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Psychological Autopsy in Comleted Suicide Case

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 44 Sayı: 4, 593 - 600, 19.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1022534

Öz

Psychological autopsy refers to a research method in which comprehensive information about completed suicide victims is collected retrospectively. Psychological autopsy covers all examinations such as interviews with family members, relatives, social and co-workers of the suicide victim, and searching the hospital, police, bank and business records of the person.
In cases of completed suicide, the psychological autopsy method should be applied in full. The demographic data of the person, socio-economic and socio-cultural status, position in the society in which he lives, physical or mental health and the relationship of all these with suicide should be evaluated. This will contribute to the enlightenment of the suicide process in the same society, to have more information about social mental health, and most importantly to the identification and prevention of preventable suicide cases. It is seen that the psychological autopsy method, which is used as a common method in many countries, sheds light on the epidemiology of suicide and unfortunately this method has not become widespread in our country. In this review, psychological autopsy has been tried to be examined with all its aspects.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Taktak Ş, Üzün I, BALCIOĞLU İ. İstanbul'da tamamlanmış intihar olgularının psikolojik otopsisi. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2012;13(2).
  • 2. Suicide worldwide in 2019. [Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240026643.
  • 3. Mann JJ, Apter A, Bertolote J, Beautrais A, Currier D, Haas A, et al. Suicide prevention strategies: a systematic review. Jama. 2005;294(16):2064-74.
  • 4. Pritchard C. Youth suicide and gender in Australia and New Zealand compared with countries of the Western world 1973-1987. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1992;26(4):609-17.
  • 5. KARATAŞ S. Pandemi Sürecinde İntihar: Riskli Gruplara Yönelik Bir Değerlendirme ve Yaklaşım.
  • 6. TÜİK 2018 ölüm istatistikleri [Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Olum-Istatistikleri-2018.
  • 7. Chehil S, Kutcher SP. Suicide risk management: A manual for health professionals: John Wiley & Sons; 2012.
  • 8. Turecki G, Brent DA, Gunnell D, O’Connor RC, Oquendo MA, Pirkis J, et al. Suicide and suicide risk. Nature reviews Disease primers. 2019;5(1):1-22.
  • 9. Karbeyaz K, Toygar M, Çelikel A. Completed suicide among University student in Eskisehir, Turkey. Journal of forensic and legal medicine. 2016;44:111-5.
  • 10. Scripcaru V, Bulgaru Iliescu D, Birlescu EA, Scripcaru C. Suicide Epidemiology Depending on Socio-Climate Changes. Eur JL & Pub Admin. 2020;7:68.
  • 11. Karbeyaz K, Çelikel A, Emiral E, Emiral GÖ. Elderly suicide in Eskisehir, Turkey. Journal of forensic and legal medicine. 2017;52:12-5.
  • 12. Karbeyaz K, Akkaya H, Balci Y. Analysis of suicide deaths in a 15-year period in Eskisehir, western Anatolia, Turkey and the determination of risk factors. Annals of Saudi medicine. 2013;33(4):377-81.
  • 13. Forte A, Trobia F, Gualtieri F, Lamis DA, Cardamone G, Giallonardo V, et al. Suicide risk among immigrants and ethnic minorities: a literature overview. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2018;15(7):1438.
  • 14. Isometsa ET. Psychological autopsy studies--a review. Eur Psychiatry. 2001;16(7):379-85.
  • 15. Robins E, Murphy GE, Wilkinson Jr RH, Gassner S, Kayes J. Some clinical considerations in the prevention of suicide based on a study of 134 successful suicides. American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health. 1959;49(7):888-99.
  • 16. Dorpat TL, Ripley HS. A study of suicide in the Seattle area. Comprehensive psychiatry. 1960;1(6):349-59.
  • 17. Clark DC, Horton-Deutsch SL. Assessment in absentia: The value of the psychological autopsy method for studying antecedents of suicide and predicting future suicides. 1992.
  • 18. Barraclough B, Bunch J, Nelson B, Sainsbury P. A hundred cases of suicide: clinical aspects. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1974;125(587):355-73.
  • 19. Appleby L, Cooper J, Amos T, Faragher B. Psychological autopsy study of suicides by people aged under 35. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;175:168-74.
  • 20. Arató M, Demeter E, Rihmer Z, Somogyi E. Retrospective psychiatric assessment of 200 suicides in Budapest. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1988;77(4):454-6.
  • 21. Beskow J. Suicide and mental disorder in Swedish men. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1979.
  • 22. Cavanagh JTO, Owens D, Johnstone E. Suicide and undetermined death in south east Scotland. A case–control study using the psychological autopsy method. Psychological medicine. 1999;29(5):1141-9.
  • 23. Cheng AT. Mental illness and suicide: a case-control study in East Taiwan. Archives of general psychiatry. 1995;52(7):594-603.
  • 24. Apter A, Bleich A, King RA, Kron S, Fluch A, Kotler M, et al. Death without warning?: a clinical postmortem study of suicide in 43 Israeli adolescent males. Archives of general psychiatry. 1993;50(2):138-42.
  • 25. Vijayakumar L, Rajkumar S. Are risk factors for suicide universal? A case‐control study in India. Acta psychiatrica scandinavica. 1999;99(6):407-11.
  • 26. Rich CL, Young D, Fowler RC. San Diego suicide study: I. Young vs old subjects. Archives of general psychiatry. 1986;43(6):577-82.
  • 27. LÖNNQVIST JK, HENRIKSSON MM, SISOMETSÄ ET, MARTTUNEN MJ, HEIKKINEN ME, Aro HM, et al. Mental disorders and suicide prevention. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 1995;49:S111-S6.
  • 28. Erbay LG, Celbiş O, Oruç M, Karlıdağ R. Adli Tıp Kurumu Malatya Grup Başkanlığı’na gelen tamamlanmış intihar olgularının psikolojik otopsi yöntemi ile incelenmesi. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC MEDICINE. 2020;34:1.
  • 29. Altindag A, Ozkan M, Oto R. Suicide in Batman, Southeastern Turkey. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 2005;35(4):478-82.
  • 30. Demir S, Yazar ME, Dereli AK, Acar K. Denizli'deki İntihar Ölümlerinin Analizi 10 Yıllık Retrospektif Otopsi Çalışması. The Bulletin of Legal Medicine. 2018;23(2):93-9.
  • 31. Ak M, Özmenler KN, Özsahin A. Psikolojik otopsi ve Türkiye'deki uygulamalari/Psychological autopsy and its practices in Turkey. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2009;10(4):332.
  • 32. DİLSİZ A. Bir ruhsal otopsi denemesi. Kriz Dergisi. 1994;2(1):218-22.
  • 33. EŞSİZOĞLU A, SERCAN M. İntihara Azmettirme, Teşvik, Yardım ve İntihar Kararını Kuvvetlendirme İddiasında Adli Psikiyatrik Değerlendirme: Bir Olgu Sunumu.
  • 34. UĞURLU TT, BALTACI AS, AKÇA A, ACAR K. Covid-19 ile İlişkili Bir Özkıyım Olgusu.
  • 35. Ekici G, Savas H, Citak S. Intihar riskini artıran psikososyal etmenler. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2001;2(4):204-12.
  • 36. Oğuzhanoğlu NK, Uğurlu TT, Acar K, Atesci F. A psychological and social perspective on completed suicides in western Anatolia, Turkey: A case-control psychological autopsy study. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences. 2018;31(4):331.
  • 37. Özgüven H, Sercan M, (2019), İntiharı anlama ve müdahale. 1.baskı. Ankara.
  • 38. Hjelmeland H, Dieserud G, Dyregrov K, Knizek BL, Leenaars AA. Psychological autopsy studies as diagnostic tools: are they methodologically flawed? Death studies. 2012;36(7):605-26.
  • 39. Sher L. Psychological autopsy studies: past, present, and future. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2013;47(9):884- . 40. CİHANGİR M. AHMET MİTHAT EFENDİ VE ORHAN OKAY’IN GÖZÜNDEN BEŞİR FUAD’IN İNTİHARI. Hikmet-Akademik Edebiyat Dergisi. (Prof. Dr. M. Orhan Okay Özel Sayısı):310-31.
  • 41. Paksoy H. Orhan Okay’ın Açtığı Yolda Beşir Fuad ve Metafizik Başkaldırı. TYB Akademi Dil Edebiyat ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2018;22(22):109-22.
  • 42. Özlü T. Yeryüzüne Dayanabilmek İçin. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları; 2015.
  • 43. Birt C, Bille‐Brahe U, Cabecadas M, Chishti P, Corcoran P, Elgie R, et al. Suicide mortality in the European Union. The European Journal of Public Health. 2003;13(2):108-14.
  • 44. Aslan M, Hocaoglu Ç. Yaslilarda Intihar Davranisi/Suicidal Behavior in Elderly. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar. 2014;6(3):294.
  • 45. Özer E, Gümüş B, Balandiz H, Kırcı GS, Aydoğdu Hİ, Tetikçok R. Evaluation of geriatric suicides in Turkey. Journal of forensic and legal medicine. 2016;44:158-61.
  • 46. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2008;31(2):333-56.
  • 47. Shin KM, Cho S-M, Hong CH, Park KS, Shin YM, Lim KY, et al. Suicide among the elderly and associated factors in South Korea. Aging & mental health. 2013;17(1):109-14.
  • 48. Yuryev A, Leppik L, Tooding L-M, Sisask M, Värnik P, Wu J, et al. Social inclusion affects elderly suicide mortality. International Psychogeriatrics. 2010;22(8):1337-43.
  • 49. Chen Y-J, Tsai Y-F, Ku Y-C, Lee S-H, Lee H-L. Perceived reasons for, opinions about, and suggestions for elders considering suicide: elderly outpatients’ perspectives. Aging & mental health. 2014;18(5):593-9.
  • 50. Turecki G, Brent DA. Suicide and suicidal behaviour. The Lancet. 2016;387(10024):1227-39.
  • 51. Sussman MP, Jones SE, Wilson TW, Kann L. The youth risk behavior surveillance system: updating policy and program applications. Journal of School Health. 2002;72(1):13-7.
  • 52. Yilmaz A. Victims, Villains and Guardian Angels–Batman suicide stories. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture. 2004;1(1).. Female and male suicides in Batman, Turkey: Poverty, social change, patriarchal oppression and gender links. 2003.
  • 53. Bagli M, Sev'er A. Female and male suicides in Batman, Turkey: Poverty, social change, patriarchal oppression and gender links. 2003.
  • 54. Çalık KY, Aktaş S. Gebelikte depresyon: sıklık, risk faktörleri ve tedavisi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. 2011;3(1):142-62.
  • 55. Bálint L, Osváth P, Rihmer Z, Döme P. Associations between marital and educational status and risk of completed suicide in Hungary. Journal of affective disorders. 2016;190:777-83.
  • 56. Lester D. Suicide and islam. Archives of suicide research. 2006;10(1):77-97.
  • 57. Shah A, Chandia M. The relationship between suicide and Islam: a cross-national study. Journal of Injury and Violence Research. 2010;2(2):93.
  • 58. Rezaeian M. Islam and suicide: A short personal communication. OMEGA-Journal of death and dying. 2009;58(1):77-85.
  • 59. Simpson ME, Conklin GH. Socioeconomic development, suicide and religion: a test of Durkheim's theory of religion and suicide. Social Forces. 1989;67(4):945-64.
  • 60. Daradkeh T. Parasuicide during Ramadan in Jordan. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1992;86(3):253-4.
  • 61. Lorant V, Kunst AE, Huisman M, Bopp M, Mackenbach J, Group EW. A European comparative study of marital status and socio-economic inequalities in suicide. Social science & medicine. 2005;60(11):2431-41.
  • 62. Lewis SA, Johnson J, Cohen P, Garcia M, Velez CN. Attempted suicide in youth: its relationship to school achievement, educational goals, and socioeconomic status. Journal of abnormal child psychology. 1988;16(4):459-71.
  • 63. Kawashima D, Kawamoto S, Shiraga K, Kawano K. Is suicide beautiful? Crisis. 2019.
  • 64. Abel EL, Kruger ML. Educational attainment and suicide rates in the United States. Psychological Reports. 2005;97(1):25-8.
  • 65. Azmak AD. Suicides in Trakya region, Turkey, from 1984 to 2004. Medicine, science and the law. 2006;46(1):19-30.
  • 66. ERKOL Z. Kahramanmaras ili'ndeki intihar orijinli olum olgularinin analizi (Analysis of suicidal death cases in the city of Kahramanmaras). Turkiye Klinikleri: Adli Tip (J Forensic Med). 2007;4:7-16.
  • 67. Metin A, Çileli G, Koçar İ, Dokgöz H. Mersin İlinde Gerçekleşen İntihar Olgularının Sosyodemoğrafik Özellikleri. The Bulletin of Legal Medicine. 2014;19(1):49-52.
  • 68. Demirci Ş, Günaydın G, Doğan KH. Konya’da 2000-2005 Yılları Arasında Gerçekleşen İntihar Orijinli Ölüm Olgularının Retrospektif Değerlendirilmesi. The Bulletin of Legal Medicine. 2007;12(2):62-7.
  • 69. Bolton JM, Gunnell D, Turecki G. Suicide risk assessment and intervention in people with mental illness. Bmj. 2015;351.

Tamamlanmış İntihar Olgularında Psikolojik Otopsi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 44 Sayı: 4, 593 - 600, 19.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1022534

Öz

Psikolojik otopsi, tamamlanmış intihar kurbanlarıyla ilgili geriye dönük kapsamlı bilgilerin toplandığı bir araştırma yöntemini ifade eder. Psikolojik otopsi; intihar kurbanının aile üyeleri, yakınları, sosyal ve iş arkadaşları ile görüşmeleri, kişiye ait hastane, polis, banka ve iş kayıtlarının araştırılması gibi incelemelerin tümünü kapsar.
Tamamlanmış intihar olgularında, psikolojik otopsi yöntemi eksiksiz olarak uygulanmalıdır. Kişinin demografik verileri, sosyo-ekonomik ve sosyo-kültürel durumu, yaşadığı toplum içindeki konumu, fiziksel veya ruhsal sağlığı ve tüm bunların intihar ile ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi yapılmalıdır. Bu aynı toplumdaki intihar sürecinin aydınlatılmasına, toplumsal ruh sağlığı ile ilgili daha fazla bilgi sahibi olunmasına ve en önemlisi de önlenebilir durumdaki intihar olgularının belirlenmesi ve önlenmesine katkı sağlayacaktır. Çoğu ülkede yaygın bir yöntem olarak kullanılan psikolojik otopsi yönteminin, intihar epidemiyolojisine ışık tuttuğu fakat maalesef ülkemizde bu yöntemin yaygınlaşmadığı görülmektedir. Bu derlemede, psikolojik otopsi tüm yönleri ile irdelenmeye çalışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Taktak Ş, Üzün I, BALCIOĞLU İ. İstanbul'da tamamlanmış intihar olgularının psikolojik otopsisi. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2012;13(2).
  • 2. Suicide worldwide in 2019. [Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240026643.
  • 3. Mann JJ, Apter A, Bertolote J, Beautrais A, Currier D, Haas A, et al. Suicide prevention strategies: a systematic review. Jama. 2005;294(16):2064-74.
  • 4. Pritchard C. Youth suicide and gender in Australia and New Zealand compared with countries of the Western world 1973-1987. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1992;26(4):609-17.
  • 5. KARATAŞ S. Pandemi Sürecinde İntihar: Riskli Gruplara Yönelik Bir Değerlendirme ve Yaklaşım.
  • 6. TÜİK 2018 ölüm istatistikleri [Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Olum-Istatistikleri-2018.
  • 7. Chehil S, Kutcher SP. Suicide risk management: A manual for health professionals: John Wiley & Sons; 2012.
  • 8. Turecki G, Brent DA, Gunnell D, O’Connor RC, Oquendo MA, Pirkis J, et al. Suicide and suicide risk. Nature reviews Disease primers. 2019;5(1):1-22.
  • 9. Karbeyaz K, Toygar M, Çelikel A. Completed suicide among University student in Eskisehir, Turkey. Journal of forensic and legal medicine. 2016;44:111-5.
  • 10. Scripcaru V, Bulgaru Iliescu D, Birlescu EA, Scripcaru C. Suicide Epidemiology Depending on Socio-Climate Changes. Eur JL & Pub Admin. 2020;7:68.
  • 11. Karbeyaz K, Çelikel A, Emiral E, Emiral GÖ. Elderly suicide in Eskisehir, Turkey. Journal of forensic and legal medicine. 2017;52:12-5.
  • 12. Karbeyaz K, Akkaya H, Balci Y. Analysis of suicide deaths in a 15-year period in Eskisehir, western Anatolia, Turkey and the determination of risk factors. Annals of Saudi medicine. 2013;33(4):377-81.
  • 13. Forte A, Trobia F, Gualtieri F, Lamis DA, Cardamone G, Giallonardo V, et al. Suicide risk among immigrants and ethnic minorities: a literature overview. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2018;15(7):1438.
  • 14. Isometsa ET. Psychological autopsy studies--a review. Eur Psychiatry. 2001;16(7):379-85.
  • 15. Robins E, Murphy GE, Wilkinson Jr RH, Gassner S, Kayes J. Some clinical considerations in the prevention of suicide based on a study of 134 successful suicides. American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health. 1959;49(7):888-99.
  • 16. Dorpat TL, Ripley HS. A study of suicide in the Seattle area. Comprehensive psychiatry. 1960;1(6):349-59.
  • 17. Clark DC, Horton-Deutsch SL. Assessment in absentia: The value of the psychological autopsy method for studying antecedents of suicide and predicting future suicides. 1992.
  • 18. Barraclough B, Bunch J, Nelson B, Sainsbury P. A hundred cases of suicide: clinical aspects. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1974;125(587):355-73.
  • 19. Appleby L, Cooper J, Amos T, Faragher B. Psychological autopsy study of suicides by people aged under 35. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;175:168-74.
  • 20. Arató M, Demeter E, Rihmer Z, Somogyi E. Retrospective psychiatric assessment of 200 suicides in Budapest. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1988;77(4):454-6.
  • 21. Beskow J. Suicide and mental disorder in Swedish men. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1979.
  • 22. Cavanagh JTO, Owens D, Johnstone E. Suicide and undetermined death in south east Scotland. A case–control study using the psychological autopsy method. Psychological medicine. 1999;29(5):1141-9.
  • 23. Cheng AT. Mental illness and suicide: a case-control study in East Taiwan. Archives of general psychiatry. 1995;52(7):594-603.
  • 24. Apter A, Bleich A, King RA, Kron S, Fluch A, Kotler M, et al. Death without warning?: a clinical postmortem study of suicide in 43 Israeli adolescent males. Archives of general psychiatry. 1993;50(2):138-42.
  • 25. Vijayakumar L, Rajkumar S. Are risk factors for suicide universal? A case‐control study in India. Acta psychiatrica scandinavica. 1999;99(6):407-11.
  • 26. Rich CL, Young D, Fowler RC. San Diego suicide study: I. Young vs old subjects. Archives of general psychiatry. 1986;43(6):577-82.
  • 27. LÖNNQVIST JK, HENRIKSSON MM, SISOMETSÄ ET, MARTTUNEN MJ, HEIKKINEN ME, Aro HM, et al. Mental disorders and suicide prevention. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 1995;49:S111-S6.
  • 28. Erbay LG, Celbiş O, Oruç M, Karlıdağ R. Adli Tıp Kurumu Malatya Grup Başkanlığı’na gelen tamamlanmış intihar olgularının psikolojik otopsi yöntemi ile incelenmesi. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC MEDICINE. 2020;34:1.
  • 29. Altindag A, Ozkan M, Oto R. Suicide in Batman, Southeastern Turkey. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 2005;35(4):478-82.
  • 30. Demir S, Yazar ME, Dereli AK, Acar K. Denizli'deki İntihar Ölümlerinin Analizi 10 Yıllık Retrospektif Otopsi Çalışması. The Bulletin of Legal Medicine. 2018;23(2):93-9.
  • 31. Ak M, Özmenler KN, Özsahin A. Psikolojik otopsi ve Türkiye'deki uygulamalari/Psychological autopsy and its practices in Turkey. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2009;10(4):332.
  • 32. DİLSİZ A. Bir ruhsal otopsi denemesi. Kriz Dergisi. 1994;2(1):218-22.
  • 33. EŞSİZOĞLU A, SERCAN M. İntihara Azmettirme, Teşvik, Yardım ve İntihar Kararını Kuvvetlendirme İddiasında Adli Psikiyatrik Değerlendirme: Bir Olgu Sunumu.
  • 34. UĞURLU TT, BALTACI AS, AKÇA A, ACAR K. Covid-19 ile İlişkili Bir Özkıyım Olgusu.
  • 35. Ekici G, Savas H, Citak S. Intihar riskini artıran psikososyal etmenler. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2001;2(4):204-12.
  • 36. Oğuzhanoğlu NK, Uğurlu TT, Acar K, Atesci F. A psychological and social perspective on completed suicides in western Anatolia, Turkey: A case-control psychological autopsy study. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences. 2018;31(4):331.
  • 37. Özgüven H, Sercan M, (2019), İntiharı anlama ve müdahale. 1.baskı. Ankara.
  • 38. Hjelmeland H, Dieserud G, Dyregrov K, Knizek BL, Leenaars AA. Psychological autopsy studies as diagnostic tools: are they methodologically flawed? Death studies. 2012;36(7):605-26.
  • 39. Sher L. Psychological autopsy studies: past, present, and future. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2013;47(9):884- . 40. CİHANGİR M. AHMET MİTHAT EFENDİ VE ORHAN OKAY’IN GÖZÜNDEN BEŞİR FUAD’IN İNTİHARI. Hikmet-Akademik Edebiyat Dergisi. (Prof. Dr. M. Orhan Okay Özel Sayısı):310-31.
  • 41. Paksoy H. Orhan Okay’ın Açtığı Yolda Beşir Fuad ve Metafizik Başkaldırı. TYB Akademi Dil Edebiyat ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2018;22(22):109-22.
  • 42. Özlü T. Yeryüzüne Dayanabilmek İçin. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları; 2015.
  • 43. Birt C, Bille‐Brahe U, Cabecadas M, Chishti P, Corcoran P, Elgie R, et al. Suicide mortality in the European Union. The European Journal of Public Health. 2003;13(2):108-14.
  • 44. Aslan M, Hocaoglu Ç. Yaslilarda Intihar Davranisi/Suicidal Behavior in Elderly. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar. 2014;6(3):294.
  • 45. Özer E, Gümüş B, Balandiz H, Kırcı GS, Aydoğdu Hİ, Tetikçok R. Evaluation of geriatric suicides in Turkey. Journal of forensic and legal medicine. 2016;44:158-61.
  • 46. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2008;31(2):333-56.
  • 47. Shin KM, Cho S-M, Hong CH, Park KS, Shin YM, Lim KY, et al. Suicide among the elderly and associated factors in South Korea. Aging & mental health. 2013;17(1):109-14.
  • 48. Yuryev A, Leppik L, Tooding L-M, Sisask M, Värnik P, Wu J, et al. Social inclusion affects elderly suicide mortality. International Psychogeriatrics. 2010;22(8):1337-43.
  • 49. Chen Y-J, Tsai Y-F, Ku Y-C, Lee S-H, Lee H-L. Perceived reasons for, opinions about, and suggestions for elders considering suicide: elderly outpatients’ perspectives. Aging & mental health. 2014;18(5):593-9.
  • 50. Turecki G, Brent DA. Suicide and suicidal behaviour. The Lancet. 2016;387(10024):1227-39.
  • 51. Sussman MP, Jones SE, Wilson TW, Kann L. The youth risk behavior surveillance system: updating policy and program applications. Journal of School Health. 2002;72(1):13-7.
  • 52. Yilmaz A. Victims, Villains and Guardian Angels–Batman suicide stories. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture. 2004;1(1).. Female and male suicides in Batman, Turkey: Poverty, social change, patriarchal oppression and gender links. 2003.
  • 53. Bagli M, Sev'er A. Female and male suicides in Batman, Turkey: Poverty, social change, patriarchal oppression and gender links. 2003.
  • 54. Çalık KY, Aktaş S. Gebelikte depresyon: sıklık, risk faktörleri ve tedavisi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. 2011;3(1):142-62.
  • 55. Bálint L, Osváth P, Rihmer Z, Döme P. Associations between marital and educational status and risk of completed suicide in Hungary. Journal of affective disorders. 2016;190:777-83.
  • 56. Lester D. Suicide and islam. Archives of suicide research. 2006;10(1):77-97.
  • 57. Shah A, Chandia M. The relationship between suicide and Islam: a cross-national study. Journal of Injury and Violence Research. 2010;2(2):93.
  • 58. Rezaeian M. Islam and suicide: A short personal communication. OMEGA-Journal of death and dying. 2009;58(1):77-85.
  • 59. Simpson ME, Conklin GH. Socioeconomic development, suicide and religion: a test of Durkheim's theory of religion and suicide. Social Forces. 1989;67(4):945-64.
  • 60. Daradkeh T. Parasuicide during Ramadan in Jordan. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1992;86(3):253-4.
  • 61. Lorant V, Kunst AE, Huisman M, Bopp M, Mackenbach J, Group EW. A European comparative study of marital status and socio-economic inequalities in suicide. Social science & medicine. 2005;60(11):2431-41.
  • 62. Lewis SA, Johnson J, Cohen P, Garcia M, Velez CN. Attempted suicide in youth: its relationship to school achievement, educational goals, and socioeconomic status. Journal of abnormal child psychology. 1988;16(4):459-71.
  • 63. Kawashima D, Kawamoto S, Shiraga K, Kawano K. Is suicide beautiful? Crisis. 2019.
  • 64. Abel EL, Kruger ML. Educational attainment and suicide rates in the United States. Psychological Reports. 2005;97(1):25-8.
  • 65. Azmak AD. Suicides in Trakya region, Turkey, from 1984 to 2004. Medicine, science and the law. 2006;46(1):19-30.
  • 66. ERKOL Z. Kahramanmaras ili'ndeki intihar orijinli olum olgularinin analizi (Analysis of suicidal death cases in the city of Kahramanmaras). Turkiye Klinikleri: Adli Tip (J Forensic Med). 2007;4:7-16.
  • 67. Metin A, Çileli G, Koçar İ, Dokgöz H. Mersin İlinde Gerçekleşen İntihar Olgularının Sosyodemoğrafik Özellikleri. The Bulletin of Legal Medicine. 2014;19(1):49-52.
  • 68. Demirci Ş, Günaydın G, Doğan KH. Konya’da 2000-2005 Yılları Arasında Gerçekleşen İntihar Orijinli Ölüm Olgularının Retrospektif Değerlendirilmesi. The Bulletin of Legal Medicine. 2007;12(2):62-7.
  • 69. Bolton JM, Gunnell D, Turecki G. Suicide risk assessment and intervention in people with mental illness. Bmj. 2015;351.
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm DERLEMELER / REVIEWS
Yazarlar

Tuğçen Demircan 0000-0001-7331-7234

Kenan Karbeyaz 0000-0001-6009-0739

Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 44 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Demircan T, Karbeyaz K. Tamamlanmış İntihar Olgularında Psikolojik Otopsi. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi. 2022;44(4):593-600.


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