the Renaissance, Beirut: The International House of Printing, Publishing and Distribution, 1981.
  • • Makki (Muhammad Kazim), Intellectual and Literary Movements in Jabal Amel, 2nd Edition, Beirut: Dar al-Andalus for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, 1982.
  • • Mansour (Asaad), The History of Nazareth from its Earliest Times to Our Present Days, Cairo, 1924.
  • • Muammar (Tawfiq), Zahir al-Omar, Nazareth, 1979.
  • • Qassem (Jamal Zakaria) And others, The Lebanese Crisis: Its Origins, Development, and Its Various Dimensions, Cairo: Published by the Arab Organization for Education, Culture and Science, 1978.
  • • Poliak, Feudalism in Egypt, Syria, Palestine and Lebanon, trans. by Atef Karam, Beirut, 1948.
  • • Rostom (Asad), Bashir Between Sultan and al-Aziz, Section One, Beirut: Lebanese University Publications, 1956.
  • • Sbeiti (Ali,) “Jabal Amel in two centuries”, al-Irfan Journal, Vol. 5, Vol. 1, November 29, 1913.
  • • Tarhini (Fayez), Sheikh Ahmad Reda and the Ameli Thought, presented by: Dr. Victor al-Keek, 1st Edition, Beirut: Dar Al-Afaq Publications, 1983.

The Feudal Rule of Mutawila of Jabal Amel under the Ottoman Era 1804-1830 A.D

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 12, 1 - 19, 15.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.21021/osmed.789531

Öz

This study deals with the feudal rule of al-Mutawila, a Shiite sect settled in the South of Lebanon, in Jabal Amel under the Ottoman era during the period (1804–1830). Despite the abundance of a great many references on the political and feudal history of the Levant under the Ottoman regime, there remains a large number of issues that have not been tackled by historians. Of these is the history of the Shiite al-Mutawila in Jabal Amel which was eschewed by both Lebanese and non-Lebanese historians in what seems to be a deliberate attempt to ignore historicizing that crucial era in the history of that region of the Muslim World.
The present study is simply a humble effort I have exerted seeking to reevaluate that Muslim sect, in which I stood detached, impartial, and free of any inclinations or prejudices and was urged by a wish that such an effort will ultimately be beneficial to bridging any gaps among the great two Islamic sects; the Sunnis and the Shiites.

Kaynakça

  • • Al-Turk (Nicola), Incidents of Time in Mount Lebanon, Manuscript in al-Assad National Library in Damascus, No. 4724.
  • • Anonymous author, A Walk of Time in the Incidents of Mount Lebanon, Manuscript in the National Library in Paris, No. Arabe 1684.
  • • Anonymous author, History of Bashir al-Shihabi Family, Manuscript in the National Library in Paris, Arabe No. 2111.
  • • Anonymous author, The Story of Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar, illustrated manuscript, is in the Central Library of Cairo University, No. 22970.
  • • Anonymous author, This is the History of Jabal al-Druze and the Levantine and Egyptian Countries, Manuscript in the National Library of Berlin, No. 377 (II) 979 we.
  • • Abu Nahel (Osama), Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar: his administration and his political and economic relations with regional and international powers from 1775-1804 AD. Unpublished PhD thesis, Khartoum: El-Neelain University, 2000.
  • • Abu Nahel (Osama), Zahir al-Omar in Palestine and Ali Bey al-Kabir in Egypt: A Comparative Historical Study, Unpublished MA Thesis, Faculty of Dar Al Uloom, Cairo: Cairo University 1991.
  • • Abdul Karim (Ahmad Ezzat), "The Administrative Division of Syria in the Ottoman Era", Annals of the Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University, Vol. 1, May 1951.
  • • Al-Amin (Mohsen), Jabal Amel Plans, 1st Edition, Edited by: Hassan Al-Amin, Beirut: The International House for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, 1983.
  • • Al-Damashqi (Mikhail), History of the Incidents of Levant and Lebanon (1782-1841), edited by: Louis Ma'louf, Beirut: Catholic Press, 1912.
  • • Al-Hurr (Abdul Majeed), Landmarks of Ameli Literature, 1st Edition, Beirut: Dar Al-Afaq Al-Jadeeda Publications, 1982.
  • • Ali (Muhammad Kurd), Khotat al-Sham, Vol. 6, Damascus, 1925.
  • • Al-Rayes (Muhammad Diaa al-Din), The Arab East and the Ottoman Caliphate, Vol. 1, Cairo: The Renaissance Library of Egypt, 1950.
  • • Al-Rukaini (Hasan Haidar), “Jabal Amel in a Century”, al-Irfan Journal, Vol. 29, part 1, March 1939.
  • • Al-Sabbagh (Mikhail), The History of Sheikh Zahir al-Omar al-Zaidani, published and commented: Constantine al-Basha al-Mukhlesi, Harissa, 1935.
  • • Al-Safa (Muhammad Jaber), History of Jabal Amel, 2nd Edition, Beirut: An-Nahar Publishing House, 1981.
  • • Al-Shihabi (Haider), History of Emir Bashir al-Kabir, compiled by: Priest Boutros Badr Habeish, commented on his footnotes: Khoury Boulos Qarali, First Section, Beit Shabab, Lebanon, 1933.
  • • Al-Shihabi (Haider), Lebanon during the reign of the Shihabite princes, comment: Dr. Asad Rustom and Fu'ad Afram al-Bustani, Beirut: The Catholic Press, 1933.
  • • Ibrahim Al-Awrah, History of the Wilayat of Suleiman Pasha al-Adil, published and commented on: Constantine al-Basha al-Mukhlesi, Sidon, 1936.
  • • Al-Zein (Ali), Chapters from the History of the Shiites in Lebanon, 1st Edition, Beirut: Dar al-Kalimah Publishing, 1979.
  • • Al-Zein (Ali), In Search of Our History in Lebanon, 1st Edition, Beirut, 1973.
  • • Anonymous author, the disclosure of the Nakbat al-Sham, 1st Edition, Cairo, 1895.
  • • Bazile (Constantine), Syria and Palestine under Ottoman rule, trans. by: Tariq Ma'sarani, Moscow: House of Progress, 1989.
  • • Baydoun (Ibrahim) and others, Pages from the History of Jabal Amel, Beirut: Dar Al-Farabi, 1979.
  • • Farhat (Hani), The Ameli Trio in the Renaissance, Beirut: The International House of Printing, Publishing and Distribution, 1981.
  • • Makki (Muhammad Kazim), Intellectual and Literary Movements in Jabal Amel, 2nd Edition, Beirut: Dar al-Andalus for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, 1982.
  • • Mansour (Asaad), The History of Nazareth from its Earliest Times to Our Present Days, Cairo, 1924.
  • • Muammar (Tawfiq), Zahir al-Omar, Nazareth, 1979.
  • • Qassem (Jamal Zakaria) And others, The Lebanese Crisis: Its Origins, Development, and Its Various Dimensions, Cairo: Published by the Arab Organization for Education, Culture and Science, 1978.
  • • Poliak, Feudalism in Egypt, Syria, Palestine and Lebanon, trans. by Atef Karam, Beirut, 1948.
  • • Rostom (Asad), Bashir Between Sultan and al-Aziz, Section One, Beirut: Lebanese University Publications, 1956.
  • • Sbeiti (Ali,) “Jabal Amel in two centuries”, al-Irfan Journal, Vol. 5, Vol. 1, November 29, 1913.
  • • Tarhini (Fayez), Sheikh Ahmad Reda and the Ameli Thought, presented by: Dr. Victor al-Keek, 1st Edition, Beirut: Dar Al-Afaq Publications, 1983.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Osama Abu Nahel 0000-0003-0154-7908

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Nisan 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Eylül 2020
Kabul Tarihi 14 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 12

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Abu Nahel, Osama. “The Feudal Rule of Mutawila of Jabal Amel under the Ottoman Era 1804-1830 A.D”. Osmanlı Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 12 (Nisan 2021): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.21021/osmed.789531.

İndeksler / Indexes

SCOPUS, TÜBİTAK/ULAKBİM TR DİZİN [SBVT]

INDEX COPERNİCUS [ICI], ISAM, SOBIAD, İdealOnline ve Scilit tarafından dizinlenmektedir.



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