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MALDI-TOF MS Pretreatment for Gram-Positive Bacteria in Routine Clinical Laboratories: Does Formic Acid Really Improve Identification?

Cilt: 48 Sayı: 5 26 Ağustos 2026
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MALDI-TOF MS Pretreatment for Gram-Positive Bacteria in Routine Clinical Laboratories: Does Formic Acid Really Improve Identification?

Öz

Accurate identification of Gram-positive bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) may be limited by the complex structure of their cell walls. This study evaluated the impact of on-plate formic acid (FA) pretreatment on MALDI-TOF MS identification performance in a routine clinical microbiology laboratory. A total of 148 non-repetitive Gram-positive clinical isolates were analyzed using two preparation methods: direct transfer (DT) and on-plate FA pretreatment. Identification scores were compared with an emphasis on high-confidence species-level identification (log score ≥ 2.0). Statistical analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank and McNemar tests. Overall identification rates were significantly higher with FA pretreatment than with DT (99.3% vs. 79.7%). The proportion of isolates achieving species-level identification increased from 27.1% with DT to 76.2% with FA pretreatment. Mean MALDI-TOF MS log scores for all isolates were significantly higher with FA (2.104 ± 0.186) than with DT (1.861 ± 0.265; p < 0.001). Notably, FA pretreatment also resulted in a significant increase in mean log scores among isolates that had already achieved species-level identification using DT (p = 0.001). The most pronounced improvement was observed among Staphylococcus spp., particularly coagulase-negative staphylococci, with complete concordance between DT and FA-assisted species-level identifications. In conclusion, on-plate FA pretreatment significantly enhances identification accuracy and diagnostic confidence for Gram-positive bacteria in routine MALDI-TOF MS workflows. Building on these findings, we propose a pragmatic, score-based, and species-aware diagnostic algorithm in which FA pretreatment is reflexively applied to Gram-positive isolates, yielding a DT log score < 2.0, with primary FA application recommended for staphylococci (particularly coagulase-negative species) and for less commonly encountered Gram-positive organisms.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etik Beyan

The study was approved by the noninterventional ethics committees of Istanbul Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital (Decision no: 368, Date: 23.08.2023).

Kaynakça

  1. 1. Singhal, N.; Kumar, M.; Kanaujia, P.K.; Virdi, J.S. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: an emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis. Front Microbiol 2015, 6, 791.
  2. 2. Croxatto, A.; Prod'hom, G.; Greub, G. Applications of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in clinical diagnostic microbiology. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 2012, 36, 380-407.
  3. 3. University, C.S. Direct Transfer (DT) and extended Direct Transfer (eDT) Methods: Bacteria and Yeast. Available online: https://www.research.colostate.edu/pmf/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/2018/12/DT_eDT-Methods_09212013.pdf (accessed on 19 November 2025).
  4. 4. Topić Popović, N.; Kazazić, S.P.; Bojanić, K.; Strunjak-Perović, I.; Čož-Rakovac, R. Sample preparation and culture condition effects on MALDI-TOF MS identification of bacteria: A review. Mass Spectrom Rev 2023, 42, 1589-1603.
  5. 5. McElvania Tekippe, E.; Shuey, S.; Winkler, D.W.; Butler, M.A.; Burnham, C.A. Optimizing identification of clinically relevant Gram-positive organisms by use of the Bruker Biotyper matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry system. J Clin Microbiol 2013, 51, 1421-1427.
  6. 6. Cassagne, C.; Cella, A.L.; Suchon, P.; Normand, A.C.; Ranque, S.; Piarroux, R. Evaluation of four pretreatment procedures for MALDI-TOF MS yeast identification in the routine clinical laboratory. Med Mycol 2013, 51, 371-377.
  7. 7. Schulthess, B.; Bloemberg, G.V.; Zbinden, R.; Böttger, E.C.; Hombach, M. Evaluation of the Bruker MALDI Biotyper for Identification of Gram-Positive Rods: Development of a Diagnostic Algorithm for the Clinical Laboratory. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2014, 52, 1089-1097.
  8. 8. Schulthess, B.; Brodner, K.; Bloemberg, G.V.; Zbinden, R.; Böttger, E.C.; Hombach, M. Identification of Gram-positive cocci by use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry: comparison of different preparation methods and implementation of a practical algorithm for routine diagnostics. J Clin Microbiol 2013, 51, 1834-1840.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Klinik Mikrobiyoloji

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

26 Ağustos 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

24 Aralık 2025

Kabul Tarihi

21 Mayıs 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 48 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA
Gülmez, A., Ceylan, A. N., Kömeç, S., Öncel, B., & Şanlı, K. (2026). MALDI-TOF MS Pretreatment for Gram-Positive Bacteria in Routine Clinical Laboratories: Does Formic Acid Really Improve Identification? Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi, 48(5), 790-798. https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1848228
AMA
1.Gülmez A, Ceylan AN, Kömeç S, Öncel B, Şanlı K. MALDI-TOF MS Pretreatment for Gram-Positive Bacteria in Routine Clinical Laboratories: Does Formic Acid Really Improve Identification? Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi. 2026;48(5):790-798. doi:10.20515/otd.1848228
Chicago
Gülmez, Abdurrahman, Ayşe Nur Ceylan, Selda Kömeç, Beyza Öncel, ve Kamuran Şanlı. 2026. “MALDI-TOF MS Pretreatment for Gram-Positive Bacteria in Routine Clinical Laboratories: Does Formic Acid Really Improve Identification?”. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi 48 (5): 790-98. https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1848228.
EndNote
Gülmez A, Ceylan AN, Kömeç S, Öncel B, Şanlı K (01 Ağustos 2026) MALDI-TOF MS Pretreatment for Gram-Positive Bacteria in Routine Clinical Laboratories: Does Formic Acid Really Improve Identification? Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi 48 5 790–798.
IEEE
[1]A. Gülmez, A. N. Ceylan, S. Kömeç, B. Öncel, ve K. Şanlı, “MALDI-TOF MS Pretreatment for Gram-Positive Bacteria in Routine Clinical Laboratories: Does Formic Acid Really Improve Identification?”, Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi, c. 48, sy 5, ss. 790–798, Ağu. 2026, doi: 10.20515/otd.1848228.
ISNAD
Gülmez, Abdurrahman - Ceylan, Ayşe Nur - Kömeç, Selda - Öncel, Beyza - Şanlı, Kamuran. “MALDI-TOF MS Pretreatment for Gram-Positive Bacteria in Routine Clinical Laboratories: Does Formic Acid Really Improve Identification?”. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi 48/5 (01 Ağustos 2026): 790-798. https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1848228.
JAMA
1.Gülmez A, Ceylan AN, Kömeç S, Öncel B, Şanlı K. MALDI-TOF MS Pretreatment for Gram-Positive Bacteria in Routine Clinical Laboratories: Does Formic Acid Really Improve Identification? Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi. 2026;48:790–798.
MLA
Gülmez, Abdurrahman, vd. “MALDI-TOF MS Pretreatment for Gram-Positive Bacteria in Routine Clinical Laboratories: Does Formic Acid Really Improve Identification?”. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi, c. 48, sy 5, Ağustos 2026, ss. 790-8, doi:10.20515/otd.1848228.
Vancouver
1.Abdurrahman Gülmez, Ayşe Nur Ceylan, Selda Kömeç, Beyza Öncel, Kamuran Şanlı. MALDI-TOF MS Pretreatment for Gram-Positive Bacteria in Routine Clinical Laboratories: Does Formic Acid Really Improve Identification? Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi. 01 Ağustos 2026;48(5):790-8. doi:10.20515/otd.1848228


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