Diabetes and Cancer Biomarkers: Cell-Free DNA and RNA

Öz

This review focuses on cell-free (cf)DNA and cfRNA biomarkers, describing the latest developments in their application to diabetes and various cancers. Both diabetes and cancer involve several shared pathophysiological pathways, including chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and epigenetic changes. These changes can be detected in blood or other bodily fluids, which are referred to as liquid biopsies. cfDNA reflects the various molecular characteristics e.g., methylation of the origin tissue. cfRNA biomarkers such as messenger(m)RNA, micro(mi)RNA, circular RNA, long non-coding RNA, indicate the post-transcriptional modifications and expression characteristics of RNAs. In recent years, circulating cf- DNA methylation, mRNA, and miRNAs have been identified as potential cancer biomarkers. cfDNA analysis studies utilize technologies and a variety of methods including polymerase chain reaction-based single-locus tests as well as genome-wide next-generation sequencing. The isolation of circulating tumor (t)DNA from blood or urine is a proposed non-invasive molecular diagnostic method for understanding tumor biology and monitoring treatment response. Circulating unmethylated insulin DNA is considered a diabetes biomarker as it is associated with human beta cell death. Liquid biopsies show promise in the non-invasive detection of tissue-specific pathologies and offer a variety of potential clinical applications. As technology advances and more evidence emerges, cell-free nucleic acids may become the preferred method for diagnosing and personalizing treatment of cancer and diabetes innovatively.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cell-free DNA and RNA
• liquid biopsy
• biomarkers
• diabetes
• cancer

Diyabet ve Kanser Biyobelirteçleri: Hücre Dışı DNA ve RNA

Öz

Bu derleme, hücre dışı (hd) DNA ve hdRNA biyobelirteçlerine odaklanarak bunların diyabet ve çeşitli kanserlerde kullanımına ilişkin gelişmeleri açıklamaktadır. Diyabet ve kanser hastalıklarının ortak patofizyolojik yolları olarak kronik inflamasyon, oksidatif stres ve epigenetik değişiklikler sayılabilir. Bu değişikliklerin saptanmasında yaygın olarak kullanılan kan ve diğer vücut sıvıları sıvı biyopsi olarak adlandırılmıştır. hdDNA, köken dokunun çeşitli moleküler özelliklerini örneğin, metilasyonunu yansıtır. hdRNA biyobelirteçleri olarak haberci(m)RNA, mikro(mi)RNA, dairesel RNA, uzun kodlamayan RNA gibi moleküller RNA'ların transkripsiyon sonrası değişikliklerini ve ekspresyon özelliklerini gösterir. Son yıllarda dolaşımdaki hdDNA metilasyonu, mRNA ve miRNA’lar potansiyel kanser biyobelirteçleri olarak tanımlanmaktadır. hdDNA inceleme çalışmalarında, polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu temelli tek lokus analizleri yanı sıra genom çapında yeni nesil dizileme gibi çeşitli yöntemler ve teknolojiler de kullanılmaktadır. Kan veya idrardan izole edilen dolaşımdaki tümör (t)DNA’sı, tümörün biyolojik davranışını anlamak ve tedaviye yanıtı izlemek için invaziv olmayan moleküler tanı yöntemi olarak önerilmektedir. Dolaşımdaki metillenmemiş insülin DNA'sı insan β hücre ölümü ile ilişkili olduğundan diyabet hastalığının biyobelirteci olarak düşünülmektedir. Sıvı biyopsiler, dokuya özgü patolojilerin minimal invaziv tespiti konusunda umut vaat etmekte ve çeşitli potansiyel klinik uygulamalar sunmaktadır. Teknoloji ilerledikçe ve daha fazla kanıt ortaya çıktıkça, serbest nükleik asitler kanser ve diyabetin yenilikçi bir şekilde teşhis ve kişisel tedavisi için tercih edilen yöntemler haline gelebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hücre dışı DNA ve RNA
• Sıvı biyopsi
• Biyobelirteç
• Diyabet
• Kanser

Kaynakça

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