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An Overview of Association Between Exosomes and Lung Cancer

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1, 114 - 120, 01.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.517996

Öz

Exosomes; are bioactive receptors which is indirectly
originating from the cell membrane. The dimensions vary between 50-140 nm. The
most important features distinguishing exosomes from other extracellular
vesicles (microvesicles and apoptotic bodies) are their unique biogenesis
pathways, lipid compositions, and RNA cargos (mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA) they carry.
Exosomes that play a role in cell-cell interaction by virtue of their RNA
content can alter the transcriptome and function of the cell with the RNA
strands they carry when transferred to the recipient cell. It has also been
identified that they carry nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), proteins, nucleoproteins
and various enzymes for use in signal transduction. Exosomes are also secreted
by cancer cells and tumor-associated stromal cells as they are secreted from
healthy cells under physiological conditions. Through the exosomes, autocrine,
paracrine and endocrine communication is established between cancer cells.
Although exosomal secretion is a normal process, the increase in rate and
exosomal mediated transfer of different cargos (oncogenic signals) may mediate
oncogenic progression and metastasis. The increase in exosomal quantities and
altered cargo expression can be considered as a powerful biomarker for altering
normal physiological conditions and can be used to diagnose cancer and many
other diseases. Exosomes can be obtained by ultracentrifugation from body
fluids such as blood, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, bile, breast milk, amniotic
fluid, saliva, urine and can be evaluated for molecular components such as DNA,
RNA, miRNA, and proteins. In addition, as they are derived from the plasma
membrane, they are inherently liposomal and nano-sized and can easily move
through the blood-brain barrier, due to their protein-lipid content in their
membranes. Although exosomes are associated with many types of cancer, they are
also important in lung cancer. It has been showed that exosomes are increasing
lung endothelial permeability and lung metastasis, and also plays an important
role in angiogenesis in lung cancer. As a result, exosomes are smart munchkins
carrying cargo between cells and have the ability to convert healthy cells to
carcinoma according to the cargo that they carry. They can also be obtained
from whole-body fluids and can be used for targeted treatment with their
ability to enter the cells easily and to carry them in circulation. 

Kaynakça

  • 1. Edgar, J.R., Q&A: What are exosomes, exactly? BMC biology, 2016. 14(1): p. 46.2. L Isola, A. and S. Chen, Exosomes: the messengers of health and disease. Current neuropharmacology, 2017. 15(1): p. 157-165.3. Harding, C.V., J.E. Heuser, and P.D. Stahl, Exosomes: looking back three decades and into the future. J Cell Biol, 2013. 200(4): p. 367-371.4. Xu, R., et al., Extracellular vesicles in cancer—implications for future improvements in cancer care. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 2018: p. 1.5. Taylor, D.D. and C. Gercel-Taylor. Exosomes/microvesicles: mediators of cancer-associated immunosuppressive microenvironments. in Seminars in immunopathology. 2011. Springer.6. Azmi, A.S., B. Bao, and F.H. Sarkar, Exosomes in cancer development, metastasis, and drug resistance: a comprehensive review. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 2013. 32(3-4): p. 623-642.7. Akers, J.C., et al., Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies. Journal of neuro-oncology, 2013. 113(1): p. 1-11.8. Lee, Y., S. El Andaloussi, and M.J. Wood, Exosomes and microvesicles: extracellular vesicles for genetic information transfer and gene therapy. Human molecular genetics, 2012. 21(R1): p. R125-R134.9. Di Vizio, D., et al., Oncosome formation in prostate cancer: association with a region of frequent chromosomal deletion in metastatic disease. Cancer research, 2009. 69(13): p. 5601-5609.10. Saez, F. and R. Sullivan, Prostasomes, post-testicular sperm maturation and fertility. Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition), 2016. 21: p. 1464-1473.11. Sauter, E.R., Future perspectives for body fluid exosomes and cancer. Translational Cancer Research, 2017. 6(8): p. S1394-S1397.12. Hosseini, H.M., et al., Texosome-anchored superantigen triggers apoptosis in original ovarian cancer cells. Medical Oncology, 2015. 32(1): p. 409.13. Sullivan, R., Epididymosomes: role of extracellular microvesicles in sperm maturation. Front Biosci (Schol Ed), 2016. 8: p. 106-114.14. Kalani, A., A. Tyagi, and N. Tyagi, Exosomes: mediators of neurodegeneration, neuroprotection and therapeutics. Molecular neurobiology, 2014. 49(1): p. 590-600.15. Oke, R.S., V.S. Joshi, and R.S. Thombre, Halophiles: Pharmaceutical Potential and Biotechnological Applications, in Industrial Biotechnology. 2016, Apple Academic Press. p. 131-160.16. Ersöz, E., O.B. Can, and S. Uzunoğlu, Eksozomların Kanserdeki Rolü. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2016. 3(1): p. 144-152.17. Schorey, J.S. and S. Bhatnagar, Exosome function: from tumor immunology to pathogen biology. Traffic, 2008. 9(6): p. 871-881.18. Thakur, B.K., et al., Double-stranded DNA in exosomes: a novel biomarker in cancer detection. Cell research, 2014. 24(6): p. 766.19. Boyiadzis, M. and T.L. Whiteside, Information transfer by exosomes: A new frontier in hematologic malignancies. Blood reviews, 2015. 29(5): p. 281-290.20. Vlassov, A.V., et al., Exosomes: current knowledge of their composition, biological functions, and diagnostic and therapeutic potentials. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 2012. 1820(7): p. 940-948.21. Zhang, J., et al., Exosome and exosomal microRNA: trafficking, sorting, and function. Genomics, proteomics & bioinformatics, 2015. 13(1): p. 17-24.22. Yamada, T., et al., Comparison of methods for isolating exosomes from bovine milk. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2012. 74(11): p. 1523-1525.23. Lässer, C., et al., Human saliva, plasma and breast milk exosomes contain RNA: uptake by macrophages. Journal of translational medicine, 2011. 9(1): p. 9.24. Janowska‐Wieczorek, A., et al., Microvesicles derived from activated platelets induce metastasis and angiogenesis in lung cancer. International journal of cancer, 2005. 113(5): p. 752-760.25. Qu, J.-L., et al., Gastric cancer exosomes promote tumour cell proliferation through PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK activation. Digestive and liver disease, 2009. 41(12): p. 875-880.26. Millimaggi, D., et al., Tumor vesicle—associated CD147 modulates the angiogenic capability of endothelial cells. Neoplasia, 2007. 9(4): p. 349-357.27. Brinton, L.T., et al., Formation and role of exosomes in cancer. Cellular and molecular life sciences, 2015. 72(4): p. 659-671.28. Kalluri, R., The biology and function of exosomes in cancer. The Journal of clinical investigation, 2016. 126(4): p. 1208-1215.29. Zhang, H.-G. and W.E. Grizzle, Exosomes: a novel pathway of local and distant intercellular communication that facilitates the growth and metastasis of neoplastic lesions. The American journal of pathology, 2014. 184(1): p. 28-41.30. Liu, H., et al., Dendritic cells loaded with tumor derived exosomes for cancer immunotherapy. Oncotarget, 2018. 9(2): p. 2887.31. Kahlert, C. and R. Kalluri, Exosomes in tumor microenvironment influence cancer progression and metastasis. Journal of molecular medicine, 2013. 91(4): p. 431-437.32. Greening, D.W., et al. Emerging roles of exosomes during epithelial–mesenchymal transition and cancer progression. in Seminars in cell & developmental biology. 2015. Elsevier.33. Grange, C., et al., Microvesicles released from human renal cancer stem cells stimulate angiogenesis and formation of lung pre-metastatic niche. Cancer research, 2011: p. canres. 0241.2011.34. Singh, A. and J. Settleman, EMT, cancer stem cells and drug resistance: an emerging axis of evil in the war on cancer. Oncogene, 2010. 29(34): p. 4741-4751.35. Syn, N., et al., Exosome-mediated metastasis: from epithelial–mesenchymal transition to escape from immunosurveillance. Trends in pharmacological sciences, 2016. 37(7): p. 606-617.36. Fernandes Ribeiro, M., et al., Exosomes function in pro-and anti-angiogenesis. Current angiogenesis, 2013. 2(1): p. 54-59.37. Ludwig, N. and T.L. Whiteside, Potential roles of tumor-derived exosomes in angiogenesis. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets, 2018. 22(5): p. 409-417.38. Harris, A.L., Hypoxia—a key regulatory factor in tumour growth. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2002. 2(1): p. 38-47.39. Jemal, A., et al., Cancer statistics CA cancer. Clin, 2005. 55: p. 10-30.40. Rosell, R., J. Wei, and M. Taron, Circulating MicroRNA Signatures of Tumor-Derived Exosomes for Early Diagnosis of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Clinical lung cancer, 2009. 10(1): p. 8.41. Rabinowits, G., et al., Exosomal microRNA: a diagnostic marker for lung cancer. Clinical lung cancer, 2009. 10(1): p. 42-46.42. Taylor, D.D. and G.J. Doellgast, Quantitation of peroxidase-antibody binding to membrane fragments using column chromatography. Analytical biochemistry, 1979. 98(1): p. 53-59.43. Andre, F., et al., Malignant effusions and immunogenic tumour-derived exosomes. The Lancet, 2002. 360(9329): p. 295-305.44. Valenti, R., et al., Human tumor-released microvesicles promote the differentiation of myeloid cells with transforming growth factor-β–mediated suppressive activity on T lymphocytes. Cancer research, 2006. 66(18): p. 9290-9298.45. Peinado, H., et al., Melanoma exosomes educate bone marrow progenitor cells toward a pro-metastatic phenotype through MET. Nature medicine, 2012. 18(6): p. 883.46. Skog, J., et al., Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers. Nature cell biology, 2008. 10(12): p. 1470.47. Thompson, C.A., et al., Heparanase regulates secretion, composition and function of tumor cell-derived exosomes. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2013: p. jbc. C112. 444562.48. Cho, J.A., et al., Exosomes from ovarian cancer cells induce adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells to acquire the physical and functional characteristics of tumor-supporting myofibroblasts. Gynecologic oncology, 2011. 123(2): p. 379-386.49. Al-Nedawi, K., et al., Endothelial expression of autocrine VEGF upon the uptake of tumor-derived microvesicles containing oncogenic EGFR. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2009. 106(10): p. 3794-3799.50. Montecalvo, A., et al., Mechanism of transfer of functional microRNAs between mouse dendritic cells via exosomes. Blood, 2012. 119(3): p. 756-766.51. Rahman, M.A., et al., Lung cancer exosomes as drivers of epithelial mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget, 2016. 7(34): p. 54852.52. Morse, M.A., et al., A phase I study of dexosome immunotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Journal of translational medicine, 2005. 3(1): p. 9.53. Yanaihara, N., et al., Unique microRNA molecular profiles in lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer cell, 2006. 9(3): p. 189-198.

Eksozomlar ve Akciğer Kanseri Arasındaki İlişkiye Genel Bakış

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1, 114 - 120, 01.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.517996

Öz

Eksozomlar; hücre
zarından indirekt olarak köken alan biyoaktif reseptörlerdir. Boyutlar 50-140
nm arasında değişmektedir. Eksozomları diğer hücre dışı veziküllerden
(mikro-veziküller ve apoptotik cisimler) ayırt eden en önemli özellikler,
kendilerine özgü biyolojik oluşum yolakları, lipit bileşimleri ve taşıdıkları
RNA yükleridir (mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA). RNA içerikleri sayesinde hücre-hücre
etkileşmesinde rol oynayan ekzomlar, alıcı hücreye aktarıldıklarında
taşıdıkları RNA iplikleriyle hücrenin transkriptomunu ve işlevini
değiştirebilir. Ayrıca, sinyal iletiminde kullanım için nükleik asitleri (DNA,
RNA), proteinleri, nükleoproteinleri ve çeşitli enzimleri taşıdıkları
bilinmektedir. Eksozomlar fizyolojik koşullar altında sağlıklı hücrelerden
salgılanmakla birlikte kanser hücreleri ve tümörle ilişkili stromal hücreler
tarafından da salgılanır. Eksozomlar sayesinde kanser hücreleri arasında otokrin,
parakrin ve endokrin iletişim kurulur. Eksozomal salınım normal bir süreç olsa
da, farklı kargoların (onkojenik sinyaller) hız ve ekzomal aracılı
transferindeki artış onkojenik ilerlemeye ve metastaza neden olabilir. Eksozom
miktarlardaki artış ve kargo ifadesinin değişmesi normal fizyolojik koşulları
değiştirmek için güçlü bir biyobelirteç olarak kabul edilebilir ve kanseri ve
diğer birçok hastalığı teşhis etmek için kullanılabilir. Eksozomlar, kan,
plazma, beyin omurilik sıvısı, safra, anne sütü, amniyon sıvısı, tükürük, idrar
gibi vücut sıvılarından ultrasantrifüj yoluyla elde edilebilir ve DNA, RNA,
miRNA ve proteinler gibi moleküler bileşenler için değerlendirilebilir. Ek
olarak, bunlar plazma zarından köken aldığı için, doğal olarak lipozomal ve
nano boyuttadırlar ve böylelikle zarlarındaki protein-lipid içeriğinden dolayı
kan beyin bariyeri boyunca kolayca hareket edebilirler. Eksozomlar birçok
kanser türüyle ilişkilendirilse de, akciğer kanserinde de önemlidir.
Eksozomların akciğerdeendotel geçirgenliğini ve akciğer metastazını arttırdığı
ve ayrıca akciğer kanserinde anjiyogenezde önemli bir rol oynadığı
gösterilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, eksozomlar hücreler arasında kargo taşıyan akıllı
moleküllerdir ve taşıdıkları yüke göre sağlıklı hücreleri karser hücresine
dönüştürme kabiliyetine sahiptir. Ayrıca tüm vücut sıvılarından da elde
edilebilirler ve hücrelere kolayca girme ve dolaşımda taşıma yetenekleriyle
hedeflenen tedavi için kullanılabilirler.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Edgar, J.R., Q&A: What are exosomes, exactly? BMC biology, 2016. 14(1): p. 46.2. L Isola, A. and S. Chen, Exosomes: the messengers of health and disease. Current neuropharmacology, 2017. 15(1): p. 157-165.3. Harding, C.V., J.E. Heuser, and P.D. Stahl, Exosomes: looking back three decades and into the future. J Cell Biol, 2013. 200(4): p. 367-371.4. Xu, R., et al., Extracellular vesicles in cancer—implications for future improvements in cancer care. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 2018: p. 1.5. Taylor, D.D. and C. Gercel-Taylor. Exosomes/microvesicles: mediators of cancer-associated immunosuppressive microenvironments. in Seminars in immunopathology. 2011. Springer.6. Azmi, A.S., B. Bao, and F.H. Sarkar, Exosomes in cancer development, metastasis, and drug resistance: a comprehensive review. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 2013. 32(3-4): p. 623-642.7. Akers, J.C., et al., Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies. Journal of neuro-oncology, 2013. 113(1): p. 1-11.8. Lee, Y., S. El Andaloussi, and M.J. Wood, Exosomes and microvesicles: extracellular vesicles for genetic information transfer and gene therapy. Human molecular genetics, 2012. 21(R1): p. R125-R134.9. Di Vizio, D., et al., Oncosome formation in prostate cancer: association with a region of frequent chromosomal deletion in metastatic disease. Cancer research, 2009. 69(13): p. 5601-5609.10. Saez, F. and R. Sullivan, Prostasomes, post-testicular sperm maturation and fertility. Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition), 2016. 21: p. 1464-1473.11. Sauter, E.R., Future perspectives for body fluid exosomes and cancer. Translational Cancer Research, 2017. 6(8): p. S1394-S1397.12. Hosseini, H.M., et al., Texosome-anchored superantigen triggers apoptosis in original ovarian cancer cells. Medical Oncology, 2015. 32(1): p. 409.13. Sullivan, R., Epididymosomes: role of extracellular microvesicles in sperm maturation. Front Biosci (Schol Ed), 2016. 8: p. 106-114.14. Kalani, A., A. Tyagi, and N. Tyagi, Exosomes: mediators of neurodegeneration, neuroprotection and therapeutics. Molecular neurobiology, 2014. 49(1): p. 590-600.15. Oke, R.S., V.S. Joshi, and R.S. Thombre, Halophiles: Pharmaceutical Potential and Biotechnological Applications, in Industrial Biotechnology. 2016, Apple Academic Press. p. 131-160.16. Ersöz, E., O.B. Can, and S. Uzunoğlu, Eksozomların Kanserdeki Rolü. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2016. 3(1): p. 144-152.17. Schorey, J.S. and S. Bhatnagar, Exosome function: from tumor immunology to pathogen biology. Traffic, 2008. 9(6): p. 871-881.18. Thakur, B.K., et al., Double-stranded DNA in exosomes: a novel biomarker in cancer detection. Cell research, 2014. 24(6): p. 766.19. Boyiadzis, M. and T.L. Whiteside, Information transfer by exosomes: A new frontier in hematologic malignancies. Blood reviews, 2015. 29(5): p. 281-290.20. Vlassov, A.V., et al., Exosomes: current knowledge of their composition, biological functions, and diagnostic and therapeutic potentials. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 2012. 1820(7): p. 940-948.21. Zhang, J., et al., Exosome and exosomal microRNA: trafficking, sorting, and function. Genomics, proteomics & bioinformatics, 2015. 13(1): p. 17-24.22. Yamada, T., et al., Comparison of methods for isolating exosomes from bovine milk. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2012. 74(11): p. 1523-1525.23. Lässer, C., et al., Human saliva, plasma and breast milk exosomes contain RNA: uptake by macrophages. Journal of translational medicine, 2011. 9(1): p. 9.24. Janowska‐Wieczorek, A., et al., Microvesicles derived from activated platelets induce metastasis and angiogenesis in lung cancer. International journal of cancer, 2005. 113(5): p. 752-760.25. Qu, J.-L., et al., Gastric cancer exosomes promote tumour cell proliferation through PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK activation. Digestive and liver disease, 2009. 41(12): p. 875-880.26. Millimaggi, D., et al., Tumor vesicle—associated CD147 modulates the angiogenic capability of endothelial cells. Neoplasia, 2007. 9(4): p. 349-357.27. Brinton, L.T., et al., Formation and role of exosomes in cancer. Cellular and molecular life sciences, 2015. 72(4): p. 659-671.28. Kalluri, R., The biology and function of exosomes in cancer. The Journal of clinical investigation, 2016. 126(4): p. 1208-1215.29. Zhang, H.-G. and W.E. Grizzle, Exosomes: a novel pathway of local and distant intercellular communication that facilitates the growth and metastasis of neoplastic lesions. The American journal of pathology, 2014. 184(1): p. 28-41.30. Liu, H., et al., Dendritic cells loaded with tumor derived exosomes for cancer immunotherapy. Oncotarget, 2018. 9(2): p. 2887.31. Kahlert, C. and R. Kalluri, Exosomes in tumor microenvironment influence cancer progression and metastasis. Journal of molecular medicine, 2013. 91(4): p. 431-437.32. Greening, D.W., et al. Emerging roles of exosomes during epithelial–mesenchymal transition and cancer progression. in Seminars in cell & developmental biology. 2015. Elsevier.33. Grange, C., et al., Microvesicles released from human renal cancer stem cells stimulate angiogenesis and formation of lung pre-metastatic niche. Cancer research, 2011: p. canres. 0241.2011.34. Singh, A. and J. Settleman, EMT, cancer stem cells and drug resistance: an emerging axis of evil in the war on cancer. Oncogene, 2010. 29(34): p. 4741-4751.35. Syn, N., et al., Exosome-mediated metastasis: from epithelial–mesenchymal transition to escape from immunosurveillance. Trends in pharmacological sciences, 2016. 37(7): p. 606-617.36. Fernandes Ribeiro, M., et al., Exosomes function in pro-and anti-angiogenesis. Current angiogenesis, 2013. 2(1): p. 54-59.37. Ludwig, N. and T.L. Whiteside, Potential roles of tumor-derived exosomes in angiogenesis. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets, 2018. 22(5): p. 409-417.38. Harris, A.L., Hypoxia—a key regulatory factor in tumour growth. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2002. 2(1): p. 38-47.39. Jemal, A., et al., Cancer statistics CA cancer. Clin, 2005. 55: p. 10-30.40. Rosell, R., J. Wei, and M. Taron, Circulating MicroRNA Signatures of Tumor-Derived Exosomes for Early Diagnosis of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Clinical lung cancer, 2009. 10(1): p. 8.41. Rabinowits, G., et al., Exosomal microRNA: a diagnostic marker for lung cancer. Clinical lung cancer, 2009. 10(1): p. 42-46.42. Taylor, D.D. and G.J. Doellgast, Quantitation of peroxidase-antibody binding to membrane fragments using column chromatography. Analytical biochemistry, 1979. 98(1): p. 53-59.43. Andre, F., et al., Malignant effusions and immunogenic tumour-derived exosomes. The Lancet, 2002. 360(9329): p. 295-305.44. Valenti, R., et al., Human tumor-released microvesicles promote the differentiation of myeloid cells with transforming growth factor-β–mediated suppressive activity on T lymphocytes. Cancer research, 2006. 66(18): p. 9290-9298.45. Peinado, H., et al., Melanoma exosomes educate bone marrow progenitor cells toward a pro-metastatic phenotype through MET. Nature medicine, 2012. 18(6): p. 883.46. Skog, J., et al., Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers. Nature cell biology, 2008. 10(12): p. 1470.47. Thompson, C.A., et al., Heparanase regulates secretion, composition and function of tumor cell-derived exosomes. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2013: p. jbc. C112. 444562.48. Cho, J.A., et al., Exosomes from ovarian cancer cells induce adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells to acquire the physical and functional characteristics of tumor-supporting myofibroblasts. Gynecologic oncology, 2011. 123(2): p. 379-386.49. Al-Nedawi, K., et al., Endothelial expression of autocrine VEGF upon the uptake of tumor-derived microvesicles containing oncogenic EGFR. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2009. 106(10): p. 3794-3799.50. Montecalvo, A., et al., Mechanism of transfer of functional microRNAs between mouse dendritic cells via exosomes. Blood, 2012. 119(3): p. 756-766.51. Rahman, M.A., et al., Lung cancer exosomes as drivers of epithelial mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget, 2016. 7(34): p. 54852.52. Morse, M.A., et al., A phase I study of dexosome immunotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Journal of translational medicine, 2005. 3(1): p. 9.53. Yanaihara, N., et al., Unique microRNA molecular profiles in lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer cell, 2006. 9(3): p. 189-198.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm DERLEMELER / REVIEWS
Yazarlar

Emine Yağcı 0000-0003-2179-1318

Cansu Ozbayer 0000-0002-1120-1874

Hülyam Kurt 0000-0003-2433-9925

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Yağcı E, Ozbayer C, Kurt H. An Overview of Association Between Exosomes and Lung Cancer. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi. 2020;42(1):114-20.


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