Kesme gerilimi altında kalınlaşan sıvı emdirilmiş S2 cam fiber kumaşların düşük hız delinme dirençlerinin araştırılması

Öz

Bu çalışmada literatürdeki çalışmalardan farklı olarak, yüksek mukavemete ve darbe dayanımına sahip S2 cam fiber kumaşlara kesme gerilimi altında kalınlaşan sıvı (shear thickening fluid: STF) emdirilerek düşük hız delme ve yarıstatik delme dirençleri belirlenmiştir. Bu amaçla ilk olarak, ağırlıkça %20 oranında silika içeren polietilen glikol 400 (PEG400: Moleküler ağırlığı 400 g/mol’dür.)/silika süspansiyonu hazırlanarak reolojik ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ardından, kuru ve STF emdirilmiş kumaşlara delici ucun 200 mm, 300 mm ve 400 mm yükseklikten bırakıldığı durum için ağırlık düşürme delme ve yarı statik delme (delme hızı 6 mm/dk.) testleri uygulanmıştır. Kumaşlarda oluşan hasarlar ve altlık malzemede oluşan deformasyon izleri detaylıca ele alınmıştır. Yapılan reolojik testler sonucunda ağırlıkça %20 oranında silika içeren PEG400/silika süspansiyonunun kesme kalınlaşması davranışı sergilediği görülmüştür. Kumaşlara STF emdirilmesiyle birlikte delici ucun sırasıyla 200 mm, 300 mm ve 400 mm yükseklikten bırakıldığı durum için delici ucun altlık malzemeye batma derinliğinde sırasıyla %30.7, %17.7 ve 20.7’lik bir azalma görülmüştür. Ayrıca, ağırlık artışı açısından STF emdirilmesinin kumaş tabakası sayısını arttırmaya göre daha makul sonuçlar verdiği görülmüştür. Yarı statik delme testleri sonucunda ise kuru ve STF emdirilmiş kumaşlar yakın karakteristik özellik göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kesme kalınlaşması gösteren sıvı
• S2 cam fiber
• Reoloji
• Düşük hız delme

Investigation of the low velocity puncture resistance of shear thickening fluid impregnated S2 glass fiber fabrics

Öz

In this study, unlike the studies available in the literature, low velocity puncture resistance and quasi-static puncture resistance of S2 glass fiber fabrics with high strength and impact resistance impregnated with shear thickening fluid (STF) was determined. For this purpose, firstly, a polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400: 400 g/mole of molecular weight) suspension with the silica loading of 20 wt% was fabricated and then, rheological measurements were carried out. Then, drop weight puncture tests for the drop height of 200 mm, 300 mm and 400 mm and quasi-static puncture tests (6 mm/min of puncture velocity) were applied to neat and STF impregnated fabrics. Damages in fabrics and deformation marks on backing material were discussed in detail. As a result of the rheological tests, it was observed that the PEG400/silica suspension exhibits shear thickening behavior. With the STF impregnation, a decrease of 30.7%, 17.7% and 20.7% was observed in the penetration depth of the penetrator into the backing material for the drop height of 200 mm, 300 mm and 400 mm, respectively. In addition, It has been seen that the impregnation of STF gives more reasonable results in terms of weight increase than increasing the number of fabric layers. As a result of quasi-static puncture tests, neat and STF impregnated fabrics showed close characteristics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Shear thickening fluid
• S2 glass fiber
• Rheology
• Low velocity puncture

Kaynakça

1. [1] Hasanzadeh M, Mottaghitalab V, Babaei H, Rezaei M. “The influence of carbon nanotubes on quasi-static puncture resistance and yarn pull-out behavior of shear-thickening fluids (STFs) impregnated woven fabrics”. Composites: Part A, 88, 263-271, 2016.
2. [2] Ge J, Tan Z, Li W, Zhang H. “The rheological properties of shear thickening fluid reinforced with SiC nanowires”. Results in Physics, 7, 3369-3372, 2017.
3. [3] Gürgen S, Kuşhan MC, Li W. “Shear thickening fluids in protective applications: A review”. Progress in Polymer Science, 75, 48-72, 2017(a).
4. [4] Srivastava A, Majumdar A, Butola BS. “Improving the impact resistance of textile structures by using shear thickening fluids: A review”. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, 37(2), 115-129, 2012.
5. [5] Zielinska D, Delczyk-Olejniczak B, Wierzbicki L, WilbikHalgas B, Struszczyk MH, Leonowicz M. “Investigation of the effect of para-aramid fabric impregnation with shear thickening fluid on quasi-static stab resistance”. Textile Research Journal, 84(15), 1569-1577, 2014.
6. [6] Egres RG, Lee YS, Kirkwood JE, Kirkwood KM, Wetzel ED, Wagner NJ. “‘Liquid armor’: Protective fabrics utilizing shear thickening fluids”. 4th International Conference on Safety and Protective Fabrics, Pittsburgh, USA, 26-27 October 2004.
7. [7] Sun LL, Xiong DS, Xu CY. “Application of shear thickening fluid in ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fabric”. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 129(4), 1922-1928, 2013.
8. [8] Lee BW, Kim IJ, Kim CG. “The Influence of the particle size of silica on the ballistic performance of fabrics impregnated with silica colloidal suspension”. Journal of Composite Materials, 43(23), 2679-2698, 2009.

9. [9] Wetzel ED, Lee YS, Egres RG, Kirkwood KM, Kirkwood JE, Wagner NJ. “The effect of rheological parameters on the ballistic properties of shear thickening fluid (STF)‐kevlar composites”. In AIP conference proceedings, 712(1), 288-293, 2004.
10. [10] Gong X, Xu Y, Zhu W, Xuan S, Jiang W, Jiang W. “Study of the knife stab and puncture-resistant performance for shear thickening fluid enhanced fabric”. Journal of Composite Materials, 48(6), 641-657, 2013.
11. [11] Feng X, Li S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu J. “Effects of different silica particles on quasi-static stab resistant properties of fabrics impregnated with shear thickening fluids”. Materials & Design, 64, 456-461, 2014.
12. [12] Baharvandi H R, Alebooyeh M, Alizadeh M, Heydari MS, Kordani N, Khaksari P. “The influences of particle-particle interaction and viscosity of carrier fluid on characteristics of silica and calcium carbonate suspensions-coated Twaron® composite”. Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 11(7), 550-563, 2015(a).
13. [13] Baharvandi HR, Alebooyeh M, Alizadeh M, Khaksari P, Kordani N. “Effect of silica weight fraction on rheological and quasi-static puncture characteristics of shear thickening fluid-treated Twaron® composite”. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 46(2), 473-494, 2015b.
14. [14] Petel OE, Ouellet S, Loiseau J, Frost DL, Higgins AJ. “A comparison of the ballistic performance of shear thickening fluids based on particle strength and volume fraction”. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 85, 83-96, 2015.
15. [15] Li W, Xiong D, Zhao X, Sun L, Liu J. “Dynamic stab resistance of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fabric impregnated with shear thickening fluid”. Materials & Design, 102, 162-167, 2016.
16. [16] Xu Y, Chen X, Wang Y, Yuan Z. “Stabbing resistance of body armour panels impregnated with shear thickening fluid”. Composite Structures, 163, 465-473, 2017.
17. [17] Potluri R, Supriya K, Vittal GVVNG. “Effect of boron carbide particles inclusion on the mechanical behaviour of S2-Glass fiber based polyester composites”. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(9), 20257-20267, 2018.
18. [18] Huang Q, Garoushi S, Lin Z, He J, Qin W, Liu F, Vallittu PK, Lassila LVJ. “Properties of discontinuous S2-glass fiberparticulate-reinforced resin composites with two different fiber length distributions”. Journal of Prosthodontic Research, 61(4), 471-479, 2017.
19. [19] Taş H, Soykök İF. “Investigation of the Low Velocity Impact Behaviour of Shear Thickening Fluid Impregnated Kevlar, Hybrid (Kevlar/Carbon) and Carbon Fabrics”. Fibers and Polymers, 22, 2626-2634, 2021.
20. [20] Taş H, Soykok IF. “Puncture resistance of STF impregnated MWCNTs-grafted carbon fabrics”. Materials Today Communications, 28, 1-9, 2021.
21. [21] Office of Law Enforcement Standards. “Stab Resistance of Personal Body Armor-NIJ Standard-0115.00”. National Institute of Justice, Washington, USA, 0115.00, 2000.
22. [22] Gürgen S, Kuşhan MC. “The effect of silicon carbide additives on the stab resistance of shear thickening fluid treated fabrics”. Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 24(16), 1381-1390, 2017.
23. [23] Decker MJ, Halbach CJ, Nam CH, Wagner NJ, Wetzel ED. “Stab resistance of shear thickening fluid (STF)-treated fabrics”. Composites Science and Technology, 67(3-4), 565-578, 2007.
24. [24] Balali E, Kordani N, Sadough Vanini A. “Response of glass fiber-reinforced hybrid shear thickening fluid (STF) under low-velocity impact”. The Journal of The Textile Institute, 108(3), 376-384, 2017.
25. [25] Srivastava A, Majumdar A, Butola BS. “Improving the impact resistance performance of Kevlar fabrics using silica based shear thickening fluid”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 529, 224-229, 2011.
26. [26] Kang TJ, Hong KH, Yoo MR. “Preparation and properties of fumed silica/Kevlar composite fabrics for application of stab resistant material”. Fibers and Polymers, 11(5), 719-724, 2010.
27. [27] Yu K, Cao H, Qian K, Jiang L, Li H. “Synthesis and stab resistance of shear thickening fluid (STF) impregnated glass fabric composites”. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe, 6A(95), 126-128, 2012.
28. [28] Park JL, Yoon BI, Paik JG, Kang TJ. “Ballistic performance of p-aramid fabrics impregnated with shear thickening fluid; part I-effect of laminating sequence”. Textile Research Journal, 82(6), 527-541, 2012.