Non-Pharmacological Practices That Used While Coping with Stress in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 350 - 364, 25.03.2026

Sibel Bulut Haklı , Tülay Kavlak

https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.1515496

https://izlik.org/JA36ZA89FA

Öz

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the results of the studies in which non-pharmacological methods used to cope with stress during pregnancy were examined.
Methods: The study was searched using the keywords pregnancy stress, prenatal stress, coping with pregnancy stress, perceived stress in pregnant women in PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, Scopus databases between March-June 2022. In the analysis, a total of 3512 studies were reached. Among these studies, descriptive reviews, language usage other than English, and pharmacological intervention studies were excluded from the study and the study was completed with a total of 25 studies.
Results: In our research, it has been determined that two different approaches are applied in non-pharmacological applications used to cope with stress during pregnancy, mainly cognitive and behavioral applications and physical interventions. There are some applications in cognitive and behavioral methods such as awareness raising, awareness and stress education, cognitive therapy, social support and meditation while there are acupuncture, aromatherapy, reflexology, yoga, probiotic use and music therapy applications in physical interventions. In the research, it was determined that cognitive and behavioral methods were mostly applied in coping with stress during pregnancy, these methods were effective in reducing the stress levels of pregnant women.
Conclusion: Nurses that provide health care should take a holistic approach in the evaluation of pregnant women, inform and counsel women about non-pharmacological practices that used coping with stress during pregnancy, at the same time provide support for women to manage stress.

Anahtar Kelimeler

coping skills , non-pharmacological methods , Pregnancy , stress

Gebelikte Stres İle Baş Etmede Kullanılan Non-Farmakolojik Uygulamalar: Sistematik İnceleme

https://izlik.org/JA36ZA89FA

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, gebelik döneminde stres ile baş etmede kullanılan non-farmakolojik yöntemlerinin incelendiği araştırma sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Çalışma, Mart-Haziran 2022 tarihleri arasında, PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, Scopus veritabanlarında pregnancy stress, prenatal stress, coping with pregnancy stress, perceived stress in pregnant women anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak tarama yapılmıştır. Yapılan incelemede toplam 3512 çalışmaya ulaşılmıştır. Bu araştırmalardan tanımlayıcı nitelikte, derleme yazıları, İngilizce dışındaki dil kullanımı, farmakolojik müdahale araştırmaları inceleme dışı bırakılmış ve inceleme toplam 25 araştırma ile tamamlanmıştır.
Bulgular: Çalışmamızda gebelikte stres ile baş etmede kullanılan non-farmakolojik uygulamalarda temelde bilişsel ve davranışsal uygulamalar ile fiziksel müdahaleler olmak üzere iki faklı yaklaşımın uygulandığı belirlenmiştir. Bilişsel ve davranışsal yöntemlerde farkındalık kazandırma, farkındalık ve stres eğitimi, bilişsel terapi, sosyal destek sağlanması ve meditasyon gibi uygulamalar bulunurken, fiziksel müdahalelerde ise akupunktur, aromaterapi, refleksoloji, yoga, probiyotik kullanımı ve müzik terapisi uygulamalarının olduğu görülmektedir. Araştırmalarda gebelik döneminde stres ile baş etmede en fazla bilişsel ve davranışsal yöntemlerin uygulandığı, bu yöntemlerin gebelerin stres düzeylerini azaltmada etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Sonuç: Sağlık bakımını sağlayan hemşireler, gebe değerlendirmesinde bütüncül bir yaklaşımda bulunarak kadınlara gebelikte stres ile baş etmede kullanılan non-farmakolojik uygulamalara ilişkin bilgilendirme ve danışmanlık yapmalı, aynı zamanda kadınların stres yönetimini sağlamaları konusunda destek sağlamalıdırlar.

Anahtar Kelimeler

başa çıkma yöntemleri , Gebelik , non-farmakolojik yöntemler , stres

Kaynakça

• Akarsu RH, Rathfisch G. (2019). Gebelik yogasının fizyolojik ve psikolojik etkileri: bir sistematik derleme. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 43-53. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.558784
• Alphabet/Google. Alphabet Q3 2020 Earnings Call. Erişim Tarihi: 20.06.2023, https://abc.xyz/investor/ static/pdf/2020_Q3_Earnings_Transcript.pdf
• Arabin B, Jahn M. (2013). Need for interventional studies on the impact of music in the perinatal period: results of a pilot study on women’s preferences and review of the literature. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 26(4), 357–362. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2012.733763
• Babbar S, Oyarzabal AJ, Oyarzabal EA. (2021). Meditation and mindfulness in pregnancy and postpartum: A review of the evidence. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 64(3), 661-682. https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0000000000000640
• Bauer I, Hartkopf J, Wikström AS, Preissl H, Derntl B, Schleger F. (2021). Acute relaxation during pregnancy leads to a reduction in maternal electrodermal activity and self-reported stress levels. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 21(1), 628-629. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-04099-4
• Beattie J, Hall H, Biro MA, East C, Lau R. (2017). Effects of mindfulness on maternal stress, depressive symptoms and awareness of present moment experience: A pilot randomised trial. Midwifery, 50, 174-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2017.04.00 6
• Bozzo P, Koren G, Nava-Ocampo A, Einarson A. (2006). The incidence of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (Nvp): A comparison between depressed women treated with antidepressants and non-depressed women. Clinical and Investigative Medicine, 29(6), 347-350. https://doi.org/10.25011/ cim.v34i4.15367
• Browne PD, Bolte AC, Besseling-van der Vaart I, Claassen E, de Weerth C. (2021). Probiotics as a treatment for prenatal maternal anxiety and depression: a double-blind randomized pilot trial. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 3051-3052. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81204-9
• Burns E, Farr S, Howards P. (2015). Centers for disease control and prevention stressful life events experienced by women in the year before their infants’ births–united states, 2000–2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64(9), 247–251. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6409a3.htm
• Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Torre-Luque ADL, Romero-Gonzalez B, Quesada-Soto JM, Alderdice F, Peralta-Ramírez MI. (2021). Stress during pregnancy and the development of diseases in the offspring: A systematic-review and meta-analysis. Midwifery, 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2021.102939
• Clarke TC, Barnes PM, Black LI, Stussman BJ, Nahin RL. (2018). Use of yoga, meditation, and chiropractors among U.S. adults aged 18 and over. NCHS Data Brief. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 325. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ products/databriefs/db325.htm
• Chang HC, Yu CH, Chen SY, Chen CH. (2015). The effects of music listening on psychosocial stres and maternal–fetal attachment during pregnancy. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 23(4), 509–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.Ctim.2015.05.002
• Chen P, Chou C, Yang L, Tsai Y, Chang Y, Liaw J. (2017). Effects of aromatherapy massage on pregnant women's stress and ımmune function: a longitudinal prospective, randomized controlled trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 23(10):778-786. https://doi.org/10.1089/Acm.2016 .0426
• Chen P, Yang L, Chou C, Li C, Chang Y, Liaw J. (2017). Effects of prenatal yoga on women's stress and immune function across pregnancy: A randomized controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 31, 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/J. Ctim.2017.03.003
• Corbijn Van Willenswaard K, Lynn F, McNeill J, McQueen K, Dennis CL, Lobel M, et al. (2017). Music interventions to reduce stress and anxiety in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 17, 1-9. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s12888-017-1432-x
• Costa N, Silva Martins E, Pinheiro A, Soares P, De Souza Aquino P, Castro R. (2022). acupuncture for perceived stress in pregnant women: an intervention study. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da U S P, 30, 56. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-220x-Reeusp-2021 -0233en
• De Weerth, C, Buitelaar, JK. (2005). Physiological stress reactivity in human pregnancy a review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 29(2), 295-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.10.00 5
• Deshpande CS, Rakhshani A, Nagarathna R, Ganpat TS, Kurpad A, Maskar R, et al. (2013). Yoga for high-risk pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Medical and Health Science Research, 3(3),341-4. https://doi.org/ 10.4103/2141-9248.117933
• Ertekin PS, Daglar G, Duran Aksoy O. (2022). The effect of stress management training on perceived stress, anxiety and hopelessness levels of women with high-risk pregnancy. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 42(1),17-22. https://doi.org/10. 1080/01443615.2020.1867970
• Goletzke J, Kocalevent RD, Hansen G, Rose M, Becher H, Hecher K, et al. (2017). Prenatal stress perception and coping strategies: Insights from a longitudinal prospective pregnancy cohort. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 102, 8-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.09.002
• Golshani F, Hasanpour S, Mirghafourvand M, Esmaeilpour K. (2021). Effect of cognitive behavioral therapy-based counseling on perceived stress in pregnant women with history of primary infertility: A controlled randomized clinical trial. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 278. https://doi.org/10. 1186/S12888-021-03283-2
• Gómez-Sánchez L, García-Banda G, Servera M, Verd S, Filgueira A, Cardo E. (2020). Benefits of mindfulness in pregnant women. Medicina (Buenos Aires), 80 (2), 47-52.
• Goyal M, Singh S, Sibinga EM, Gould NF, Rowland-Seymour A, Sharma R, et al. (2014). Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(3), 357-368. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jamainternmed.2013.13018
• Guardino CM, Dunkel Schetter C, Bower JU, Lu MC, Smalley S. (2014). Randomised controlled pilot trial of mindfulness training for stress reduction during pregnancy. Psychology & Health, 29(3), 334-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2013.852670
• Güney E, Cengizhan SÖ, Karataş Okyay E, Bal Z, Uçar T. (2022). Effect of the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program on stress, anxiety, and childbirth fear in pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 47,101566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101 566
• Jensen KHK, Krog MC, Koert E, Hedegaard S, Chonovitsch M, Schmidt L, et al. (2021). Meditation and mindfulness reduce perceived stress in women with recurrent pregnancy loss: a randomized controlled trial. Reproductive Biomed Online, 43(2), 246-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.rbmo.2021.04.018
• Keng S, Smoski M, Robins C. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review. 31(6),1041-1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.cpr.2011 .04.006
• Kusaka M, Matsuzaki M, Shiraishi M, Haruna M. (2016). Immediate stress reduction effects of yoga during pregnancy: One group pre-post test. Women Birth, 29(5), 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.Wombi .2016.04.003
• Lazarus R, Folkman S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, Springer Publishing Company, p. 1913-1915.
• Lee YR, CHO SMR. (2019). Technology-supported interventions for pregnant women, cın: Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 37(10), 501-512. https://doi.org/10.1097/Cın.0000000000000535
• Liu YH, Lee CS, Yu CH, Chen CH. (2015). Effects of music listening on stress, anxiety, and sleep quality for sleep-disturbed pregnant women. Women & Health, 56(3), 296–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 03630242.2015.1088116
• Markl G, Strunz-Lehner C, Egen-Lappe V, Lack N, Hasford J. (2008). The association of psychosocial factors with nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 29(1), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1080 /01674820801902697
• Matthews S. (2000). Antenatal glucocorticoids and programming of the developing. Pediatric research, 47(3), 291-300. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200003000-00003
• Matvienko-Sikar K, Dockray S. (2017). Effects of a novel positive psychological intervention on prenatal stress and well-being: a pilot randomised controlled trial. women birth, 30(2), 111-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.Wombi.2016.10.003
• McCullough J, Liddle S, Close C, Sinclair M, Hughes C. (2018). Reflexology: a randomised controlled trial investigating the effects on beta-endorphin, cortisol and pregnancy-related stress. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 31, 76-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.Ctcp.2018.01.018
• Muthukrishnan S, Jain R, Kohli S, Batra S. (2016). Effect of mindfulness meditation on perceived stress scores and autonomic function tests of pregnant Indian women. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 10(4), 5-8. https://doi.org/10.7860/Jcdr /2016/16463.7679
• Nejad Fk, Shahraki KA, Nejad PS, Moghaddam NK, Jahani Y, Divsalar P. (2021). The influence of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on stress, anxiety and depression due to unwanted pregnancy: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, 62(1), 82-88. https://doi.org/ 10.15167/24214248/Jpmh2021.62.1.1691
• Nieuwenhuijze M, Leahy-Warren P. (2019). Women's empowerment in pregnancy and childbirth: A concept analysis. Midwifery, 78, 1-7. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.midw.2019.07.015
• Özel Y, Bay Karabulut A. (2018). Günlük Yaşam Ve Stres Yönetimi. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri Ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 48-56.
• Shahtaheri E, Hosseinian S, Ebrahimi M, Jalilabadi Z, Mirderikvand F. (2016). The impact of stress reduction program based on mindfulness and conscious yoga on depression, perceived stress and quality of life in pregnant women. Acta Medica Mediterranea, 32(5), 2047-2050.
• Soylu N, Bülbül T, Müderris İ. (2022). The effect of music on fetal well-being and anxiety levels and vital signs of pregnant women during non-stress test: Turkey sample. Health Care Women International, 43(5), 499-517.https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332. 2021.197301 0
• Sun Y, Li Y, Wang J, Chen Q, Bazzano AN, Cao F. (2021). Effectiveness of smartphone-based mindfulness training on maternal perinatal depression: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(1), 23410. https://doi.org/10.2196/23410
• Talge Nm, Neal C, Glover V. (2007). Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: How and why? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(3-4), 245-261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01714.x
• Vahdat S, Fathi M, Feyzi Z, Shakeri MT, Tafazoli M. (2022). The effect of hypnosis on perceived stress in women with preeclampsia. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 23,111. https://doi.org/10.4103/ Jehp.Jehp_744_20
• Wulff V, Hepp P, Wolf OT, Balan P, Hagenbeck C, Fehm T, Schaal NK. (2021). The effects of a music and singing intervention during pregnancy on maternal well-being and mother-infant bonding: A randomised, controlled study. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 303(1), 69-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00404-020-05727-8
• Yılmaz E, Karahan N. (2019). Gebelikte sağlıklı yaşam davranışları ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi ve geçerlik güvenirliği. Cukurova Medical Journal, 44, 498-512. https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.568118