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Multiple Myeloma’da Sitogenetik Ve FISH Analizlerinin Rolü: 1279 Olguluk Deneyime Dayalı Yöntemsel Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 48 Sayı: 1, 133 - 136, 15.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1785263

Öz

Multiple myeloma klinik açıdan heterojen bir hematolojik hastalık olup, bu heterojenitede genetik anomalilerin çeşitliliği rol oynamaktadır. MM’da prognostik önemi olduğu bilinen kromozom anomalilerinin tespitinde FISH yöntemi altın standarttır ve plazma hücreleri ayrıştırılarak bu testin uygunlanması önerilmektedir. Tüm kromozomların analizine imkan veren KS testinin ise bu hasta grubunda başarı oranı %10 olarak bilinmektedir. Plazma hücrelerinin ayrıştırılması olanağına her laboratuvar sahip olmadığı için, çalışmamızda bu uygulama yapılmadan FISH ve KS testlerinin çalışıldığı 1279 olguya ait verileri değerlendirmeyi ve bu testlerin etkinliklerini araştırmayı amaçladık. Çalışma kapsamında olguların tanı ve takiplerinde eş zamanlı çalışılan toplam 1794 FISH ve KS test sonuçlarını değerlendirdik. FISH ve/veya KS ile anomali saptanan olgu sayısı 312 (%24,39)’dir. Sadece FISH analizleri anomali saptama oranı ise %13,39’dur. Kromozom 1 anomalileri ve IGH yeniden düzenlenmeleri en sık saptanan anomaliler arasındadır. 1794 KS testinin başarı oranı ise %63.82’dir. Ayrıca FISH analizleri normal sonuçlanan ancak KS ile anomali saptanan analiz sayısı 111’dir. Multiple myelom FISH paneli dışında bu 111 analizde en sık tekrarlayan anomaliler Y kaybından sonra 6q delesyonlarıdır. Plazma hücrelerini hedef almadan yapılan direkt FISH testlerinde anomali saptama oranımız literatürdeki veriler ile uyumludur. Çalışmamız sonucunda yapılan KS test başarı oranı ise literatürde belirtilen oranın oldukça üstündedir. Ayrıca FISH testi ile tespit edilemeyen kromozom anomalilerin saptanmasında KS testinin rolü bir kez daha ortaya koyulmuştur. Sonuç olarak; elde edilen veriler MM progresyonunda etkili ve yeni tedavi hedefi olabilecek anomalilerin tanımlanması için FISH ve KS testlerinin eş zamanlı yürütülmesi gerekliliğine ve plazma hücresi ayrıştırma imkanı bulamayan merkezlerin bu testleri yapmaktan uzak durmamaları gerekliliğine dikkat çekecek özelliktedir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma: 2022 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 2022;97(8):1086-107.
  • 2. Clarke SE, Fuller KA, Erber WN. Chromosomal defects in multiple myeloma. Blood Rev. 2024;64:101168.
  • 3. Sonneveld P, Avet-Loiseau H, Lonial S, Usmani S, Siegel D, Anderson KC, et al. Treatment of multiple myeloma with high-risk cytogenetics: a consensus of the International Myeloma Working Group. Blood. 2016;127(24):2955-62.
  • 4. Tian E. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) in Multiple Myeloma. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1792:55-69.
  • 5. Ma ES, Wang CL, Wong AT, Choy G, Chan TL. Target fluorescence in-situ hybridization (Target FISH) for plazma cell enrichment in myeloma. Mol Cytogenet. 2016;9:63.
  • 6. Shin SY, Jang S, Park CJ, Chi HS, Lee JH, Lee JH, et al. Application of an immune-magnetic cell sorting method for CD138-positive plazma cells in FISH analysis of multiple myeloma. Int J Lab Hematol. 2012;34(5):541-6.
  • 7. Lu G, Muddasani R, Orlowski RZ, Abruzzo LV, Qazilbash MH, You MJ, et al. Plazma cell enrichment enhances detection of high-risk cytogenomic abnormalities by fluorescence in situ hybridization and improves risk stratification of patients with plazma cell neoplasms. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2013;137(5):625-31.
  • 8. Ha J, Cho H, Lee TG, Shin S, Chung H, Jang JE, et al. Cytogenetic testing by fluorescence in situ hybridization is improved by plazma cell sorting in multiple myeloma. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):8287.
  • 9. Ross FM, Avet-Loiseau H, Ameye G, Gutiérrez NC, Liebisch P, O'Connor S, et al. Report from the European Myeloma Network on interphase FISH in multiple myeloma and related disorders. Haematologica. 2012;97(8):1272-7.
  • 10. Chen L, Sun CY, An BW, Yu JM, Zhao F, Zhang C, et al. [Clinical characteristics of patients with multiple myeloma harboring 6q deletion]. Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2021;42(8):642-5.
  • 11. Lawce H, Olson S. FISH testing for deletions of chromosome 6q21 and 6q23 in hematologic neoplastic disorders. J Assoc Genet Technol. 2009;35(4):167-9.
  • 12. Schmidt TM, Fonseca R, Usmani SZ. Chromosome 1q21 abnormalities in multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J. 2021;11(4):83.
  • 13. Barbieri E, Martino EA, Rivolti E, Quaresima M, Vigna E, Neri A, et al. Anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies in multiple myeloma with gain/amplification of chromosome arm 1q: a review of the literature. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2024;24(5):365-81.

The Role of Cytogenetic and FISH Analyses in Multiple Myeloma: A Methodological Evaluation Based on Experience of 1279 Cases

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 48 Sayı: 1, 133 - 136, 15.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1785263

Öz

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clinically heterogeneous hematological malignancy, and genetic abnormalities contribute significantly to this heterogeneity. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is considered the gold standard for detecting chromosomal abnormalities with known prognostic value in MM, and its performance on plazma cell–enriched samples is recommended. However, conventional karyotyping (KS), which analyzes all chromosomes, has a reported success rate of approximately 10% in MM patients. Since not all laboratories can enrich plazma cells, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of FISH and KS tests performed without this process. We retrospectively analyzed 1794 FISH and KS tests performed on 1279 MM cases at diagnosis and/or follow-up. Chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 312 cases (24.39%) by FISH and/or KS. The detection rate for FISH alone was 13.39%. The most frequently observed abnormalities were chromosome 1 alterations and IGH rearrangements. The KS test showed a success rate of 63.82%, significantly higher than the commonly reported rate. Notably, 111 tests showed normal FISH results but chromosomal abnormalities were identified by KS. Among these, the most recurrent anomalies beyond the standard MM FISH panel were loss of the Y chromosome and 6q deletions. Our anomaly detection rate using direct FISH (without plazma cell enrichment) aligns with published data. The high success rate and complementary role of the KS test in detecting additional abnormalities underscore the importance of performing both tests concurrently. Laboratories lacking enrichment capability should not refrain from these analyses, as valuable diagnostic and prognostic information can still be obtained.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma: 2022 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 2022;97(8):1086-107.
  • 2. Clarke SE, Fuller KA, Erber WN. Chromosomal defects in multiple myeloma. Blood Rev. 2024;64:101168.
  • 3. Sonneveld P, Avet-Loiseau H, Lonial S, Usmani S, Siegel D, Anderson KC, et al. Treatment of multiple myeloma with high-risk cytogenetics: a consensus of the International Myeloma Working Group. Blood. 2016;127(24):2955-62.
  • 4. Tian E. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) in Multiple Myeloma. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1792:55-69.
  • 5. Ma ES, Wang CL, Wong AT, Choy G, Chan TL. Target fluorescence in-situ hybridization (Target FISH) for plazma cell enrichment in myeloma. Mol Cytogenet. 2016;9:63.
  • 6. Shin SY, Jang S, Park CJ, Chi HS, Lee JH, Lee JH, et al. Application of an immune-magnetic cell sorting method for CD138-positive plazma cells in FISH analysis of multiple myeloma. Int J Lab Hematol. 2012;34(5):541-6.
  • 7. Lu G, Muddasani R, Orlowski RZ, Abruzzo LV, Qazilbash MH, You MJ, et al. Plazma cell enrichment enhances detection of high-risk cytogenomic abnormalities by fluorescence in situ hybridization and improves risk stratification of patients with plazma cell neoplasms. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2013;137(5):625-31.
  • 8. Ha J, Cho H, Lee TG, Shin S, Chung H, Jang JE, et al. Cytogenetic testing by fluorescence in situ hybridization is improved by plazma cell sorting in multiple myeloma. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):8287.
  • 9. Ross FM, Avet-Loiseau H, Ameye G, Gutiérrez NC, Liebisch P, O'Connor S, et al. Report from the European Myeloma Network on interphase FISH in multiple myeloma and related disorders. Haematologica. 2012;97(8):1272-7.
  • 10. Chen L, Sun CY, An BW, Yu JM, Zhao F, Zhang C, et al. [Clinical characteristics of patients with multiple myeloma harboring 6q deletion]. Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2021;42(8):642-5.
  • 11. Lawce H, Olson S. FISH testing for deletions of chromosome 6q21 and 6q23 in hematologic neoplastic disorders. J Assoc Genet Technol. 2009;35(4):167-9.
  • 12. Schmidt TM, Fonseca R, Usmani SZ. Chromosome 1q21 abnormalities in multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J. 2021;11(4):83.
  • 13. Barbieri E, Martino EA, Rivolti E, Quaresima M, Vigna E, Neri A, et al. Anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies in multiple myeloma with gain/amplification of chromosome arm 1q: a review of the literature. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2024;24(5):365-81.
Toplam 13 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Tıbbi Genetik (Kanser Genetiği hariç)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Sevgi Işık 0000-0003-0243-784X

Gülçin Günden 0000-0003-1707-1764

Gozde Fidan 0000-0002-0058-6801

Filiz Yavaşoğlu 0000-0002-4017-4668

Beyhan Durak Aras 0000-0003-1881-1912

Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi 19 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 48 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Işık S, Günden G, Fidan G, Yavaşoğlu F, Durak Aras B. Multiple Myeloma’da Sitogenetik Ve FISH Analizlerinin Rolü: 1279 Olguluk Deneyime Dayalı Yöntemsel Bir Değerlendirme. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi. 2025;48(1):133-6.


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