Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Kapsamında İnfertilite ve Damgalanma: Bir Sistematik Derleme

Yıl 2022, , 93 - 103, 06.04.2022

Burcu Öskan Fırat , Nevin Hotun Şahin

https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.933034

Cited By: 1

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma infertil bireylerin toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri kapsamında yaşadıkları damgalanma deneyimlerini ele alan araştırmaların sonuçlarını değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmış bir sistematik derlemedir.
Yöntem: 20 Ekim-18 Kasım 2020 tarihleri arasında PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus ve Google Scholar elektronik veri tabanlarında “infertility”, “stigma”, “stigmatisation”, “gender roles” anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak tarama yapılmış ve 2015-2020 yılları arasında infertil bireylerin damgalanma durumunu değerlendiren ve İngilizce yayınlanan 16 çalışma sistematik derlemeye dâhil edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Çalışma sonuçları incelendiğinde, infertil kadınların normal olmama, gebe kalamama nedeniyle damgalandıkları, kendilerini “yarım kadın” veya “eksik kadın” olarak algıladıkları, infertil erklerin ise “sperm üretemeyen erkek daha az erkektir” veya “yarım erkek” gibi belli normları içselleştirdikleri ve kendilerini damgaladıkları saptanmıştır. Damgalanma düzeylerinin değiştiği ve bazı grupların daha fazla damgalanma riski taşıdığı bulunmuştur. İnfertil bireylerin damgalanmadan kaçınmak amacıyla kendilerini toplumdan izole ettikleri görülmüştür. İnfertil bireylerin stres, anksiyete, depresyon gibi psikolojik sorunlar yaşadığı ve damgalanma düzeyi arttıkça depresyon düzeylerinin de arttığı saptanmıştır.
Sonuç: Toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri kapsamında, infertil çiftlere uygulanan baskının azaltılması için toplumun bilinçlendirilmesi oldukça önemlidir. Tedavi sürecinde hemşireler bakım verecekleri çiftleri birlikte değerlendirmeli ve psikososyal sorunlara yönelik çözümler sunmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnfertilite, damgalanma, toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri, hemşirelik

Infertility and Stigmatization within the Context of Gender Roles: A Systematic Review

Öz

Objective: This study is a systematic review aimed at evaluating the results of the studies on the stigmatization experiences of infertile individuals within the scope of gender roles.
Methods: Between 20 October and 18 November 2020, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar electronic databases were searched using the keywords "infertility", "stigma", "stigmatization", "gender roles".16 studies evaluating the stigmatization status of infertile individuals between 2015-2020 and published in English were included in the systematic review.
Results: When the results of the study were examined, it was found that infertile women were stigmatized due to not being normal and not being able to conceive. In addition, perceive themselves as "half woman" or "incomplete woman". Infertile men have been observed to internalize certain norms such as "the man who cannot produce sperm is less male" or "half man" and stigmatize themselves. It was found that the stigma levels varied and some groups were at greater risk of stigma. It has been observed that infertile individuals isolate themselves from the society in order to avoid stigmatization. It has been found that infertile individuals experience psychological problems such as stress, anxiety, and depression. In addition, it was found that as the level of stigma increased, depression levels also increased.
Conclusion: Within the scope of gender roles, it is very important to raise the awareness of the society in order to reduce the pressure applied to infertile couples. During the treatment process, nurses should evaluate the couples together and provide solutions for psychosocial problems.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Infertility, stigma, gender roles, nursing

Kaynakça

• Aghakhani N, Ewalds-Kvist BM, Sheikhan F, Merghati EM. (2020). Iranian women’s experiences of infertility: a qualitative study. International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine, 18, 65–72.
• Akarsu RH, Beji NK. (2019). Spiritual and religious issues of stigmatization women with infertility: a qualitative study. Journal of Religion and Health,1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00884-w
• Arya ST, Dibb B. (2016). The experience of infertility treatment: the male perspective. Human Fertility, 19(4), 242-248.
• Batool SS, Visser RO. (2016). Experiences of infertility in British and Pakistani women: across-cultural qualitative analysis. Health Care for Women International, 37(2), 180-196.
• Daibes MA, Safadi RR, Athamneh T, Anees IF, Constantino E. (2018). ‘Half a woman, half a man; that is how they make me feel’: a qualitative study of rural Jordanian women’s experience of infertility. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 20(5), 516–530.
• Dierickx S, Rahbari L, Longman C, Jaiteh F, Coene G. (2018). ‘I am always crying on the inside’: a qualitative study on the implications of infertility on women’s lives in urban Gambia. Reproductive Health, 15(151), 1–11.
• Ergin RN, Polat A, Kars B,Öztekin D, Sofuoğlu K,Çalışkan E. (2018). Social stigma and familial attitudes related to infertility. Turkish Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 15, 46-49.
• Fang M, Li G, Kang X, Hou F, Lv G, Xu X ve ark. (2020). The role of gender and self-esteem as moderators of the relationship between stigma and psychological distress among infertile couples. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1808233
• Hanna E, Gough B. (2020). The social construction of male infertility: a qualitative questionnaire study of men with a male factor infertility diagnosis. Sociology of Health & Illness, 42, 465–480.
• Hasanpoor-Azghdy SB, Simbar M, Vedadhir A. (2015). The social consequences of infertility among Iranian women: aqualitative study. International Journal of Fertility & Sterility, 8(4), 409-420.
• Jansen NA, Saint Onge JM. (2015). An internet forum analysis of stigma power perceptions among women seeking fertility treatment in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 147, 184–189.
• Jing X, Gu W, Xu X, Yan C, Jiao P, ZhangLet al. (2020). Stigma predicting fertility quality of life among Chinese infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilization–embryo transfer. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/0167482X.2020.1778665
• Karaca A, Ünsal G. (2015). Psychosocial problems and coping strategies among Turkish women with infertility. Asian Nursing Research, 9, 243-250.
• Karaçam Z. (2013). Sistematik derleme metodolojisi: sistematik derleme hazırlamak için bir rehber. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 6(1), 26-33.
• Kaya Z, Oskay U (2019): Stigma, hopelessness and coping experiences of Turkish women with infertility, Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 38(5), 485-496.
• Koçak DY, Duman NB. (2016). İnfertilitenin psikolojik etkileri ve hemşirelik yaklaşımı. Turkiye Klinikleri J Obstetrics-Women’s Health Diseases Nurs-Special Topics, 2(3), 7-13.
• Li H, Lei J, Xu F, Yan C, Guimerans M, Xing H. et al. (2017). A study of sociocultural factors on depression in Chinese infertile women from Hunan Province. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 8(1), 12–20.
• Naab F, Lawali Y, Donkor ES. (2019). “My mother in-law forced my husband to divorce me”: experiences of women with infertility in Zamfara State of Nigeria. PLoS ONE, 14(12), e0225149.
• Özmen S, Erdem R. (2018). Damgalamanın kavramsal çerçevesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23, 185-208.
• Öztürk R, Bloom TL, Li Y, Bullock LFC. (2020). Stress, stigma, violence experiences and social support of us infertile women. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2020.1754373
• Patel A, Sharma P, Kumar P, Binu VS. (2018). Sociocultural determinants of infertility stress in patients undergoing fertility treatments. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 11(2), 172–179.
• Sternke EA, Abrahamson, K. (2015). Perceptions of women with infertility on stigma and disability. Sexuality and Disability, 33(1), 3-17.
• Sylvest R, Fürbringer JK, Pinborg A, Koert E, Bogstad J, Loessl K, et al. (2018). Low semen quality and experiences of masculinity and family building. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 97(6), 727-733.
• Vizheh M, Pakgohar M, Rouhi M, Veisy A. (2015). Impact of gender infertility diagnosis on martial relationship in infertile couples: a couple based study. Sexuality and Disability, 33, 457-468.
• WHO (2020) İnfertility. Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2020 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility
• Wischmann T, Thorn P. (2013). Male infertility: what does it mean to men? New evidence from quantitative and qualitative studies. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 27(3), 236-243.
• Yılmaz E, Kavak F. (2019). The effect of stigma on depression levels of Turkish women with infertility. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 55, 378–382.