The Effects of Smokıng Habıts on Implant Supported Fixed Prosthesis:Retrospectıve Study

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 3, 226 - 234, 01.07.2019

Emre Mumcu

https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.447351

Öz

In this clinical trial, we
investigated the effect of smoking on marginal bone loss, plaque index,
gingival index and bleeding on probing on dental implants. For this
retrospective study, participants were selected from patients who had been
rehabilated with implant supported fixed prosthesis at Eskişehir Osmangazi
University  Dental Faculty between
February 2013 and January 2018. Various information about age, gender and
smoking habits were recorded for each patient. Marginal bone loss was measured
on panoramic x-rays using corel draw 11.0 software. The study was conducted on
a total of 118 patients who underwent a total of 312 implants at 6, 12 and 24
months of age. The ages of the patients ranged from 24 to 70 years and the mean
age was 47 ± 8.29. Patients included in the study, 50 were male and 68 were
female, 98 were non-smoking and 20 were smoking. In this study, the effect of
smoking on marginal bone loss in  distal
region was statistically significant gingival index in smokers, bleeding in the
probe and plaque index showed statistically significant differences with
period. Patient sex and age; it can be deduced that there is no effect on
marginal bone loss, but in those with smoking habits the surround of the
implant is more involved with plaque involvement and bleeding in the probing
than non-smokers, the risk of implant crestal bone loss increases with smoking
habit and may lead to implant loss. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Marginal Bone Loss, Implant supported fixed prosthesis

Sigara Alışkanlığının İmplant Üstü Sabit Protezler Üzerine Etkileri:Retrospektif Çalışma

Öz

Bu klinik çalışmada amaç; sigara kullanımının
dental implantlar çevresindeki  marginal
kemik kaybı, plak indeksi, gingival indeks ve sondalama da kanama varlığı  üzerine etkisini araştırmaktır. Retrospektif
çalışma için, Şubat 2013 ile Ocak 2018 arasında Eskişehir Osmangazi
Dişhekimliği Fakültesinde implant üzeri sabit protez uygulanmış hastalardan
seçilmiş olup, her hasta için yaş, cinsiyet ve sigara içme alışkanlıkları hakkında
çeşitli bilgiler kaydedilmiştir. Marjinal kemik kayıpları miktarı için  Corel Draw 11.0 programı kullanılarak panoromik
röntgenler üzerinden ölçümü yapıldı. Çalışma 24 aylık bir dönemde 312 implant
uygulanan 6. , 12. ve 24. ayda kontrollerine gelen toplam 118 hasta üzerinde
yapılmıştır. Hastaların yaşları 24 ile 70 arasında değişmekte olup, ortalama
yaş 47± 8.29’dur. Çalışmaya dahil edilen hastaların 50’si erkek ve 68’i kadın
katılımcıdan oluşup,  katılımcıların 98’si
sigara içmezken 20'si sigara içiyordu. Bu çalışmanın sınırları içerisinde
implant üstü sabit protezler de sigaranın; implant çevresi marginal kemik kaybı
üzerine etkisini anlamlı olduğu ve zaman dilimine göre distal bölgedeki
marginal kemik kaybının istatiksel olarak arttığı sonucuna varılmıştır
(p<0.01). Sigara içenlerde gingival indeks, sondalamada kanama ve plak
indeksi açısından yaşın ve cinsiyetin bir etkisinin olmadığı, ancak sigara
içenlerde gingival indeks, sondalamada kanama ve plak indeksi zamanla
istatiksel olarak anlamlı derecede arttığını gösterdi. Hasta cinsiyet ve
yaşının; marjinal kemik kaybı üzerine etkisinin olmadığı, fakat sigara içme
alışkanlığı olanlarda implant çevresi plak tutulumunun ve sondalamada kanamanın
sigara içmeyenlere göre daha fazla olduğunun, implant çevresi kemik
kayıplarının sigara alışkanlığı ile birlikte arttığının ve implant kayıplarına
yol açabilecek risk faktörü olduğu çıkarımı yapılabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Marjinal Kemik Kaybı, İmplantüstü Sabit Protezler, Sigara Alışkanlıkları

Kaynakça

• 1. Takamiya AS, Goiato MC, Gennari Filho H. Effect of smoking on the survival of dental implants. Palacky University in Olomouc Medical Faculty Biomedical Papers. 2014: 650-3.
• 2. Shenava S, Singh P, Babu CS, Kumar V, Jyoti B, Sharma S. Co-relation between smoking and bone healing around dental impants: A clinical study. Journal of International Oral Health. 2016; 8(2): 199.
• 3. Arora A, Reddy MM, Mhatre S, Bajaj A, Gopinath P, Arvind P. Comparative evaluation of effect of smoking on survival of dental implant. Journal of International Oral Health. 2017; 9(1): 24.
• 4. Sun C, Zhao J, Jianghao C, Hong T. Effect of heavy smoking on dental implants placed in male patients posterior mandibles: a prospective clinical study. Journal of Oral Implantology. 2016; 42(6): 477-83.
• 5. Chrcanovic BR, Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A. Smoking and dental implants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of dentistry. 2015; 43(5): 487-98.
• 6. Goutam M, Singh M, Patel D, Goutam M. Effect of smoking on the success of dental implant: A literature review. Int Dent J Stud Res. 2003; 1: 44-50.
• 7. ÇiftçI Ö, GÜnday M, ÇaliŞkan M, GÜllü H, Güven A, MüderrisoĞlu H. Light cigarette smoking and vascular function. Acta cardiologica. 2013; 68(3): 255-61.
• 8. Nitzan D, Mamlider A, Levin L, Schwartz-Arad D. Impact of smoking on marginal bone loss. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants. 2005; 20(4).
• 9. Bezerra Ferreira JD, Rodrigues JA, Piattelli A, Iezzi G, Gehrke SA, Shibli JA. The effect of cigarette smoking on early osseointegration of dental implants: a prospective controlled study. Clinical oral implants research. 2016; 27(9): 1123-8
• 10. Bain CA, Moy PK. The association between the failure of dental implants and cigarette smoking. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants. 1993; 8(6).
• 11. Karoussis I, Salvi G, Heitz-Mayfield L, Brägger U, Hämmerle C, Lang N. History of treated periodontitis and smoking as risks for implant therapy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009; 24: 39-68.
• 12. DeLuca S, Habsha E, Zarb GA. The effect of smoking on osseointegrated dental implants. Part I: implant survival. International Journal of Prosthodontics. 2006; 19(5).
• 13. Keenan JR, Veitz-Keenan A. The impact of smoking on failure rates, postoperative infection and marginal bone loss of dental implants. Evidence-based dentistry. 2016; 17(1): 4.
• 14. Levin L, Hertzberg R, Har-Nes S, Schwartz-Arad D. Long-term marginal bone loss around single dental implants affected by current and past smoking habits. Implant dentistry. 2008; 17(4): 422-9.
• 15. Mombelli A, Lang NP. Clinical parameters for the evaluation of dental implants. Periodontology 2000. 1994; 4(1): 81-6.
• 16. Galindo‐Moreno P, Fauri M, Ávila‐Ortiz G, Fernández‐Barbero JE, Cabrera‐León A, Sánchez‐Fernández E. Influence of alcohol and tobacco habits on peri‐implant marginal bone loss: a prospective study. Clinical Oral Implants Research. 2005; 16(5): 579-86.
• 17. Lambert PM, Morris HF, Ochi S. The influence of smoking on 3-year clinical success of osseointegrated dental implants. Annals of Periodontology. 2000; 5(1): 79-89.18. Haas R, Haimböck W, Mailath G, Watzek G. The relationship of smoking on peri-implant tissue: a retrospective study. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 1996; 76(6): 592-6.
• 19. Ferreira S, Silva G, Cortelli J, Costa J, Costa F. Prevalence and risk variables for peri‐implant disease in Brazilian subjects. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2006; 33(12): 929-35.
• 20. Machuca G, Rosales I, Lacalle JR, Machuca C, Bullón P. Effect of cigarette smoking on periodontal status of healthy young adults. Journal of periodontology. 2000; 71(1): 73-8.
• 21. Bergström J. Cigarette smoking as risk factor in chronic periodontal disease. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 1989; 17(5): 245-7.
• 22. Sverzut AT, Stabile GAV, de Moraes M, Mazzonetto R, Moreira RWF. The influence of tobacco on early dental implant failure. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2008; 66(5): 1004-9.
• 23. Alsaadi G, Quirynen M, Komárek A, Van Steenberghe D. Impact of local and systemic factors on the incidence of oral implant failures, up to abutment connection. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2007; 34(7): 610-7.
• 24. Anitua E, Orive G, Aguirre JJ, Ardanza B, Andía I. 5‐year clinical experience with BTI® dental implants: risk factors for implant failure. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2008; 35(8): 724-32.
• 25. Renvert S, Roos‐Jansåker AM, Lindahl C, Renvert H, Rutger Persson G. Infection at titanium implants with or without a clinical diagnosis of inflammation. Clinical oral implants research. 2007; 18(4): 509-16.
• 26. Wallace RH. The relationship between cigarette smoking and dental implant failure. The European journal of prosthodontics and restorative dentistry. 2000; 8(3): 103-6.
• 27. Bain CA. Smoking and implant failure--benefits of a smoking cessation protocol. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants. 1996; 11(6).
• 28. Kan JY, Rungcharassaeng K, Lozada JL, Goodacre CJ. Effects of smoking on implant success in grafted maxillary sinuses. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1999; 82(3): 307-11.
• 29. Kan JY, Rungcharassaeng K, Kim J, Lozada JL, Goodacre CJ. Factors affecting the survival of implants placed in grafted maxillary sinuses: a clinical report. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 2002; 87(5): 485-9.
• 30. Norton MR. Multiple single-tooth implant restorations in the posterior jaws: maintenance of marginal bone levels with reference to the implant-abutment microgap. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants. 2006; 21(5).