Roswell Elektronik Nikotin Bağımlılık Ölçeği ve Bırakma Motivasyonu Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Versiyonlarının Uyarlama ve Psikometrik Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 48 Sayı: 2, 376 - 386, 11.02.2026

Banu Aslan , Özgür Önal

https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1738983

https://izlik.org/JA45YR96LZ

Öz

Bu kesitsel çalışma, Türkiye’de hem sigara hem elektronik sigara kullanan 1.452 çift kullanıcı arasında Roswell Elektronik Nikotin Bağımlılığı (eND) Ölçeği ve Bırakma Motivasyonu Ölçeği’nin (MTSS) Türkçe versiyonlarının psikometrik özelliklerini uyarlamak ve değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Keşfedici faktör analizi, orta düzeyde güvenilirlik (α = 0.597) gösteren iki faktörlü bir yapı ortaya koymuştur. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, iyi bir model uyumu (CFI = 0.932, RMSEA = 0.079) göstermiştir. Bland–Altman ve korelasyon analizleri, Roswell eND Ölçeği, E-sigara Bağımlılığı Ölçeği, MTSS ve Sigarayı Bırakma Niyeti Ölçeği arasında benzer ve ilişkili sonuçlar olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu bulgular, Türkçe Roswell eND Ölçeği ve MTSS’nin elektronik sigara bağımlılığını ve bırakma motivasyonunu değerlendirmek için geçerli ve güvenilir araçlar olduğunu, araştırma ve klinik uygulamalarda kullanılabileceğini desteklemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Elektronik sigara bağımlılığı , Nikotin bağımlılığı , Bırakma motivasyonu , Ölçek uyarlaması , Psikometrik değerlendirme , Geçerlik ve güvenirlik

Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of The Turkish Versions of the Roswell Electronic Nicotine Dependence Scale and The Motivation to Stop Scale

https://izlik.org/JA45YR96LZ

Öz

This cross-sectional study was conducted to adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Turkish versions of the Roswell Electronic Nicotine Dependence (eND) Scale and the Motivation to Stop Scale (MTSS) among 1,452 dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes in Türkiye. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure with moderate reliability (α = 0.597). CFA demonstrated good model fit (CFI = 0.932, RMSEA = 0.079). Bland–Altman and correlation analyses showed comparable and related results among the Roswell eND Scale, the E-cigarette Dependence Scale, the MTSS, and the Intention to Quit Smoking Scale. These findings support that the Turkish versions of the Roswell eND Scale and the MTSS are valid and reliable instruments for assessing e-cigarette dependence and quitting motivation, and they can be used in research and clinical practice.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Electronic cigarette dependence , Nicotine dependence , Motivation to quit , Scale adaptation , Psychometric evaluation , Validity and reliability

Kaynakça

• 1. World Health Organization. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. 2025 [cited 2025 Jun 1]. Tobacco Free İnitiative. Available from: https://www.emro.who.int/tfi/quit-now/tobacco-is-addictive.html
• 2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025 [cited 2025 Jun 1]. E-Cigarettes (Vapes). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/e-cigarettes/index.html
• 3. Halvorson MA, Epstein M, Caouette JD, Danzo S, Satchell AK, Oesterle S, et al. General and Specific Risk and Protective Factors for Cigarette and Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) Use. Prevention Science. 2024 Dec 26;25(8):1298–309.
• 4. Salari N, Rahimi S, Darvishi N, Abdolmaleki A, Mohammadi M. The global prevalence of E-cigarettes in youth: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health in Practice. 2024 Jun;7:100506.
• 5. Bullen C, Howe C, Laugesen M, McRobbie H, Parag V, Williman J, et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet [Internet]. 2013 Nov 16 [cited 2023 Oct 27];382(9905):1629–37. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/article/S0140673613618425/fulltext
• 6. Barrientos-Gutierrez I, Lozano P, Arillo-Santillan E, Morello P, Mejia R, Thrasher JF. “Technophilia”: A new risk factor for electronic cigarette use among early adolescents? Addictive Behaviors. 2019 Apr;91:193–200.
• 7. Wang M, Wang JW, Cao SS, Wang HQ, Hu RY. Cigarette Smoking and Electronic Cigarettes Use: A Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016 Jan 12;13(1):120.
• 8. Chen I, Todd I, Fairclough LC. Immunological and pathological effects of electronic cigarettes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2019 Sep 7;125(3):237–52.
• 9. Song C, Hao X, Critselis E, Panagiotakos D. The impact of electronic cigarette use on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Med. 2025 Apr;239:107985.
• 10. Skotsimara G, Antonopoulos AS, Oikonomou E, Siasos G, Ioakeimidis N, Tsalamandris S, et al. Cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarettes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol [Internet]. 2019 Jul 1 [cited 2023 Oct 27];26(11):1219–28. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487319832975
• 11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025 [cited 2025 Jun 1]. Health Effects of Vaping. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/e-cigarettes/health-effects.html#:~:text=Nicotine%20addiction%20and%20withdrawal,is%20part%20of%20nicotine%20addiction.
• 12. Piper ME, Baker TB, Benowitz NL, Smith SS, Jorenby DE. E-cigarette Dependence Measures in Dual Users: Reliability and Relations With Dependence Criteria and E-cigarette Cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research [Internet]. 2020 May 1 [cited 2023 Oct 25];22(5):756. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7368344/
• 13. Foulds J, Veldheer S, Yingst J, Hrabovsky S, Wilson SJ, Nichols TT, et al. Development of a Questionnaire for Assessing Dependence on Electronic Cigarettes Among a Large Sample of Ex-Smoking E-cigarette Users. Nicotine & Tobacco Research [Internet]. 2015 Feb 1 [cited 2023 Oct 25];17(2):186. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4838001/
• 14. Morean ME, Krishnan-Sarin S, Sussman S, Foulds J, Fishbein H, Grana R, et al. Psychometric Evaluation of the E-cigarette Dependence Scale. Nicotine & Tobacco Research [Internet]. 2019 Nov 1 [cited 2023 Oct 25];21(11):1556. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6821314/
• 15. Aslan B, Onal O. Validity and Reliability of Four Instruments for E-Cigarette Dependence and Sensory Factors in E-Cigarette Use and Correlations Between These Measurements. J Drug Issues. 2024 Jul 18;
• 16. Sheffer CE, Shevorykin A, Foulds J, Carl E, Mahoney MC, Bensch L, et al. The Roswell eND scale: Brief, valid assessment of nicotine dependence adults seeking to discontinue e-cigarette use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2023 Feb;243:109708.
• 17. Kotz D, Brown J, West R. Predictive validity of the Motivation To Stop Scale (MTSS): A single-item measure of motivation to stop smoking. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Feb;128(1–2):15–9.
• 18. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000 Dec;25(24):3186–91.
• 19. Comrey AL, Lee HB. A First Course in Factor Analysis. Second Edition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.; 1992. 1–425 p.
• 20. DeVellis RF. Scale Development Theory and Applications. Third Edition. trans. edit. Tarık Totan, editor. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık Tic. Ltd. Şti; 2017. 1–199 p.
• 21. Tinsley HEA, Tinsley DJ. Uses of Factor Analysis in Counseling Psychology Research. J Couns Psychol. 1987;34(4):414–24.
• 22. Soyler S, Yorulmaz M. Intention to Quit Smoking Scale: Development and Validation. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Jun 19];13(2):626–34. Available from: https://toad.halileksi.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/sigarayi-birakma-niyeti-olcegi-36479-toad.pdf
• 23. Stein F, Rice MS, Cutler SK. Clinical Research in Occupational Therapy. Fifth edition. 2013. 1–599 p.
• 24. Williams B, Onsman A, Brown T. Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Five-Step Guide for Novices. Journal of Emergency Primary Health Care (JEPHC) [Internet]. 2010 Jan 1 [cited 2023 Dec 7];8(3):1–13. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.33151/ajp.8.3.93
• 25. Özdamar K. Scale and Test Development Structural Equation Modeling. Sözkesen Publishing; 2017. 1–296 p.
• 26. Beran TN, Violato C. Structural equation modeling in medical research: A primer. BMC Res Notes [Internet]. 2010 Oct 22 [cited 2023 Nov 30];3(1):1–10. Available from: https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-0500-3-267
• 27. Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling [Internet]. 1999 [cited 2023 Nov 22];6(1):1–55. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10705519909540118
• 28. Nunnally JC, Bernstein IH. Psychometric Theory. Third Edition. McGraw-Hill; 1994. 1–741 p.
• 29. Tavakol M, Dennick R. Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. Int J Med Educ [Internet]. 2011 Jun 27 [cited 2023 Nov 23];2:53. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4205511/
• 30. Papageorgiou SN. On correlation coefficients and their interpretation. J Orthod. 2022 Sep 26;49(3):359–61.
• 31. Streiner DL, Norman GR, Cairney J. Health Measurement Scales. Fifth Edition. Oxford University Press; 2015. 1–391 p.
• 32. Cuccia AF, Patel M, Amato MS, Stephens DK, Yoon SN, Vallone DM. Quitting e-cigarettes: Quit attempts and quit intentions among youth and young adults. Prev Med Rep. 2021 Mar;21:101287.
• 33. Holt LJ, Petrey AM, Bravo AJ, Folivi F, Stimulant Norms and Prevalence (SNAP) Study Team. E-cigarette Quit Attempts in Emerging Adults: Motivations for Attempts and Predictors of Cessation Barriers. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2024 Nov 28;27(7):1209–17.
• 34. Hobkirk AL, Hoglen B, Sheng T, Kristich A, Yingst JM, Houser KR, et al. Intentions and Attempts to Quit JUUL E-Cigarette Use: The Role of Perceived Harm and Addiction. Prev Chronic Dis. 2022 Feb 3;19:210255.
• 35. Garey L, Mayorga NA, Peraza N, Smit T, Nizio P, Otto MW, et al. Distinguishing Characteristics of E-Cigarette Users Who Attempt and Fail to Quit: Dependence, Perceptions, and Affective Vulnerability. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2019 Jan;80(1):134–40.
• 36. Rosen RL, Steinberg ML. Factors associated with past-year attempts to quit e-cigarettes among current users: Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Wave 4 (2017–2018). Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021 Oct;227:108973.
• 37. Sobieski E, Yingst J, Foulds J. Quitting electronic cigarettes: Factors associated with quitting and quit attempts in long-term users. Addictive Behaviors. 2022 Apr;127:107220.
• 38. Etter J. Are long‐term vapers interested in vaping cessation support? Addiction. 2019 Aug 5;114(8):1473–7.
• 39. Jankowski M, Lawson JA, Shpakou A, Poznański M, Zielonka TM, Klimatckaia L, et al. Smoking Cessation and Vaping Cessation Attempts among Cigarette Smokers and E-Cigarette Users in Central and Eastern Europe. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Dec 18;17(1):28.
• 40. Piper ME, Baker TB, Benowitz NL, Jorenby DE. Changes in Use Patterns Over 1 Year Among Smokers and Dual Users of Combustible and Electronic Cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2020 Apr 21;22(5):672–80.