Kadın Sporcularda Yeme Bozuklukları ve Düşük Enerji Kullanılabilirliği: Prevelans, Risk ve Sportif Performansa Etkisi

Öz

Sağlıklı bir sporcunun besin alımı, vücudun enerji ihtiyacını ve fizyolojik fonksiyonlarını karşılayacak yeterlilikte olmalıdır. Ancak sporcularda, kısıtlayıcı diyetler, yeme bozuklukları (YB) veya fazla enerji harcaması nedeniyle düşük enerji kullanılabilirliği (LEA) ortaya çıktığında, bu durum vücudun temel fonksiyonlarında (hormonal dengesizlikler, kemik yoğunluğunun azalması ve psikolojik sorunlar gibi) multisistemik bozulmalara yol açabilmektedir. Kadın sporcular, YB ve LEA açısından yüksek risk altında olan gruplardan biridir. Bu araştırma, kadın sporcularda YB ve LEA’nın prevalansını, bu durumlara yol açan risk faktörlerini ve sportif performans üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir. Yapılan çalışmalar, kadın sporcuların erkek sporculara kıyasla daha yüksek oranda yeme bozuklukları yaşadığını ve özellikle estetik ve sıklet sporları gibi belirli branşlarda bu riskin daha fazla olduğunu göstermektedir. LEA’nın sportif performans üzerindeki etkileri arasında dayanıklılıkta azalma, koordinasyon kaybı, antrenman yanıtının azalması ve artan sakatlık riski yer almaktadır. Bu araştırmada, erken teşhisin önemi ve uygun tedavi yaklaşımları ele alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak, sağlıklı bir vücut ağırlığı yönetimi sağlanarak ve sporcuların beslenme bilgisi artırılarak hem sağlık hem de performans açısından olumlu sonuçlar elde edilebileceği önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sporcu beslenmesi
• yeme bozukluğu
• düşük enerji kullanılabilirliği
• sportif performans

Eating Disorders and Low Energy Availability in Female Athletes: Prevalence, Risk, and Impact on Athletic Performance

Öz

A healthy athlete’s nutrient intake should be sufficient to meet energy demands and support essential physiological functions. However, when athletes follow restrictive diets, experience eating disorders, or expend excessive energy, low energy availability may occur. This condition disrupts multiple physiological systems, leading to hormonal imbalances, decreased bone mineral density, and psychological disturbances. Female athletes are particularly vulnerable, facing a heightened risk for both eating disorders and low energy availability. This review explores the prevalence of these issues among female athletes, identifies contributing risk factors, and evaluates their impact on athletic performance. Existing literature highlights a notably increased risk in sports that emphasize aesthetics or weight classification. Performance-related consequences of low energy availability include reduced endurance, impaired coordination, and a higher incidence of injuries. Early identification and the implementation of appropriate nutritional strategies may significantly enhance both health outcomes and athletic performance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sports nutrition
• eating disorder
• low energy availability
• athletic performance

Kaynakça

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