Bir spor sahasında yüzey tozlarındaki ağır metallerin kirlilik seviyesinin, mikroskobik yapısının ve sağlık riskinin değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Kentsel alanlarda, meteoroloji ve topografyanın atmosferik kirliliğin taşınması ve birikmesindeki etkinliği nedeniyle, yüzeyde biriken tozlar çevre kirliliğini değerlendirmek için en çok kullanılan örnekleme yöntemlerinden biridir. Bu çalışmada, stadyum koltuklarından toplanan yüzey tozları ağır metal içeriği açısından araştırılmıştır. Si, Fe, Al, Ti, Mn, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cr, Pb, Co, V, Ni, Sn, Sc, Bi, Sb, Ag, As, Mo, Hg ve Cd olmak üzere 22 farklı ağır metal konsantrasyonu ICP-MS ve ICP-OES tekniği ile belirlenmiş ve morfolojik yapısını belirlemek için SEM görüntüsü incelenmiştir. Zn and Bi hariç diğer ağır metal konsantrasyonlarının yer kabuğu konsantrasyonlarından düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Parçacıkların şekli ve boyutu, ortamın doğal toprak kaynağından ve antropojenik kaynaklardan etkilenebileceğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca normal günlük aktivite ve normal günlük aktivite ile birlikte sportif aktivite için tozdaki toksitiye maruz kalmaları açısından iki farklı değerlenme yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar sağlık riski ve kanser riski değerlendirmeleri sınır değerlerin altında olduğu için kabul edilebilir olarak belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Toz
• Hava kirliliği
• Sağlık riski
• Sportif aktivite
• Sağlık yönetimi

Assessment of the pollution level, microscopic structure, and health risk of heavy metals in surface dusts in a sports field

Abstract

In urban areas, dust accumulated on the surface is one of the most used sampling methods used to evaluate environmental pollution, due to the effectiveness of meteorology and topography in the transport and accumulation of atmospheric pollution. The heavy metal concentration of surface dust collected from stadium seats was examined in this study. 22 different heavy metals namely Si, Fe, Al, Ti, Mn, Zn, Sr, Ba, Cr, Pb, Co, V, Ni, Sn, Sc, Bi, Sb, Ag, As, Mo, Hg and Cd concentrations were determined by ICP-MS and ICP-OES techniques, and SEM image was examined to determine its morphological structure. Heavy metal concentrations, except Zn and Bi, were found to be lower than those found in the earth crust. The shape and size of the particles indicated that the environment could be influenced by the natural soil source and anthropogenic sources. In addition, two separate assessments were conducted in terms of exposure to dust toxicity for normal daily activity and sporting activity coupled with normal daily activity. The results were considered acceptable because the health risk and cancer risk assessments were below the limit values.

Keywords

• Dust
• Air pollution
• Health risk
• Sportive activity
• Healthmanagement

Kaynakça

1. [1] Gabarrón M, Faz A, Acosta J.A. “Effect of different industrial activities on heavy metal concentrations and chemical distribution in topsoil and road dust”. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(3), 1-13, 2017.
2. [2] Pacyna JM. Atmospheric Deposition. Editors: Jørgensen S. E., Fath B.D. Encyclopedia of Ecology, 275-285, Kjeller, Norway, Academic Press, 2008.
3. [3] Ulutaş K. “Risk assessment and spatial distribution of heavy metal in street dusts in the densely industrialized area”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(2), 1-20, 2022.
4. [4] Gunawardana C, Goonetilleke A, Egodawatta P, Dawes L, Kokot S. “Source characterisation of road dust based on chemical and mineralogical composition”. Chemosphere, 87(2), 163-170, 2012.
5. [5] Taşpınar F, Bozkurt Z. “Heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment of road dust on selected highways in Düzce, Turkey”. Environmental Forensics, 19(4), 298-314, 2018.
6. [6] Lee JRE, Von Lehmden DJ. “Trace metal pollution in the environment”. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 23(10), 853-857, 1973.
7. [7] Kanwar VS, Sharma A, Srivastav AL, Rani L. “Phytoremediation of toxic metals present in soil and water environment: a critical review”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(36), 44835-44860, 2020.
8. [8] Tang J, Zhang J, Ren L, Zhou Y, Gao J, Luo L, Yang Y, Huang H, Chen A. “Diagnosis of soil contamination using microbiological indices: A review on heavy metal pollution”. Journal of Environmental Management, 242, 121-130, 2019.

9. [9] Shrivastav R. “Atmospheric heavy metal pollution”. Resonance, 6(4), 62-68, 2001.
10. [10] Mishra S, Dwivedi SP, Singh RB. “A review on epigenetic effect of heavy metal carcinogens on human health”. The Open Nutraceuticals Journal, 3(1), 188-193, 2010.
11. [11] Fu Z, Xi S. “The effects of heavy metals on human metabolism”. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 30(3), 167-176, 2020.
12. [12] Mishra KP, Singh VK, Rani R, Yadav VS, Chandran V, Srivastava SP, Seth PK. “Effect of lead exposure on the immune response of some occupationally exposed individuals”. Toxicology, 188(2-3), 251-259, 2003.
13. [13] Debnath B, Singh WS, Manna K. “Sources and toxicological effects of lead on human health”. Indian Journal of Medical Specialities, 10(2), 66-71, 2019.
14. [14] Shekhawat K, Chatterjee S, Joshi B. “Chromium toxicity and its health hazards”. International journal of Advanced Research, 3(7), 167-172, 2015.
15. [15] Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. “Turkey Environmental Issues and Priorities Evaluation Report”. Ankara, Turkey, 40, 2020.
16. [16] Şensöz NP, Börü ÜT, Bölük C, Bilgiç A, Çakmak ÖÖ, Duman A, Taşdemir M. “Stroke epidemiology in Karabük city Turkey: Community based study”. Eneurologicalsci, 10, 12-15, 2018.
17. [17] Çelik MB, Özdalyan B, Kadi İ, Borat O. “The air pollution in Karabük relative to day hours”. Journal of Gazi University Institute of Science and Technology, 15(1), 181-189, 2002.
18. [18] Çelik MB, Kadi İ. “The relation between meteorological factors and pollutants concentrations in Karabük city”. Gazi University Journal of Science, 20(4), 87-95, 2007.
19. [19] Zheng N, Hou S, Wang S, Sun S, An Q, Li P, Li X. “Health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dust around a zinc smelting plant in China based on bioavailability and bioaccessibility”. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 197, 110617-28, 2020.
20. [20] Environmental Protection Agency. “Soil screening guidance: Technical background document”. Washington DC, USA, EPA/540/R-95/128, 1996.
21. [21] Environmental Protection Agency. “Risk Assessment guidance for superfund, volume I: Human health evaluation manual (Part A)”. Washington DC, USA, EPA/540/1-89/002, 1989.
22. [22] Environmental Protection Agency. “Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Volume I Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part D, Standardized Planning, Reporting, and Review of Superfund Risk Assessments)”. Washington DC, USA, OSWER 9285.7-01D, 1998.
23. [23] Durmusoglu E, Taspinar F, Karademir A. “Health risk assessment of BTEX emissions in the landfill environment”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 176(1-3), 870-877, 2010.
24. [24] Yıldız SA. “What is the meaning of aerobic and anaerobic capacity?” Eurasian Journal of Pulmonology, 14(Supp: 1), 1-8, 2012.
25. [25] McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. “Essentials of Exercise Physiology”. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, USA, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.
26. [26] Environmental Protection Agency. “Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Superfund Sites”. Washington DC: USA, OSWER 9355.4- 24, 2002.
27. [27] Kusin FM, Azani NNM, Hasan SNMS, Sulong NA. “Distribution of heavy metals and metalloid in surface sediments of heavily-mined area for bauxite ore in Pengerang, Malaysia and associated risk assessment”. Catena, 165, 454-464, 2018.
28. [28] Integrated Risk Information System. “Integrated Risk Information System Assessments”. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris_drafts/atoz.cfm?list_typ e=alpha (15.01.2022).
29. [29] Rudnick RL, Gao S. The Composition of the Continental Crust, Editors: Rudnick RL, Holland HD, Turekian KK. 1- 64, The Crust Treatise on Geochemistry. Oxford, UK, Elsevier-Pergamon, 2003.
30. [30] Kara M. “Assessment of sources and pollution state of trace and toxic elements in street dust in a metropolitan city”. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42(10), 3213-3229, 2020.
31. [31] Wawer M, Magiera T, Ojha G, Appel E, Kusza G, Hu S, Basavaiah N. “Traffic-related pollutants in roadside soils of different countries in Europe and Asia”. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 226(7), 1-14, 2015.
32. [32] Ferreira-Baptista L, De Miguel E. “Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: a tropical urban environment”. Atmospheric Environment, 39(25), 4501-4512, 2005.
33. [33] Salih Z, Aziz F. “Heavy metal accumulation in dust and workers’ scalp hair as a bioindicator for air pollution from a steel factory”. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 29(2), 1805-1813, 2020.
34. [34] Aguilera A, Bautista F, Gutiérrez-Ruiz M, CenicerosGómez AE, Cejudo R, Goguitchaichvili A. “Heavy metal pollution of street dust in the largest city of Mexico, sources and health risk assessment”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(4), 1-16, 2021.
35. [35] Molina LT, Madronich S, Gaffney JS, Apel E, de Foy B, Fast J, Ferrare R, Herndon S, Jimenez JL, Lamb B, OsornioVargas AR, Russell P, Schauer JJ, Stevens PS, Volkamer R, Zavala M. “An overview of the MILAGRO 2006 Campaign: Mexico City emissions and their transport and transformation”. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10(18), 8697-8760, 2010.
36. [36] Aguilera A, Bautista F, Goguitchaichvili A, Garcia-Oliva F. “Health risk of heavy metals in street dust”. Front. Biosci (Landmark Ed.), 1, 327-345, 2021.
37. [37] Ladonin DV, Mikhaylova AP. “Heavy metals and arsenic in soils and street dust of the southeastern administrative district of Moscow: long-term data”. Eurasian Soil Science, 53(11), 1635-1644, 2020.
38. [38] Pandey D, Banerjee T, Badola N, Chauhan JS. “Evidences of microplastics in aerosols and street dust: a case study of Varanasi City, India”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs1151250/v1.
39. [39] Maity R, Venkateshwarlu M, Mondal S, Kapawar MR, Gain D, Chatterjee S, Paul P. “Mineral magnetic and geochemical characterization of the dust and soils around Mejia Thermal Power Plant, West Bengal: Implications to source apportionment”. Journal of Earth System Science, 131(2), 1-20, 2022.
40. [40] Zhanibekov A, Issayeva R, Golovatyi S, Taspoltayeva A, Aitimbetova A, Nurtayeva A, Kurganbekov Z, Tulbasiyeva, A. “Assessment of Soil Contamination by Heavy Metals: A Case of Turkistan Region”. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 31(2), 1985-1993, 2022.
41. [41] Magiera T, Jabłońska M, Strzyszcz Z, Rachwal M. “Morphological and mineralogical forms of technogenic magnetic particles in industrial dusts”. Atmospheric Environment, 45(25), 4281-4290, 2011.
42. [42] Xu J, Zhang J, Liu, Y, Zhong P, Lu Y, Huang F, Zhang H. “Risk of heavy metal (loid) s, morphology, and mineral composition in atmospheric dustfall from university campuses in Wuhan, China”. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20(5), 4959-4972, 2022.
43. [43] Khodadadi N, Amini A, Dehbandi R. “Contamination, probabilistic health risk assessment and quantitative source apportionment of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in street dust of a highly developed city in north of Iran”. Environmental Research, 210, 1-14, 2022.
44. [44] Wang P, Cao Y, Luo H, Li, T, Yang B, Li H, Liang T, Yu J, Wanga L, Ma F, Gu O, Ding A, Li, F. “Remarkable enrichment of heavy metals in baghouse filter dust during direct-fired thermal desorption of contaminated soil”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 430, 1-9, 2022.
45. [45] Teran K, Žibret G, Fanetti M. “Impact of urbanization and steel mill emissions on elemental composition of street dust and corresponding particle characterization”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 384, 1-11, 2020.
46. [46] Abbasi S, Keshavarzi B, Moore F, Mahmoudi MR. “Fractionation, source identification and risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in street dust of the most important center for petrochemical products, Asaluyeh County, Iran”. Environmental Earth Sciences, 77(19), 1-19, 2018.
47. [47] Demirkol O, Aktaş N. “Tekirdağ açiklarindan ve izmit körfezinden avlanan istavrit baliklarinda ağir metal birikimi üzerine bir araştirma”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 205-209, 2011.
48. [48] Çelebi H, Gök G. “Topraklarda otoyol ve trafik kaynaklı ağır metal kirliliğinin değerlendirilmesi”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(6), 1169-1178, 2018.
49. [49] Oğuz, U. An investigation on heavy metal biomonitoring with mosses in the surroindings of Karabük Iron-Steel Plant (KARDEMİR). MSc Thesis, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Zonguldak., 2007.
50. [50] Çetinkaya, K. Levels of Lead, Cadmium, Nickel In Breast Milk in Karabük. MSc Thesis, Karabük University, Karabük, Ankara, 2018.
51. [51] Ulutaş, K. “Spatial distribution, contamination levels, source identification and human health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in street dust in urban area in Libya”. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 32(1), 125-146, 2023.