Cardivascular diseases of HIV/AIDS patients
Yıl 2017,
, 31 - 46, 30.09.2017
Oğuz Karabay
,
Meltem Karabay
Öz
Heart diseases in AIDS patients are more frequent than
in normal population. Viral replication increases inflammation, and events
triggered by inflammation increase cardiovascular disease. Although AIDS treatment reduces the incidence
of cardiovascular disease in patients, the risk of cardiovascular disease
continues. In this article, the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases in
AIDS patients will be summarized.
Kaynakça
- Phillips AN, Neaton J, Lundgren JD. The role of HIV in serious diseases other than AIDS. AIDS 2008;22(18):2409–18.
- Hsue PY, Deeks SG, Hunt PW. Immunologic basis of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected adults. J Infect Dis 2012;205 Suppl 3:S375–82.
- Triant VA, Lee H, Hadigan C, Grinspoon SK. Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(7):2506–12.
- Hansson GK. Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, and Coronary Artery Disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352(16):1685–95.
- Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy (SMART) Study Group, El-Sadr WM, Lundgren J, Neaton JD, Gordin F, Abrams D, Arduino RC, Babiker A, Burman W, Clumeck N, Cohen CJ, Cohn D, Cooper D, Darbyshire J, Emery S, Fätkenheuer G, Gazzard B, Grund B, Hoy J, Klingman K, Losso M, Markowitz N, Neuhaus J, Phillips A, Rappoport C. CD4 Count–Guided Interruption of Antiretroviral Treatment. N Engl J Med 2006;355(22):2283–96.
- Kuller LH, Tracy R, Belloso W, et al. Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection. PLoS Med 2008;5(10):e203.
- Ford ES, Greenwald JH, Richterman AG, et al. Traditional risk factors and D-dimer predict incident cardiovascular disease events in chronic HIV infection. AIDS 2010;24(10):1509–17.
- Gupta SK, Mi D, Dubé MP, et al. Pentoxifylline, inflammation, and endothelial function in HIV-infected persons: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One 2013;8(4):e60852.
- Gupta SK, Johnson RM, Saha C, et al. Improvement in HIV-related endothelial dysfunction using the anti-inflammatory agent salsalate: a pilot study. AIDS 2008;22(5):653–5.
- Hsue PY, Hunt PW, Schnell A, et al. Role of viral replication, antiretroviral therapy, and immunodeficiency in HIV-associated atherosclerosis. AIDS 2009;23(9):1059–67.
- Torriani FJ, Komarow L, Parker RA, et al. Endothelial function in human immunodeficiency virus-infected antiretroviral-naive subjects before and after starting potent antiretroviral therapy: The ACTG (AIDS Clinical Trials Group) Study 5152s. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52(7):569–76.
- The Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy (SMART) Study Group. Inferior Clinical Outcome of the CD4 Cell Count–Guided Antiretroviral Treatment Interruption Strategy in the SMART Study: Role of CD4 Cell Counts and HIV RNA Levels during Follow‐up. J Infect Dis 2008;197(8):1145–55.
- Lichtenstein KA, Armon C, Buchacz K, et al. Low CD4 T Cell Count Is a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease Events in the HIV Outpatient Study. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51(4):435–47.
- Triant VA, Regan S, Lee H, Sax PE, Meigs JB, Grinspoon SK. Association of Immunologic and Virologic Factors With Myocardial Infarction Rates in a US Healthcare System. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2010;55(5):615–9.
- Hsue PY, Lo JC, Franklin A, et al. Progression of atherosclerosis as assessed by carotid intima-media thickness in patients with HIV infection. Circulation 2004;109(13):1603–8.
- Abrams D, Levy Y, Losso MH, et al. Interleukin-2 Therapy in Patients with HIV Infection. N Engl J Med 2009;361(16):1548–59.
- Cohen J. Faculty of 1000 evaluation for Broadly targeted human cytomegalovirus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells dominate the memory compartments of exposed subjects [Internet]. F1000 - Post-publication peer review of the biomedical literature. 2005;Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3410/f.1027932.335868
- Hunt PW, Martin JN, Sinclair E, et al. Valganciclovir Reduces T Cell Activation in HIV-Infected Individuals With Incomplete CD4 T Cell Recovery on Antiretroviral Therapy. J Infect Dis 2011;203(10):1474–83.
- Hsue PY, Hunt PW, Sinclair E, et al. Increased carotid intima-media thickness in HIV patients is associated with increased cytomegalovirus-specific T-cell responses. AIDS 2006;20(18):2275–83.
- Parrinello CM, Sinclair E, Landay AL, et al. Cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin G Antibody Is Associated With Subclinical Carotid Artery Disease Among HIV-Infected Women. J Infect Dis 2012;205(12):1788–96.
- Bedimo R, Westfall AO, Mugavero M, Drechsler H, Khanna N, Saag M. Hepatitis C virus coinfection and the risk of cardiovascular disease among HIV-infected patients. HIV Med [Internet] 2010;Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00815.x
- Slim AM, Thomas H, Parish R, Mansi I. Comparison of outcomes of illicit drug users and nonusers hospitalized with heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2012;110(4):558–61.
- The Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) Study Group. HBV or HCV coinfections and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected individuals: the D:A:D Cohort Study. Antivir Ther 2010;15(8):1077–86.
- Eckard AR, McComsey GA. The role of statins in the setting of HIV infection. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2015;12(3):305–12.
- Eron JJ, Young B, Cooper DA, et al. Switch to a raltegravir-based regimen versus continuation of a lopinavir-ritonavir-based regimen in stable HIV-infected patients with suppressed viraemia (SWITCHMRK 1 and 2): two multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2010;375(9712):396–407.
- Pedersen KK, Pedersen M, Trøseid M, et al. Microbial Translocation in HIV Infection Is Associated With Dyslipidemia, Insulin Resistance, and Risk of Myocardial Infarction. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2014;66(3):e71.
- Lee GA, Seneviratne T, Noor MA, et al. The metabolic effects of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-negative men. AIDS 2004;18(4):641–9.
- Arathoon E, Schneider S, Baraldi E, et al. Effects of once-daily darunavir/ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir on metabolic parameters in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients at week 96: ARTEMIS. Int J STD AIDS 2013;24(1):12–7.
- Moore RD, Bartlett JG, Gallant JE. Association between use of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors and mortality in HIV-infected patients. PLoS One 2011;6(7):e21843.
- Ganesan A, Crum-Cianflone N, Higgins J, et al. High dose atorvastatin decreases cellular markers of immune activation without affecting HIV-1 RNA levels: results of a double-blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. J Infect Dis 2011;203(6):756–64.
- Riddler SA, Smit E, Cole SR, et al. Impact of HIV infection and HAART on serum lipids in men. JAMA 2003;289(22):2978–82.
- Smith C, Sabin CA, Lundgren JD, et al. Factors associated with specific causes of death amongst HIV-positive individuals in the D:A:D Study. AIDS 2010;24(10):1537–48.
- Baker JV, Sharma S, Achhra AC, et al. Changes in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors With Immediate Versus Deferred Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation Among HIV-Positive Participants in the START (Strategic Timing of Antiretroviral Treatment) Trial. J Am Heart Assoc [Internet] 2017;6(5). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004987
- Lipshultz SE, Easley KA, Orav EJ, et al. Cardiac dysfunction and mortality in HIV-infected children: The Prospective P2C2 HIV Multicenter Study. Pediatric Pulmonary and Cardiac Complications of Vertically Transmitted HIV Infection (P2C2 HIV) Study Group. Circulation 2000;102(13):1542–8.
- Lanjewar DN, Katdare GA, Jain PP, Hira SK. Pathology of the heart in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Indian Heart J 1998;50(3):321–5.
- Lee H, Hanes J, Johnson KA. Toxicity of nucleoside analogues used to treat AIDS and the selectivity of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase. Biochemistry 2003;42(50):14711–9.
- Mateen FJ, Kanters S, Kalyesubula R, et al. Hypertension prevalence and Framingham risk score stratification in a large HIV-positive cohort in Uganda. J Hypertens 2013;31(7):1372–8.
- Ssinabulya I, Kayima J, Longenecker C, et al. Subclinical atherosclerosis among HIV-infected adults attending HIV/AIDS care at two large ambulatory HIV clinics in Uganda. PLoS One 2014;9(2):e89537.
- Dimala CA, Atashili J, Mbuagbaw JC, Wilfred A, Monekosso GL. Prevalence of Hypertension in HIV/AIDS Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) Compared with HAART-Naïve Patients at the Limbe Regional Hospital, Cameroon. PLoS One 2016;11(2):e0148100.
- Islam FM, Wu J, Jansson J, Wilson DP. Relative risk of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. HIV Med 2012;13(8):453–68.
HIV/AIDS Hastalarında Kalp ve Damar Hastalıkları
Yıl 2017,
, 31 - 46, 30.09.2017
Oğuz Karabay
,
Meltem Karabay
Öz
AIDS hastalarında kalp ve
damar hastalıkları normal topluma göre daha sıktır. Virüsün üremesi
enflamasyonu arttırmakta, enflamasyonun tetiklediği olaylar da kalp ve damar
hastalıkları arttırmaktadır. AIDS tedavisi hastalarda görülen kalp damar
hastalıklarına sıklığını azaltsa da
kardiyovasküler hastalık riski sürmektedir. Bu yazıda AIDS hastalarında
ki kardiyovasküler hastalıklar özetlenmeye çalışılacaktır.
Kaynakça
- Phillips AN, Neaton J, Lundgren JD. The role of HIV in serious diseases other than AIDS. AIDS 2008;22(18):2409–18.
- Hsue PY, Deeks SG, Hunt PW. Immunologic basis of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected adults. J Infect Dis 2012;205 Suppl 3:S375–82.
- Triant VA, Lee H, Hadigan C, Grinspoon SK. Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(7):2506–12.
- Hansson GK. Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, and Coronary Artery Disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352(16):1685–95.
- Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy (SMART) Study Group, El-Sadr WM, Lundgren J, Neaton JD, Gordin F, Abrams D, Arduino RC, Babiker A, Burman W, Clumeck N, Cohen CJ, Cohn D, Cooper D, Darbyshire J, Emery S, Fätkenheuer G, Gazzard B, Grund B, Hoy J, Klingman K, Losso M, Markowitz N, Neuhaus J, Phillips A, Rappoport C. CD4 Count–Guided Interruption of Antiretroviral Treatment. N Engl J Med 2006;355(22):2283–96.
- Kuller LH, Tracy R, Belloso W, et al. Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection. PLoS Med 2008;5(10):e203.
- Ford ES, Greenwald JH, Richterman AG, et al. Traditional risk factors and D-dimer predict incident cardiovascular disease events in chronic HIV infection. AIDS 2010;24(10):1509–17.
- Gupta SK, Mi D, Dubé MP, et al. Pentoxifylline, inflammation, and endothelial function in HIV-infected persons: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One 2013;8(4):e60852.
- Gupta SK, Johnson RM, Saha C, et al. Improvement in HIV-related endothelial dysfunction using the anti-inflammatory agent salsalate: a pilot study. AIDS 2008;22(5):653–5.
- Hsue PY, Hunt PW, Schnell A, et al. Role of viral replication, antiretroviral therapy, and immunodeficiency in HIV-associated atherosclerosis. AIDS 2009;23(9):1059–67.
- Torriani FJ, Komarow L, Parker RA, et al. Endothelial function in human immunodeficiency virus-infected antiretroviral-naive subjects before and after starting potent antiretroviral therapy: The ACTG (AIDS Clinical Trials Group) Study 5152s. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52(7):569–76.
- The Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy (SMART) Study Group. Inferior Clinical Outcome of the CD4 Cell Count–Guided Antiretroviral Treatment Interruption Strategy in the SMART Study: Role of CD4 Cell Counts and HIV RNA Levels during Follow‐up. J Infect Dis 2008;197(8):1145–55.
- Lichtenstein KA, Armon C, Buchacz K, et al. Low CD4 T Cell Count Is a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease Events in the HIV Outpatient Study. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51(4):435–47.
- Triant VA, Regan S, Lee H, Sax PE, Meigs JB, Grinspoon SK. Association of Immunologic and Virologic Factors With Myocardial Infarction Rates in a US Healthcare System. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2010;55(5):615–9.
- Hsue PY, Lo JC, Franklin A, et al. Progression of atherosclerosis as assessed by carotid intima-media thickness in patients with HIV infection. Circulation 2004;109(13):1603–8.
- Abrams D, Levy Y, Losso MH, et al. Interleukin-2 Therapy in Patients with HIV Infection. N Engl J Med 2009;361(16):1548–59.
- Cohen J. Faculty of 1000 evaluation for Broadly targeted human cytomegalovirus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells dominate the memory compartments of exposed subjects [Internet]. F1000 - Post-publication peer review of the biomedical literature. 2005;Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3410/f.1027932.335868
- Hunt PW, Martin JN, Sinclair E, et al. Valganciclovir Reduces T Cell Activation in HIV-Infected Individuals With Incomplete CD4 T Cell Recovery on Antiretroviral Therapy. J Infect Dis 2011;203(10):1474–83.
- Hsue PY, Hunt PW, Sinclair E, et al. Increased carotid intima-media thickness in HIV patients is associated with increased cytomegalovirus-specific T-cell responses. AIDS 2006;20(18):2275–83.
- Parrinello CM, Sinclair E, Landay AL, et al. Cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin G Antibody Is Associated With Subclinical Carotid Artery Disease Among HIV-Infected Women. J Infect Dis 2012;205(12):1788–96.
- Bedimo R, Westfall AO, Mugavero M, Drechsler H, Khanna N, Saag M. Hepatitis C virus coinfection and the risk of cardiovascular disease among HIV-infected patients. HIV Med [Internet] 2010;Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00815.x
- Slim AM, Thomas H, Parish R, Mansi I. Comparison of outcomes of illicit drug users and nonusers hospitalized with heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2012;110(4):558–61.
- The Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) Study Group. HBV or HCV coinfections and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected individuals: the D:A:D Cohort Study. Antivir Ther 2010;15(8):1077–86.
- Eckard AR, McComsey GA. The role of statins in the setting of HIV infection. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2015;12(3):305–12.
- Eron JJ, Young B, Cooper DA, et al. Switch to a raltegravir-based regimen versus continuation of a lopinavir-ritonavir-based regimen in stable HIV-infected patients with suppressed viraemia (SWITCHMRK 1 and 2): two multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2010;375(9712):396–407.
- Pedersen KK, Pedersen M, Trøseid M, et al. Microbial Translocation in HIV Infection Is Associated With Dyslipidemia, Insulin Resistance, and Risk of Myocardial Infarction. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2014;66(3):e71.
- Lee GA, Seneviratne T, Noor MA, et al. The metabolic effects of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-negative men. AIDS 2004;18(4):641–9.
- Arathoon E, Schneider S, Baraldi E, et al. Effects of once-daily darunavir/ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir on metabolic parameters in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients at week 96: ARTEMIS. Int J STD AIDS 2013;24(1):12–7.
- Moore RD, Bartlett JG, Gallant JE. Association between use of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors and mortality in HIV-infected patients. PLoS One 2011;6(7):e21843.
- Ganesan A, Crum-Cianflone N, Higgins J, et al. High dose atorvastatin decreases cellular markers of immune activation without affecting HIV-1 RNA levels: results of a double-blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. J Infect Dis 2011;203(6):756–64.
- Riddler SA, Smit E, Cole SR, et al. Impact of HIV infection and HAART on serum lipids in men. JAMA 2003;289(22):2978–82.
- Smith C, Sabin CA, Lundgren JD, et al. Factors associated with specific causes of death amongst HIV-positive individuals in the D:A:D Study. AIDS 2010;24(10):1537–48.
- Baker JV, Sharma S, Achhra AC, et al. Changes in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors With Immediate Versus Deferred Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation Among HIV-Positive Participants in the START (Strategic Timing of Antiretroviral Treatment) Trial. J Am Heart Assoc [Internet] 2017;6(5). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004987
- Lipshultz SE, Easley KA, Orav EJ, et al. Cardiac dysfunction and mortality in HIV-infected children: The Prospective P2C2 HIV Multicenter Study. Pediatric Pulmonary and Cardiac Complications of Vertically Transmitted HIV Infection (P2C2 HIV) Study Group. Circulation 2000;102(13):1542–8.
- Lanjewar DN, Katdare GA, Jain PP, Hira SK. Pathology of the heart in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Indian Heart J 1998;50(3):321–5.
- Lee H, Hanes J, Johnson KA. Toxicity of nucleoside analogues used to treat AIDS and the selectivity of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase. Biochemistry 2003;42(50):14711–9.
- Mateen FJ, Kanters S, Kalyesubula R, et al. Hypertension prevalence and Framingham risk score stratification in a large HIV-positive cohort in Uganda. J Hypertens 2013;31(7):1372–8.
- Ssinabulya I, Kayima J, Longenecker C, et al. Subclinical atherosclerosis among HIV-infected adults attending HIV/AIDS care at two large ambulatory HIV clinics in Uganda. PLoS One 2014;9(2):e89537.
- Dimala CA, Atashili J, Mbuagbaw JC, Wilfred A, Monekosso GL. Prevalence of Hypertension in HIV/AIDS Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) Compared with HAART-Naïve Patients at the Limbe Regional Hospital, Cameroon. PLoS One 2016;11(2):e0148100.
- Islam FM, Wu J, Jansson J, Wilson DP. Relative risk of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. HIV Med 2012;13(8):453–68.