Zamanlama ve Koşullar Açısından Bulgaristan Moğol Vasallığının Teşkili

Öz

Bu makale, orta çağ Bulgaristan’ının Moğolların vasalı haline geldiği tarihi ve koşulları analiz etmektedir. Tarih yazımında neredeyse herkesin kabul ettiği görüş, Bulgaristan’ın, 1242 yılında Moğolların Avrupa’yı işgali sırasında onların vasalı haline geldiğidir. Ancak Plamen Pavlov, 1247 yılı civarında Bulgaristan’ın yeni Moğol baskısına maruz kaldığını ve bu durumun da vasallık ilişkilerinin kurulmasına yol açtığını öne sürmektedir. Çeşitli Batı ve Doğu kaynaklarının kullanıldığı bu makalede Bulgaristan’ın 1246-1247 yıllarında, Moğollara karşı direnişi engelleyen özel tarihsel koşullar altında Moğolların vasalı haline geldiğini tespit etmekteyiz ki bu suretle Pavlov’un görüşü, kaynaklardan elde edilen yeni ve şimdiye kadar gün yüzüne çıkmamış kanıtlarla desteklenmiş olmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Moğol istilası
• Bulgaristan
• Macaristan
• 13.Yüzyıl
• Vasallık

The Establishment of Bulgaria's Vassalage to the Mongols: Timing and Context

Öz

The article analyzes the date and circumstances under which medieval Bulgaria became a vassal of the Mongols. The almost universally accepted view in historiography is that Bulgaria became a Mongol vassal in 1242 during their invasion of Europe. However, Plamen Pavlov suggests that around 1247 Bulgaria exposed itself to new Mongol pressure, which led to the establishment of vassal relations. In this article, using various Western and Oriental sources, we find that Bulgaria became a Mongol vassal in 1246 – 1247 in the peculiar historical circumstances that prevented resistance against the Mongols. Thus, Pavlov’s opinion is supported by new and hitherto unused testimonies from sources.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mongol invasion
• Bulgaria
• Hungary
• 13th century
• Vassalage

Kaynakça

1. Akropolites 2007 – George Akropolites. The History. Tr. Ruth Macrides. Oxford, 2007. Atanasov, G. 2006 – Георги Атанасов. Дръстърската митрополия през Второто Българско царство. – In: Тангра. Сборник в чест на 70-годишнината на акад. Васил Гюзелев. София, 2006, 659–683. [Georgi Atanasov. Drastarskata mitropolia prez Vtoroto Balgarsko tsarstvo. – In: Tangra. Sbornik v chest na 70-godishninata na akad. Vasil Gyuzelev. Sofia, 2006, 659–683].
2. Atanasov, G., Pavlov, P. 2011 – Георги Атанaсов, Пламен Павлов. Tataro-Bulgarica – Три этюда о болгарско-татарских контактах на Нижнем Дунае в XIII–XIV вв. – Археология Евразийских Степей, 13, 2011, 3–32. [Georgi Atanasov, Plamen Pavlov. Tataro-Bulgarica – Tri etyuda o bolgarsko-tatarskih kontaktah na Nizhnem Dunae v XIII–XIV vv. – Arkheologiya Evraziyskih Stepey, 13, 2011, 3–32].
3. Atanassov, G., Pavlov, P. 1995 – Géorgi Atanassov, Plamen Pavlov. Sur l’itinéraire de l’armée tatare à travers la Bulgarie du Nord (Mésie et Dobroudja) en 1242 (selon les don nées des sources numismatiques, archéologiques et narratives). – Dobroudja, 12, 1995, 233–241. Baraschi S. 1987 – Silvia Baraschi. Cîteva accente la istoria aşezării de la Păcuiul lui Soare. – Cultură şi civilizaţie la Dunărea de Jos, 3–4, 1987, 123–132.
4. Hautala, R. 2016 – Роман Хаутала. От Бату до Джанибека: военные конфликты улуса Джучи с Польшей и Венгрией (1). – Золотоордынское обозрение, 4/2, 2016, 272–313. [Roman, Khautala. Ot Batu do Dzhanibeka: voennye konflikty ulusa Dzhuchi s Pol’shey i Vengriey (1). – Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie, 4/2, 2016, 272–313].
5. Hautala, R. 2021 – Роман Хаутала. Монгольское завоевание восточных мадьяр по письменным источникам. – Золотоордынское наследие, 4, 2021, 74–91. [Roman Khau tala. Mongol’skoe zavoevanie vostochnykh mad’yar po pis’mennym istochnikam. – Zo loto ordynskoe nasledie, 4, 2021, 74–91].
6. Hystoria. 1967 – Hystoria Tartarorum С. de Bridia monachi. Ed. A. Önnerfors. Berlin, 1967. Inschriften. 1997 – Altbulgarische Inschriften, Band. 2. Eds. K. Popkonstantinov, O. Kronsteiner. Salzburg, 1997.
7. Ipat’evskaya letopis’. 1908 – Полное собрание русских летописей, Т. II: Ипатьевская летопись. Ред. А. А. Шахматов. Санкт-Петербург, 1908. [Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey, T. II: Ipat’evskaya letopis’. Ed. A. A. Shakhmatov. Sankt-Peterburg, 1908].
8. Kartlis Chovreba. 2008 – Картлис цховреба (История Грузии). Гл. ред. Р. Метревели. Тбилиси, 2008. [Kartlis chovreba (Istoriya Gruzii). Ed.-in-chief R. Metreveli. Tbilisi, 2008]. Madgearu, A. 2016 – Alexandru Madgearu. The Assanids. The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185 – 1280). Leiden, 2016.

9. Matthew Paris. 1877 – Matthaei Parisiensis monachi Sancti Albani Chronica Majora, IV. Ed. H. R. Luard. London, 1877.
10. Matthew Paris. 1882 – Matthaei Parisiensis monachi Sancti Albani Chronica Majora, VI. Ed. H. R. Luard. London, 1882.
11. Mouskes. 1838 – Philippe Mouskes. Chronique rimée, II. Ed. F. De Reiffenberg, Brus sels, 1838.
12. Novgorodskaya letopis’. 1950 – Полное собрание русских летописей, Т. III: Новгородская первая летопись старшего и младшего изводов. Ред. А. Н. Насонов. МоскваЛенинград, 1950. [Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey, T. III: Novgorodskaya pervaya letopis’ starshego i mladshego izvodov. Ed. A. N. Nasonov. Moskva–Leningrad, 1950].
13. Oberländer-Tärnoveanu, E. 1997 – Ernest Oberländer-Tärnoveanu. Some Remarks on the Chronology and the Composition of the Byzantine Coin Hoards from the 13th and the 14th Centuries at the Lower Danube and the Adjacent Areas. – Etudes Byzantines et post-Byzantines, 3, 1997, 113–160.
14. Pavlov, P., Vladimirov, G. 2021 – Пламен Павлов, Георги Владимиров. Златната ор да и българите. София, 2021. [Plamen Pavlov, Georgi Vladimirov. Zlatnata orda i balgarite. Sofia, 2021].
15. Pian di Carpine. 1989 – Giovanni di Pian di Carpine. Storia dei Mongoli. Eds. E. Menestò et al. Spoleto, 1989.
16. Pow, S. 2019 – Stephen Pow. Hungary’s Castle Defense Strategy in the Aftermath of the Mongol Invasion (1241 – 1242). – In: Fortifications, defence systems, structures and features in the past. Ed. T. Tkalčec. Zbornik Instituta za arheologiju/ Serta Instituti Archaeologici, XIII. Zagreb, 2019, 239–250.
17. Rashiduddin. 1998 – Rashiduddin Fazlullah’s Jami’u’t-tawarikh: Compendium of Chronicles. A History of the Mongols, I–II. Trans. W. M. Thackston. Cambridge MA, 1998–1999.
18. Roger. 2010 – Magistri Rogerii Epistola in miserabile carmen super destructione regni Hungarie per Tartaros facta = Master Roger’s Epistle to the sorrowful lament upon the destruction of the kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars. Trans. J. M. Bak and M. Rady. – In: Anonymus and Master Roger. Budapest–New York, 2010, 132–227.
19. Rubruck. 1990 – The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck. His Journey to the Court of the Great Khan Möngke, 1253 – 1255. Trans. P. Jackson and D. Morgan. London, 1990.
20. Russev, N. 1999 – Николай Д. Руссев. Молдавия в «Темные века»: материалы к осмыслению культурно-исторических процессов. – Stratum Plus, 5, 1999, 379–407. [Nikolay D. Russev. Moldavija v «Temnye veka»: materialy k osmysleniju kul’turno-istoricheskih processov. – Stratum Plus, 5, 1999, 379–407]
21. Schreiner, P. 1985 – Peter Schreiner. Die Tataren und Bulgarien. Bemerkungen zu einer Notiz im Vaticanus Reginensis gr. 18. – Études balkaniques, 21/4, 1985, 25–29.
22. Senga, T. 1987 – Toru Senga. IV. Béla külpolitikája és IV. Ince pápához intézett ‘tatár-levele. – Szazadok, 121, 1987, 583–612. Sinor, D. 1957 – Denis Sinor. John of Plano Carpini’s Return from the Mongols: New Light from a Luxembourg Manuscript. – Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, ¾, 1957, 193–206. Sinor, D. 1999 – Denis Sinor. The Mongols in the West. – Journal of Asian History, 33, 1999, 1–44.
23. Spinei, V. 1986 – Victor Spinei. Moldavia in the 11th – 14th centuries. Bucharest, 1986.
24. Thomas. 2006 – Thomae Archidiaconi Spalatensis Historia Salonitanorum atque Spalatinorum pontificum = Archdeacon Thomas of Split. History of the Bishops of Salona and Split. Ed. & trans. O. Perić et al., Budapest, 2006.
25. Uzelac, A. 2021 – Aleksandar Uzelac. A Century of the Tatars’ Hegemony. The Golden Horde and Bulgarian Lands (1241 – 1341). – In: The Routledge Handbook of the Mongols and Central-Eastern Europe. Eds. A. Maiorov, R. Hautala. London, 2021, 212–232. Vásáry, I. 2005 – István Vásáry. Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Оttoman Balkans, 1185 – 1365. Cambridge, 2005.
26. Vetera Monumenta. 1968 – Vetera monumenta historica Hungariam sacram illustrantia, I. Ed. A. Theiner. Osnabrück, 1968.
27. Vita. 1969 – Thomas Cantimpratanus. De S. Lutgarde Virgine sanctimoniali ordinis cisterciensis Aquiriae in Brabantia. Ed. G. Henschen. Acta Sanctorum Iunii, III. Bruxelles, 1969, 231–262.
28. Zlatarski, V. 2007 – Васил Златарски. История на българската държава през средните векове. Том 3: Второ българско царство. България при Асеневци (1187 – 1280). София, 2007.³ [Vasil Zlatarski. Istoriya na balgarskata darzhava prez srednite vekove. Tom 3: Vtoro balgarsko tsarstvo. Balgaria pri Asenevtsi (1187 – 1280). Sofia, 2007³].
29. Zolotaya Orda. 2009 – Золотая Орда в источниках. Том третый: китайские и монголские источники. Ред. Р. П. Храпачевский. Москва, 2009. [Zolotaya Orda v istochnikakh. Tom tretyy: kitayskie i mongolskie istochniki. Ed. R. P. Khrapachevskiy. Moskva, 2009].