Marmara’da P ve S dalga soğurulma yapısının üç boyutlu olarak belirlenmesi

Öz

Marmara Bölgesi, Kuzey Anadolu Fayı Zonu (KAFZ) yaklaşık D-B doğrultusunda kestiği bir geçiş bölgesidir. KAFZ Bingöl-Karlıova’dan başlayıp Anadolu’nun kuzeyini takiben Marmara Denizi’nden geçerek Ege Denizi’ne kadar ulaşır. Anadolu Plakasını kuzeyden sınırlayan bu zon Türkiye’nin en önemli tektonik unsurudur. Marmara Bölgesinde KAFZ üzerinde tarihsel ve aletsel dönmede çok sayıda hasar yapıcı deprem meydana gelmiştir. Son yüzyılda 1912 Şarköy-Mürefte ile başlayıp 1999 Gölcük depremi ardından oluşan sismotektonik yapı ile Marmara Denizi’nde KAFZ üzerinde sismik boşluk oluşmuştur. İrili ufaklı depremlerin oluşumu ile aktivitenin sürdüğü bu zonda son olarak 26 Eylül 2019 tarihinde Silivri açıklarında 5.7 (Ml) büyüklüğünde bir deprem meydana gelmiştir. Bu deprem beklenen büyük İstanbul depremini ve alınması gereken tedbirleri ülkemiz gündemine yeniden getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada, KAFZ’nun yakın gelecekteki deprem davranışını belirlemek için suskun ve aktif olan bölümler ve bu bölümlerin üzerindeki sismik soğurulma yapısı üç boyutlu olarak ortaya konulmuştur. 2012-2020 arasındaki kayıtlarından oluşan deprem verilerin kullanımı ile elde edilen sonuçlardan Tekirdağ segmenti üzerinde soğurulmanın yüksek olduğu, Silivri depreminin oluştuğu geçiş bölümünde ise düşük olduğu çok net bir şekilde tespit edilmiştir. Bu segment üzerinde deprem aktivitesinin diğer segmentlerden daha fazla olacağını söylemek mümkündür. Bu değişimler Marmara Denizi içinde oluşacak depremin takibi ve depremin bölgedeki etki alanının belirlenmesi açısından önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• KAFZ
• Sismik hız
• Soğurulma
• Tomografi

The determination of 3-D P and S-Wave attenuation structures in Marmara

Abstract

Marmara Region is a transition zone broken by the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) in the approximately E-W direction. The NAFZ starts from Bingöl-Karlıova and follows the north of Anatolian plate, passes through the Marmara Sea and reaches the Aegean Sea. This zone which limits the Anatolian plate from the North side is Turkey's most important tectonic element. In the Marmara Region, many damaging earthquakes occurred during the historical and instrumental periods on the NAFZ. In the last century, with the seismotectonic structure, which started with 1912 Şarköy-Mürefte and formed after the 1999 Gölcük earthquake, a seismic gap occurred on the NAFZ in the Marmara Sea. In this zone, where the activity continues with the occurrence of large and small earthquakes, an earthquake of 5.7 (Ml) in Silivri offshore on September 26, 2019. This earthquake brought the expected big Istanbul earthquake and the measures to be taken to the agenda of our country again. In this study, silent and active sections and the seismic absorption structure on these sections are presented in three dimensions in order to determine the earthquake behavior in the near future in the NAFZ. The results obtained from the use of earthquake data from 2012-2020 records, it was clearly determined that the attenuation is high on the Tekirdağ segment and low in the transition section where Silivri earthquake occurred. It is possible to say that earthquake activity on this segment will be higher than other segments. These changes are important in terms of following the earthquake that will occur in the Marmara Sea and determining the impact area of the earthquake in the region.

Keywords

• NAFZ
• Seismic velocity
• Attenuation
• Tomography

Kaynakça

1. [1] Allen M, Jackson J, Walker R. “Late Cenozoic reorganization of the Arabia-Eurasia collision and the comparison of short-term and long-term deformation rates”. Tectonics, 23, 1-16, 2004.
2. [2] McKenzie DP. “Active tectonics of the mediterranean region”. Geophysical Journal Royal Astronomical Society, 30(2), 109-185, 1972.
3. [3] Sengör AC, Tüysüz O, Imren C, Sakınç M, Eyidoğan H, Görür N, Le Pichon X, Rangin C. “The North Anatolian fault: a new look”. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 33, 37-112, 2005.
4. [4] Le Pichon X, Şengör, AMC, Demirbağ E, Rangin C, İmren C, Armijo R, Görür N, Cağatay N, Mercier de Lepinay B, Meyer B, Saatcılar R, Tok B. “The active Main Marmara fault”. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 192, 595-616, 2001.
5. [5] Le Pichon X, Chamot-Rooke N, Rangin C, Şengör AC. “The North Anatolian fault in the sea of Marmara”. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 108(B4), 1-20, 2003.
6. [6] Ambraseys N. “The seismic activity of the Marmara Sea region over the last 2000 years”. Bulletin of the Seismological Sociaty of America, 92, 1-18, 2002.
7. [7] Barka A, Altunel E, Sunal G, Cakır Z, Dikbaş A, Yerli B, Armijo R, Meyer B, de Chabalier JB, Rockwell JR, Dolan JR, Hartleb R, Dawson T, Christofferson S, Tucker A, Fumal T, Langridge R, Stenner H, Lettis W, Bachhubber J, Page W. “The surface rupture and slip distribution of the 17 August 1999 İzmit earthquake (M 7.4), North Anatolian Fault”. Bulletin of the Seismological Sociaty of America, 92, 43-60, 2002.
8. [8] Parsons T. “Recalculated probability of M≥7 earthquakes beneath the Sea of Marmara, Turkey”. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109(B5), 1-21, 2004.

9. [9] Janssen C, Bohnhoff M, Vapnik Y, Görgün E, Bulut F, Plessen B, Pohl D, Aktar M, Okay AI, Dresen G. “Tectonic evolution of the Ganos segment of the North Anatolian Fault (NW Turkey)”. Journal of Structural Geology, 31, 11-28, 2009.
10. [10] Murru M, Akinci A, Falcone G, Pucci S, Console R, Parsons T. “M-7 earthquake rupture forecast and time-dependent probability for the Sea of Marmara region, Turkey”. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 121, 2679-2707, 2016.
11. [11] Bohnhoff M, Bulut F, Dresen G, Malin PE, Eken T, Aktar, M. “An earthquake gap south of Istanbul”. Nature Communications, 4(1), 1-6, 2013.
12. [12] Bohnhoff M, Martínez-Garzón P, Bulut F, Stierle E, BenZion Y. “Maximum earthquake magnitudes along different sections of the North Anatolian fault zone”. Tectonophysics, 674, 147-165, 2016.
13. [13] Bohnhoff M, Ickrath M, Dresen G. “Seismicity distribution in conjunction with spatiotemporal variations of coseismic slip and postseismic creep along the combined 1999 Izmit-Düzce rupture”. Tectonophysics, 686, 132-145, 2016.
14. [14] Bohnhoff M, Wollin C, Domigall D, Küperkoch L, MartínezGarzón P, Kwiatek G, Dresen G, Malin PE. “Repeating Marmara Sea earthquakes: indication for fault creep”. Geophysical Journal International, 210, 332-339, 2017.
15. [15] Ambraseys NN. “Some characteristic features of the Anatolian fault zone”. Tectonophysics, 9, 143-165, 1970.
16. [16] Barka A. “Slip distribution along the North Anatolian fault associated with the large earthquakes of the period 1939 to 1967”. Bulletin of the Seismological Sociaty of America, 86(5), 1238-1254, 1996.
17. [17] Stein RS, Barka AA, Dieterich JH. “Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering”, Geophysical Journal International, 128 (3), 594-604, 1997.
18. [18] Armijo R, Meyer B, Hubert, A, Barka A. “Westward propagation of the North Anatolian fault into the northern Aegean: Timing and kinematics”. Geology, 27, 267-270, 1999.
19. [19] İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi, Deprem ve zemin İnceleme Müdürlüğü. “İstanbul Olası Deprem Kayıp Tahminleri Raporu”. İstanbul, Türkiye, 1, 2009.
20. [20] Pınar A, Çoşkun Z, Mert A. “Frictional strength of North Anatolian fault in eastern Marmara region”. Earth Palnet Sapace, 68(62), 1-17, 2016.
21. [21] Utkucu M, Budakoğlu E, Durmuş H. “Marmara Bölgesinde (KB) depremsellik ve deprem tehlikesi üzerine bir tartışma”. Yerbilimleri, 32(3), 187-212, 2011.
22. [22] Akıncı A, Aochi H, Herrero A, Pschiutta M, Karanikas D. “Physics-Based broadband ground-motion simulations for probable Mw ≥7:0 earthquakes in the Marmara Sea Region (Turkey)”. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 107(3), 1-17, 2017.
23. [23] Le Pichon X, Şengör AC, Kende J, İmren C, Henry P, Grall C, Karabulut H. “Propagation of a strike-slip plate boundary within an extensional environment: the westward propagation of the North Anatolian Fault”. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 53, 1416-1439, 2015.
24. [24] Şeşetyan K, Demircioğlu-Tümsa MN, Akıncı A. “Evaluation of the seismic hazard in the Marmara Region (Turkey) based on updated databases”. Geosciences, 9, 2-35, 2019.
25. [25] Lange D, Kopp H, Royer J, Henry P, Çakir Z, Petersen F, Sakic P, Ballu V, Bialas J, Özeren MS, Ergintav S, Géli L”. Interseismic strain build-up on the submarine North Anatolian Fault offshore Istanbul”. Nature Communications, 10, 1-9, 2019.
26. [26] Hirn A, Singh S, Saatçılar R, Laigle M, de Voog, B, Taymaz T, Özalaybey S, Çetin S, Bécel A, Vigner A, Carton H, Shimamura H, Lépine JC, Sapin M, Charvis P, Karabulut H. “Elements of Structure at Crustal Scale Under the Sea of Marmara From Multichannel Seismics of the SEISMARMARA Survey”. Workshop on the North Anatolian and East Anatolian and Dead Sea Fault Systems, ODTU, Ankara, Türkiye, 31 Ağustos-12 Eylül, 2003.
27. [27] T.C. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü. “Dataset/Seismic Network”. http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr (30.01.2020).
28. [28] Aki K, Chouet B. “Origin of coda wave: source, attenuation and scattering effects”. Journal of Geophysical Research, 80(21), 3322-3342, 1975.
29. [29] Sato H. “Energy propagation including scattering effects single isotropic scattering approximation”. Journal of Geophysical Research, 25, 27-41, 1977.
30. [30] Aki K. “Scattering and attenuation of shear waves in the litosphere”. Journal of Geophysical Research, 85, 6496-6504, 1980.
31. [31] Pulli JJ. “Attenuation of coda waves in New England”. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 74(4), 1149 1166, 1984.
32. [32] Sato H, Fehler MC. Seismic Wave Propagation and Scattering in the Heterogenous Earth. 2nd ed. New York, USA, Springer-Verlag 1998.
33. [33] Aydın U, Şahin Ş, Kalkan E, Yarbaşı N, Aksoy G. “Kemaliye çevresinde Pg, Sg soğurulması ve yeni magnitüd fomülü”. Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16(1), 13-23. 2012.
34. [34] Faccenna C, Bellier O, Martinod J, Piromallo C, Regard V. “Slab detachment beneath eastern Anatolia: A possible cause for the formation of the North Anatolian fault”. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 242, 85-97, 2006.
35. [35] Jolivet L, Faccenna C, Huet B, Labrousse L, Le Pourhiet L, Lacombe O, Lecomte E, Burov E, Denèle Y, Brun JP, Philippon M. “Aegean tectonics: Strain localisation, slab tearing and trench retreat”. Tectonophysics, 597, 1-33, 2013.
36. [36] Barka AA, Hancock PL. “Neotectonic deformation patterns in the convex-northwards arc of the North Anatolian faultzone”. Geological Society London Special Publications, 17, 763-774, 1984.
37. [37] Barka A, Reilinger R. “Active tectonics of the Eastern Mediterranean region: deduced from GPS, neotectonic and seismicity data”. Annales of Geophysics, 40(3), 587-610, 1997.
38. [38] Pucci S, Pantosti D, Barchi MR, Palyvos N. “A complex seismogenic shear zone: The Düzce segment of North Anatolian Fault (Turkey)”. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 262, 185-203, 2007.
39. [39] Yildirim C, Schildgen TF, Echtler H, Melnick D, Strecker MR. “Late Neogene and active orogenic uplift in the Central Pontides associated with the North Anatolian Fault: Implications for the northern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau, Turkey”. Tectonics, 30 (5), 1-24, 2011.
40. [40] Yildirim C, Melnick D, Ballato P, Schildgen TF, Echtler H, Ergina, AE, Kıyak NG, Strecker MR. “Differential uplift along the northern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau: inferences from marine terraces”. Quaternary Science Reviews, 81, 12-28, 2013.
41. [41] Selim H, Tüysüz O. “The Bursa-Gönen Depression, NW Turkey: a complex basin developed on the North Anatolian Fault”. Geological Magazine, 150(5), 801-821, 2013.
42. [42] Ketin I. “Kuzey anadolu fayı hakkında”. Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey, 76, 1-25, 1969.
43. [43] Yildirim C, Tüysüz O. “Estimation of the long-term slip, surface uplift and block rotation along the northern strand of the North Anatolian Fault Zone: Inferences from geomorphology of the Almacık Block”. Geomorphology, 297, 55-68, 2017.
44. [44] Armijo R, Meyer B, Navarro S, King G, Barka A. “Asymetric slip partitioning in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart: a clue to propogation processes of the North Anatolian Fault?”. Terra Nova, 14, 80-86, 2002.
45. [45] Barka A, Kadinsky-Cade K. “Strikeslip fault geometry in Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity”. Tectonics, 7, 663-684, 1988.
46. [46] Maden Tetkik Arama Genel Müdürlüğü. “Türkiye Diri Fay Haritası”. Ankara, Türkiye, 30, 2013.
47. [47] Yaltırak C, Alpar B. “Evolution of the middle strand of North Anatolian Fault and shallow seismic investigation of the southeastern Marmara Sea (Gemlik Bay)”. Marine Geology, 190, 307-327, 2002.
48. [48] Kurtuluş C, Canbay MM. “Tracing the middle strand of the North Anatolian Fault Zone through the southern Sea of Marmara based on seismic reflection studies”. Geo-Marine Letters, 27, 27-40, 2007.
49. [49] Laigle M, Becel A, Voogd B, Hirn A, Taymaz T, Özalaybey S. “Members of Seismarmara Leg1 Team, 2008. A first deep seismic survey in the Sea of Marmara: Deep basins and whole crust architecture and evolution”. Earth and Panetary Science Letters, 270, 168-179, 2008.
50. [50] Bécel A, Laigle M, de Voogd B, Hirn A, Taymaz, T, Galvé A, Shimamura H, Murai Y, Lépine JC, Sapin M, Özalaybey S. “Moho, crustal architecture and deep deformation under the North Marmara Trough, from the SEISMARMARA Leg 1 offshore-onshore reflection-refraction survey”. Tectonophysics, 467, 1-21, 2009.
51. [51] Parke JR, White RS, McKenzie D, Minshull TA, Bull JM, Kuşçu İ, Görür N, Şengör AC. “Interaction between faulting and sedimentation in the Sea of Marmara, western Turkey”. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 107 (B11), 1-20, 2002.
52. [52] Carton H, Singh SC, Hirn A, Bazin S, De Voogd B, Vigner A, Ricolleau A, Cetin S, Oçakoğlu N, Karakoç F, Sevilgen V. “Seismic imaging of the three dimensional architecture of the Çınarcık basin along the North Anatolian fault”. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 112 (B6), 1-17, 2007.
53. [53] Bayrakci G, Laigle M, Bécel A, Hirn A, Taymaz T, Yolsal Çevikbilen S, Team S. “3-D sediment-basement tomography of the Northern Marmara trough by a dense OBS network at the nodes of a grid of controlled source profiles along the North Anatolian fault”. Geophysical Journal International, 194, 1335-1357, 2013.
54. [54] Papazachos BC, Papazachou CB. The Earthquakes of Greece. 1st ed. Thessaloniki, Grece, Ziti Publication, 1997.
55. [55] Ambraseys NN. ”The seismic activity of the Marmara Sea Region over the last 2000 years”. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92, 1-18, 2002.
56. [56] Ikeda Y, Suzuki Y, Herece E, Şaroğlu F, Işıkara AM, Honkura Y. “Geological evidence for the last two faulting events on the North Anatolian fault zone in the Mudurnu valley, western Turkey”. Tectonophysics, 193, 335-345, 1991.
57. [57] Rockwell T, Barka A, Dawson T, Akyuz S, Thorup K. “Paleoseismology of the Gazikoy-Saros segment of the North Anatolian fault Northwestern Turkey: Comparison of the historical and paleoseismic records, implications of regional seismic hazard, and models of earthquake recurrence”. Journal of Seismology, 5, 443-448, 2001.
58. [58] Klinger Y, Sieh K, Altunel E, Akoglu A, Barka A, Dawson T, Gonzalez T, Meltzner A, Rockwell T. “Paleoseismic evidence of characteristic slip on the western segment of the North Anatolian Fault”. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 93, 2317-2332, 2003.
59. [59] Palyvos N, Pantosti D, Zabci C, D’Addezio G. “Paleoseismological evidence of recent earthquakes on the 1967 Mudurnu Valley Earthquake segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone”. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 97(5), 1646-1661, 2007.
60. [60] Kurcer A, Chatzipetros A, Tutkun SZ, Pavlides S, Ateş O, Valkaniotis S. “The Yenice-Gonen active fault (NW Turkey): Active tectonics and paleoseismology”. Tectonophysics, 453, 263-175, 2008.
61. [61] Ozaksoy V, Emre O, Yıldırım C, Doğan A, Ozalp S, Tokay F. “Sedimentary record of late Holocene seismicity and uplift of Hersek restraining bend along the North Anatolian Fault in the Gulf of İzmit”. Tectonophysics, 487, 33-45, 2010.
62. [62] McHugh CM, Seeber L, Cormier MH, Dutton J, Cagatay N, Polonia A, Gorur N. “Submarine earthquake geology along the North Anatolia Fault in the Marmara Sea, Turkey: a model for transform basin sedimentation”. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 248(3-4), 661-684, 2006.
63. [63] Leroy SSG, Schwab MJ, Costa PJM. “Seismic influence on the last 1500-year infill history of Lake Sapanca (North Anatolian Fault, NW Turkey)”. Tectonophysics, 486, 15-27, 2010.
64. [64] Altınok Y, Alpar B, Yaltırak C. “Sarkoy-Murefte 1912 Earthquake’s Tsunami, extension of the associated faulting in the Marmara Sea, Turkey”. Journal of Seismology, 7, 329-346, 2003.
65. [65] Ambraseys NN. “Seismic sea-waves in the Marmara Sea region during the last 20 centuries”. Journal of Seismology, 6, 571-578, 2002.
66. [66] Yalcıner AC, Alpar B, Altinok Y, Ozbay I, Imamura F. “Tsunamis in the Sea of Marmara: Historical documents for the past, models for the future”. Marine Geology, 190, 445-463, 2002.
67. [67] Afyoncu E. “İstanbul’u 510 Yıl Önce Yıkan Küçük Kıyamet”. https://www.sabah.com.tr/yazarlar/erhanafyoncu/2019/08/18/istanbulu-510-yil-once-yikankucuk-kiyamet (01.07.2020).
68. [68] Kalafat D, Kekovalı K, Güneş Y, Yılmazer M, Kara M, Deniz P, Berberoğlu M. “Türkiye ve Çevresi Faylanma- Kaynak Parametreleri (MT) Kataloğu (1938- 2008) ): A Cataloque of Source Parameters of Moderate and Strong Earthquakes for Turkey and its Surrounding Area (1938- 2008)”. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, Türkiye, 1026, 2009.
69. [69] Kalafat D. “Turkiye Deprem Kataloğunun İstatistik Acıdan Değerledirilmesi: Ornek Calışma-Statistical Evaluation of Turkey earthquake Catalog: Case Study”. Boğazici Universitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, Türkiye, 1039, 2010.
70. [70] Kalafat D. “Marmara Bölgesinin Depremselliği ve deprem ağının önemi”. 1. Türkiye Deprem Mühendisliği ve Sismoloji Konferansı, Ankara, Türkiye, 11-14 Ekim 2011.
71. [71] Armijo R, Pondard N, Meyer B, Uçarkus G, de Lépinay BM, Malavieille J, Dominguez S, Gustcher MA, Schmidt S, Beck C, Cagatay N. “Submarine fault scarps in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart (North Anatolian Fault): Implications for seismic hazard in Istanbul”. Geochemistry. Geophysics. Geosystem, 6(6), 1-29, 2005.
72. [72] De Siena L, Del Pezzo E, Bianco F, Tramelli A. “Multiple resolution seismic attenuation imaging at Mt. Vesuvius”. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 173, 17-32, 2009.
73. [73] De Siena L, Calvet M, Watson KJ, Jonkers ART, Thomas C. “Seismic scattering and absorption mapping of debris flows, feding paths, and tectonic units at Mount St. Helens volcano”. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 442, 21-31, 2016.
74. [74] De Siena L, Amoruso A, Del Pezzo E, Wakeford Z, Castellano M, Crescentini L. “Space-weighted seismic attenuation mapping of the aseismic source of Campi Flegrei 1983-1984 unrest”. Geophysical Research Letters, 44, 1740-1748, 2017.
75. [75] Şahin Ş, Öksüm E. “Determination of Volcanic Structures in andaround Nevşehir by Seismic Attenuation Method”. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 35(1), 181-191, 2020.
76. [76] Del Pezzo E, Bianco F, De Siena L, Zollo A. “Small scale shallow attenuation structure at Mt. Vesuvius”. Physics Earth Planetary Interiors, 157, 257-268, 2006.
77. [77] Frenkal A, Mcgarr A, Bicknel, J, Mri J. Seeber L, Cranswick E. “Attenuation of high-frequency shear waves in the crust: measurements from New York State, South Africa and Southern California”. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 17441-17457, 1990.
78. [78] Şahin Ş, Alptekin Ö. “Güneybatı Anadolu’da kabuk ve üst mantoda sismik dalgaların frekans bağımlı soğurulması”. Yerbilimleri, 27(2), 53-62, 2003.
79. [79] Kalafat D, Gürbüz C, Üçer SB. “Batı Türkiye’de Kabuk ve Üst Manto Yapısının Araştırılması”. Deprem Araştırma Bülteni 59, 43-64, 1987.
80. [80] Ozer C, Gok E, Polat O. “Three-Dimensional Seismic Velocity Structure of the Aegean Region of Turkey from Local Earthquake Tomography”. Annals of Geophysics, 6(1), 1-21, 2018.