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Kronik Boğaz Ağrısında Psikolojik Faktörler

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 288 - 295, 15.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.26453/otjhs.1717729

Öz

Amaç: Kronik boğaz ağrısı, kulak burun boğaz polikliniklerine başvuruların yaygın nedenlerinden biridir. Genellikle enfeksiyöz olmayan nedenler suçlansa da, birçok etiyolojik faktörle ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, kronik boğaz ağrısıyla ilişkili psikolojik faktörler, özellikle anksiyete, depresyon, somatosensoriyel amplifikasyon ve somatizasyon incelenmiştir.
Materyal ve Metot: Çalışma, kronik boğaz ağrısı olan 41 hasta ve 36 sağlıklı kontrol olmak üzere 77 katılımcıyla yürütülmüştür. Sosyodemografik veriler ve Hastane Anksiyete ve Depresyon Ölçeği (HAD), Somatizasyon Ölçeği ve Somatosensoriyel Amplifikasyon Ölçeği (SAS) kullanılarak psikolojik değerlendirmeler toplandı.
Bulgular: Gruplar arasında yaş, cinsiyet, sigara içme alışkanlıkları, psikiyatrik öykü veya devam eden psikiyatrik tedavi açısından anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır. Somatizasyon ölçeği ve SAS puanları hasta grubunda anlamlı şekilde daha yüksekti (p=0,001 ve p=0,005). Hasta ve kontrol grupları arasında HAD-A ve HAD-D skorlarında anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır. Ancak HAD-A ve SAS skorları arasında anlamlı pozitif korelasyon gözlenmiştir.
Sonuç: Psikolojik faktörler, özellikle somatosensoriyel amplifikasyon, kronik boğaz ağrısının devam etmesine katkıda bulunabilir. Bu bulgular, tanı doğruluğunu ve tedavi sonuçlarını iyileştirmek için bu tür vakaların yönetiminde psikolojik değerlendirmelerin dahil edilmesinin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Etik Beyan

Veri toplama süreci Helsinki Bildirgesi’ne uygun olarak yürütüldü. Çalışma için Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Etik Kurulu’ndan onay alındı ​​(Tarih: 12/05/2023, karar no: 2023/05-23).

Kaynakça

  • Renner B, Mueller CA, Shephard A. Environmental and non-infectious factors in the aetiology of pharyngitis (sore throat). Inflamm Res. 2012;61(10):1041-1052. doi:10.1007/s00011-012-0540-9
  • Kundu S, Dutta M, Adhikary BK, Ghosh B. Encountering Chronic Sore Throat: How Challenging is it for the Otolaryngologists?. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;71(Suppl 1):176-181. doi:10.1007/s12070-017-1191-5
  • Huang F, Liao Q, Gan X, Wen W. Correlation Between Refractory Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2022;18:925-932. doi:10.2147/NDT.S349933
  • Lin YH, Chen CY, Hong WH, Lin YC. Perceived job stress and health complaints at a bank call center: comparison between inbound and outbound services. Ind Health. 2010;48(3):349-356. doi:10.2486/indhealth.48.349
  • Zha Z, Gao S, Liu S, Hu G. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anxiety Among Adult Patients with Chronic Pharyngitis in Wuhu, China. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2023;19:1313-1319. doi:10.2147/NDT.S415938
  • Khadilkar MN, K KP, Rai T, Shenoy V, Dosemane D. Depression in patients with chronic otolaryngology symptoms - A vicious cycle. Head Face Med. 2024;20(1):68. doi:10.1186/s13005-024-00464-8
  • Kara N, Yao AC, Newton J, Deary V, O'Hara J, Wilson JA. General illness and psychological factors in patients with chronic nasal symptoms. Clin Otolaryngol. 2018;43(2):609-616. doi:10.1111/coa.13032
  • Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67(6):361-370. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
  • Aydemir Ö, Güvenir T, Küey L, Kültür S. Hastane Anksiyete ve Depresyon Ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Turk Psikiyatri Derg.1997; 8:280-7
  • Mckınley, J. Charnley; Hathaway, Starke R. The identification and measurement of the psychoneuroses in medical practice: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1943; 122.3: 161-167.
  • Dülgerler, Ş. İlköğretim Okulu Öğretmenlerinde Somatizasyon Ölçeğinin Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği. Ege University Health Sciences Institute, School of Nursing (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). Ege University; 2000.
  • Barsky AJ, Goodson JD, Lane RS, Cleary PD. The amplification of somatic symptoms. Psychosom Med. 1988;50(5):510-519. doi:10.1097/00006842-198809000-00007
  • Güleç H, Sayar K. Reliability and validity of the Turkish form of the Somatosensory Amplification Scale. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;61(1):25-30. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01606.x
  • Fung K, MacDonald AJ. Chronic Sore Throat. Functional Illness of the Head and Neck. 2023; 91-100. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-12998-8_11
  • Löwe B, Toussaint A, Rosmalen JGM, et al. Persistent physical symptoms: definition, genesis, and management. Lancet. 2024;403(10444):2649-2662. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00623-8
  • Meade E, Garvey M. The Role of Neuro-Immune Interaction in Chronic Pain Conditions; Functional Somatic Syndrome, Neurogenic Inflammation, and Peripheral Neuropathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(15):8574. doi:10.3390/ijms23158574
  • Amaro-Díaz L, Montoro CI, Fischer-Jbali LR, Galvez-Sánchez CM. Chronic Pain and Emotional Stroop: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med. 2022;11(12):3259. doi:10.3390/jcm11123259
  • Schnabel K, Petzke TM, Witthöft M. The emotion regulation process in somatic symptom disorders and related conditions - A systematic narrative review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022;97:102196. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102196
  • Ashar YK, Gordon A, Schubiner H, et al. Effect of Pain Reprocessing Therapy vs Placebo and Usual Care for Patients With Chronic Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79(1):13-23. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.2669
  • Neurolaunch. Throat anxiety: The connection between stres and throat pain. https://neurolaunch.com/throat-anxiety-symptoms/. Accessed Augst 18, 2024.
  • Alotiby A. Immunology of Stress: A Review Article. J Clin Med. 2024;13(21):6394. doi:10.3390/jcm13216394
  • Eyigör H, Arihan G, Ergin F, Barlik Y. Psychiatric disorder profile in patients with chronic pharyngitis. Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg. 2006;16(4):178-182.
  • Tian P, Ma Y, Hu J, et al. Clinical and psychobehavioral features of outpatients with somatic symptom disorder in otorhinolaryngology clinics. J Psychosom Res. 2021;148:110550. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110550
  • Wei D, Liu Y, Zhuang K, et al. Brain Structures Associated With Individual Differences in Somatic Symptoms and Emotional Distress in a Healthy Sample. Front Hum Neurosci. 2020;14:492990. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.492990
  • Hacimusalar Y, Talih T, Karaaslan O. How Do Health Anxiety, Somatosensory Amplification, and Depression Levels Relate to Non-cyclical Mastalgia? A Case–Control Study. Indian Journal of Surgery.  2020; 82.(4): 578-584. doi: 10.1007/s12262-019-02014-y
  • Özsoy F, Okan S. Somatosensory Amplification, Health Anxiety and Pain Catastrophizing in Individuals with Chronic Musculoskeletal System Pain. Journal of Clinical Practice and Research. 2021;43.(3): 237-243. doi: 10.14744/etd.2020.32956
  • Ciaramella A, Silvestri S, Pozzolini V, Federici M, Carli G. A retrospective observational study comparing somatosensory amplification in fibromyalgia, chronic pain, psychiatric disorders and healthy subjects. Scand J Pain. 2020;21(2):317-329. doi:10.1515/sjpain-2020-0103
  • Barends H, Claassen-van Dessel N, van der Wouden JC, et al. Impact of symptom focusing and somatosensory amplification on persistent physical symptoms: A three-year follow-up study. J Psychosom Res. 2020;135:110131. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110131
  • Mewes R. Recent developments on psychological factors in medically unexplained symptoms and somatoform disorders. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1033203. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1033203
  • Külekçi S, Ertugay ÇK, Toros SZ. The Effects of Empiric Antireflux Treatment on Laryngopharyngeal and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Sisli Etfal Hastan Tıp Bul. 2020;54(1):29-35. doi:10.14744/SEMB.2018.55632

Psychological Factors in Chronic Sore Throat

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 288 - 295, 15.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.26453/otjhs.1717729

Öz

Objective: Chronic sore throat is one of the common causes of presentation to otolaryngology outpatient clinics. Although non-infectious causes are usually blamed, it is thought to be related to many etiologic factors. In this study, psychological factors associated with chronic sore throats, especially anxiety, depression, somatosensory amplification, and somatization, were examined.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with 77 participants, including 41 patients with chronic sore throat and 36 healthy controls. Sociodemographic data and psychological assessments using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), Somatization Scale, and Somatosensory Amplification Scale (SAS) were collected.
Results: No significant differences were found between groups in terms of age, gender, smoking habits, psychiatric history, or ongoing psychiatric treatment. Somatization Scale and SAS scores were significantly higher in the patient group (p=0.001 and p=0.005). No significant differences were found in HAD-A and HAD-D scores between the patient and control groups. However, a significant positive correlation was observed between HAD-A and SAS scores.
Conclusions: Psychological factors, particularly somatosensory amplification, may contribute to the persistence of chronic sore throat. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating psychological assessments in the management of such cases to improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes.

Etik Beyan

The data collection process was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval for the study was obtained from the Van Yuzuncu Yil University Non-Interventional Ethics Committee (Date: 12/05/2023, decision no: 2023/05-23).

Kaynakça

  • Renner B, Mueller CA, Shephard A. Environmental and non-infectious factors in the aetiology of pharyngitis (sore throat). Inflamm Res. 2012;61(10):1041-1052. doi:10.1007/s00011-012-0540-9
  • Kundu S, Dutta M, Adhikary BK, Ghosh B. Encountering Chronic Sore Throat: How Challenging is it for the Otolaryngologists?. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;71(Suppl 1):176-181. doi:10.1007/s12070-017-1191-5
  • Huang F, Liao Q, Gan X, Wen W. Correlation Between Refractory Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2022;18:925-932. doi:10.2147/NDT.S349933
  • Lin YH, Chen CY, Hong WH, Lin YC. Perceived job stress and health complaints at a bank call center: comparison between inbound and outbound services. Ind Health. 2010;48(3):349-356. doi:10.2486/indhealth.48.349
  • Zha Z, Gao S, Liu S, Hu G. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anxiety Among Adult Patients with Chronic Pharyngitis in Wuhu, China. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2023;19:1313-1319. doi:10.2147/NDT.S415938
  • Khadilkar MN, K KP, Rai T, Shenoy V, Dosemane D. Depression in patients with chronic otolaryngology symptoms - A vicious cycle. Head Face Med. 2024;20(1):68. doi:10.1186/s13005-024-00464-8
  • Kara N, Yao AC, Newton J, Deary V, O'Hara J, Wilson JA. General illness and psychological factors in patients with chronic nasal symptoms. Clin Otolaryngol. 2018;43(2):609-616. doi:10.1111/coa.13032
  • Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67(6):361-370. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
  • Aydemir Ö, Güvenir T, Küey L, Kültür S. Hastane Anksiyete ve Depresyon Ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Turk Psikiyatri Derg.1997; 8:280-7
  • Mckınley, J. Charnley; Hathaway, Starke R. The identification and measurement of the psychoneuroses in medical practice: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1943; 122.3: 161-167.
  • Dülgerler, Ş. İlköğretim Okulu Öğretmenlerinde Somatizasyon Ölçeğinin Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği. Ege University Health Sciences Institute, School of Nursing (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). Ege University; 2000.
  • Barsky AJ, Goodson JD, Lane RS, Cleary PD. The amplification of somatic symptoms. Psychosom Med. 1988;50(5):510-519. doi:10.1097/00006842-198809000-00007
  • Güleç H, Sayar K. Reliability and validity of the Turkish form of the Somatosensory Amplification Scale. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;61(1):25-30. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01606.x
  • Fung K, MacDonald AJ. Chronic Sore Throat. Functional Illness of the Head and Neck. 2023; 91-100. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-12998-8_11
  • Löwe B, Toussaint A, Rosmalen JGM, et al. Persistent physical symptoms: definition, genesis, and management. Lancet. 2024;403(10444):2649-2662. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00623-8
  • Meade E, Garvey M. The Role of Neuro-Immune Interaction in Chronic Pain Conditions; Functional Somatic Syndrome, Neurogenic Inflammation, and Peripheral Neuropathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(15):8574. doi:10.3390/ijms23158574
  • Amaro-Díaz L, Montoro CI, Fischer-Jbali LR, Galvez-Sánchez CM. Chronic Pain and Emotional Stroop: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med. 2022;11(12):3259. doi:10.3390/jcm11123259
  • Schnabel K, Petzke TM, Witthöft M. The emotion regulation process in somatic symptom disorders and related conditions - A systematic narrative review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022;97:102196. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102196
  • Ashar YK, Gordon A, Schubiner H, et al. Effect of Pain Reprocessing Therapy vs Placebo and Usual Care for Patients With Chronic Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79(1):13-23. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.2669
  • Neurolaunch. Throat anxiety: The connection between stres and throat pain. https://neurolaunch.com/throat-anxiety-symptoms/. Accessed Augst 18, 2024.
  • Alotiby A. Immunology of Stress: A Review Article. J Clin Med. 2024;13(21):6394. doi:10.3390/jcm13216394
  • Eyigör H, Arihan G, Ergin F, Barlik Y. Psychiatric disorder profile in patients with chronic pharyngitis. Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg. 2006;16(4):178-182.
  • Tian P, Ma Y, Hu J, et al. Clinical and psychobehavioral features of outpatients with somatic symptom disorder in otorhinolaryngology clinics. J Psychosom Res. 2021;148:110550. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110550
  • Wei D, Liu Y, Zhuang K, et al. Brain Structures Associated With Individual Differences in Somatic Symptoms and Emotional Distress in a Healthy Sample. Front Hum Neurosci. 2020;14:492990. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.492990
  • Hacimusalar Y, Talih T, Karaaslan O. How Do Health Anxiety, Somatosensory Amplification, and Depression Levels Relate to Non-cyclical Mastalgia? A Case–Control Study. Indian Journal of Surgery.  2020; 82.(4): 578-584. doi: 10.1007/s12262-019-02014-y
  • Özsoy F, Okan S. Somatosensory Amplification, Health Anxiety and Pain Catastrophizing in Individuals with Chronic Musculoskeletal System Pain. Journal of Clinical Practice and Research. 2021;43.(3): 237-243. doi: 10.14744/etd.2020.32956
  • Ciaramella A, Silvestri S, Pozzolini V, Federici M, Carli G. A retrospective observational study comparing somatosensory amplification in fibromyalgia, chronic pain, psychiatric disorders and healthy subjects. Scand J Pain. 2020;21(2):317-329. doi:10.1515/sjpain-2020-0103
  • Barends H, Claassen-van Dessel N, van der Wouden JC, et al. Impact of symptom focusing and somatosensory amplification on persistent physical symptoms: A three-year follow-up study. J Psychosom Res. 2020;135:110131. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110131
  • Mewes R. Recent developments on psychological factors in medically unexplained symptoms and somatoform disorders. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1033203. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1033203
  • Külekçi S, Ertugay ÇK, Toros SZ. The Effects of Empiric Antireflux Treatment on Laryngopharyngeal and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Sisli Etfal Hastan Tıp Bul. 2020;54(1):29-35. doi:10.14744/SEMB.2018.55632
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kulak Burun Boğaz
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Abdulaziz Yalınkılıç 0000-0003-2702-5905

Mehmet Zeki Erdem 0000-0003-3263-4633

Mehmet Aydın 0000-0002-8645-688X

Semra Ağırbaş 0000-0003-0932-3116

Mesut Işık 0000-0003-1707-7402

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Haziran 2025
Kabul Tarihi 13 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

AMA Yalınkılıç A, Erdem MZ, Aydın M, Ağırbaş S, Işık M. Psychological Factors in Chronic Sore Throat. OTSBD. Eylül 2025;10(3):288-295. doi:10.26453/otjhs.1717729

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