EA hızlı şarj cihazi için izoleli DC-DC dönüştürücülerle uygulanan üç fazlı nötr noktadan sıkıştırılmış PFC doğrultucunun değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Elektrikli Araçların (EA'lar) harici şarj cihazları için üç fazlı bir AC/DC nötr nokta kenetlemeli (NPC) güç faktörü düzeltilmiş (PFC) çok düzeyli dönüştürücü değerlendirilmektedir. Doğrultucu analizi, izole edilmiş DC-DC dönüştürücüler ile kapsamlı simülasyonlarla test edilmiştir. Bu doğrultucu, 100 kW'a kadar güç seviyelerinde derecelendirilen DC hızlı şarj cihazları için birlik giriş güç faktörü ve %96'nın üzerinde verimlilik sağlar. 800 Volt DC gerilimi için gerilim dalgalanması %0.5'in altındadır. 125 Amper DC akım için akım dalgalanması %0.1'in altındadır. EV hızlı şarj cihazı, her iki izole DC-DC dönüştürücü ile değerlendirildiğinde, NPC doğrultucunun harmoniği %1'den azdır. Bu çok seviyeli dönüştürücü, kapasite voltaj dengelemesi açısından oldukça verimlidir. Sistem basit bir kontrol yapısına sahiptir ve ekstra bir PFC devresi gerektirmez. Dönüştürücü çalışma ve tasarım hesapları benzetim çalışmaları ile sunulmuştur. İzoleli DC-DC dönüştürücüler için değerlendirilen sistemin benzetim sonuçları, önerilen şarj sisteminin geçerliliğini ve esnekliğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Batarya şarj cihazi
• Elektrikli araçlar
• Çok seviyeli dönüştürücü
• Nötr nokta kenetlemeli (NPC) dönüştürücü
• Güç faktörü düzelten (PFC) dönüştürücü
• Güç kalitesi

Evaluation of three-phase neutral-point-clamped PFC rectifier implemented with isolated DC-DC converters for EV fast charger

Abstract

In this study, a three-phase AC/DC neutral point clamped (NPC) power factor corrected (PFC) multilevel converter for off-board chargers of Electric Vehicles (EVs) is evaluated. The rectifier analysis has been tested by extensive simulations in combination with isolated DC-DC converters. This rectifier provides unity input power factor and efficiency above 96% for DC fast chargers rated at power levels up to 100 kW. The voltage ripple is below 0.5% for 800 Volt DC voltage. The current ripple is below 0.1% for 125 Ampere DC current. When the EV fast charger is evaluated with both isolated DC-DC converters, the NPC rectifier has less than 1% THD. This multilevel converter is highly efficient in terms of capacitor voltage balancing. The system has a simple control structure and does not require an extra PFC circuit. The converter operation and design calculations are presented with simulation studies. The simulation results of the system evaluated for isolated DC-DC converters demonstrate the validity and flexibility of the proposed charging system.

Keywords

• Battery charger
• Electric vehicles (EVs)
• Multilevel converter
• Neutral point clamped (NPC) converter
• Power factor correction (PFC) converter
• Power quality

Kaynakça

1. [1] Metwly MY, Abdel-Majeed MS, Abdel-Khalik AS, Hamdy RA, Hamad MS, Ahmed S. “A review of integrated on-board EV battery chargers: Advanced topologies, recent developments and optimal selection of FSCW slot/pole combination”. IEEE Access, 8, 85216-85242, 2020.
2. [2] Sam CA, Jegathesan V. “Bidirectional integrated on-board chargers for electric vehicles-A review”. Sādhanā, 46(26), 1-14, 2021.
3. [3] Monteiro V, Afonso J, Sousa T, Afonso JL. The Role of off-Board Ev Battery Chargers in Smart Homes and Smart Grids: Operation With Renewables and Energy Storage Systems. Editors: Ali A, Behnam MI, Ali E. The Role of off-Board EV Battery Chargers in Smart Homes and Smart Grids: Operation with Renewables and Energy Storage Systems, 47-72, Cham, Switzerland, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2020.
4. [4] Mollahasanoğlu M, Okumuş H. "A review of three phase AC-DC power factor correction converters for electric vehicle fast charging". European Journal of Science and Technology, 32, 663-669, 2021.
5. [5] Piasecki S, Zaleski J, Jasinski M, Bachman S, Turzyński M. “Analysis of AC/DC/DC converter modules for direct current fast-charging applications”. Energies, 14(19), 6369, 2021.
6. [6] Ozkop E, Altas IH, Sharaf AM. “A novel switched power filter-green plug (SPF-GP) scheme for wave energy systems”. Renewable energy, 44, 340-358, 2012.
7. [7] Antoniewicz K, Jasinski M, Kazmierkowski MP, Malinowski M. “Model predictive control for three-level four-leg flying capacitor converter operating as shunt active power filter”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 63(8), 5255-5262, 2016.
8. [8] Rivera S, Wu B, Kouro S, Yaramasu V, Wang J. “Electric vehicle charging station using a neutral point clamped converter with bipolar DC bus”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 62(4), 1999-2009, 2014.

9. [9] Safayatullah M, Elrais MT, Ghosh S, Rezaii R, Batarseh I. “A comprehensive review of power converter topologies and control methods for electric vehicle fast charging applications”. IEEE Access, 10, 40753-40793, 2022.
10. [10] Bai H, Taylor A, Guo W, Szatmari-Voicu G, Wang N, Patterson J, Kane J. “Design of an 11 kW power factor correction and 10 kW ZVS DC/DC converter for a high-efficiency battery charger in electric vehicles”. IET Power Electronics, 5(9), 1714-1722, 2012.
11. [11] Kesler M, Kisacikoglu MC, Tolbert LM. “Vehicle-to-grid reactive power operation using plug-in electric vehicle bidirectional offboard charger”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 61(12), 6778-6784, 2014.
12. [12] Çetin S. "High efficiency design approach of a LLC resonant converter for on-board electrical vehicle battery charge applications”. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 23(2), 103-111, 2017.
13. [13] Tu H, Feng H, Srdic S, Lukic S. “Extreme fast charging of electric vehicles: a technology overview”. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 5(4), 861-878, 2019.
14. [14] Jayakumar V, Chokkalingam B, Munda JL. “A comprehensive review on space vector modulation techniques for neutral point clamped multi-level inverters”. IEEE Access, 9, 112104-112144, 2021.
15. [15] Ozkop E, Altas IH. “Control, power and electrical components in wave energy conversion systems: a review of the technologies”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 67, 106-115, 2017.
16. [16] Ellis RG. “Harmonic analysis of industrial power systems”. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 32(2), 417-421, 1996.
17. [17] Tan L, Wu B, Yaramasu V, Rivera S, Guo X. “Effective voltage balance control for bipolar-DC-bus-fed EV charging station with three-level DC-DC fast charger”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 63(7), 4031-4041, 2016.
18. [18] Kang T, Kim C, Suh Y, Park H, Kang B, Kim D. “A design and control of bi-directional non-isolated DC-DC converter for rapid electric vehicle charging system”. Seventh Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Orlando, FL, USA, 05-09 February 2012.
19. [19] Montero-Robina P, Albea C, Gómez-Estern F, Gordillo F. “Hybrid modeling and control of three-level NPC rectifiers”. Control Engineering Practice, 130, 1-13, 2023.
20. [20] Abarzadeh M, Khan WA, Weise N, Al-Haddad K, El-Refaie, AM. “A new configuration of paralleled modular anpc multilevel converter controlled by an improved modulation method for 1 mhz, 1 mw ev charger”. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 57(3), 3164-3178, 2020.
21. [21] Pulikanti SR, Konstantinou G, Agelidis VG. “Hybrid seven-level cascaded active neutral-point-clamped-based multilevel converter under SHE-PWM”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 60(11), 4794-4804, 2012.
22. [22] Srdic S, Lukic S. “Toward extreme fast charging: Challenges and opportunities in directly connecting to medium-voltage line”. IEEE Electrification Magazine, 7(1), 22-31, 2019.
23. [23] Yüksel A, Özkop E. "Control of single phase grid connected transformerless PV inverter system". Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 25(2), 143-150, 2019.
24. [24] Saadaoui A, Ouassaid M, Maaroufi M. “Overview of integration of power electronic topologies and advanced control techniques of ultra-fast EV charging stations in standalone microgrids”. Energies, 6(3), 1-21, 2023.
25. [25] Sharma D, Bhat AH, Ahmad A, Langer N. “Capacitor voltage balancing in neutral-point clamped rectifier using modified modulation index technique”. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 70, 137-150, 2018.
26. [26] Deb N, Singh R, Brooks RR, Bai K. “A review of extremely fast charging stations for electric vehicles”. Energies, 14(22), 1-27, 2021.
27. [27] Rajendran G, Vaithilingam CA, Misron N, Naidu K, Ahmed, MR. “Voltage oriented controller based vienna rectifier for electric vehicle charging stations”. IEEE Access, 9, 50798-50809, 2021.
28. [28] Mallik A, Khaligh A. “Comparative study of three-phase buck, boost and buck-boost rectifier topologies for regulated transformer rectifier units”. IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC), Dearborn, MI, USA, 14-17 June 2015.
29. [29] Saleh SA, Ozkop E, St-Onge XF, Richard C. “Testing the Performance of a dq0 Phaselet Transform Based Digital Differential Protection for $3\PHI $ Converter Transformers”. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 56(6), 6258-6271, 2020.
30. [30] Mishima T, Akamatsu K, Nakaoka M. “A high frequency-link secondary-side phase-shifted full-range soft-switching PWM DC-DC converter with ZCS active rectifier for EV battery chargers”. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 28(12), 5758-5773, 2013.
31. [31] Kim JH, Lee IO, Moon GW. “Analysis and design of a hybrid-type converter for optimal conversion efficiency in electric vehicle chargers”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 64(4), 2789-2800, 2017.
32. [32] De-Doncker RW, Divan DM, Kheraluwala MH. “A three-phase soft-switched high-power-density DC/DC converter for high-power-applications”. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 27(1), 63-73, 1991.
33. [33] Shi K, Zhang D, Zhou Z, Zhang M, Zhang D, Gu Y. ``A novel phase-shift-dual-full-bridge converter with full soft-switching range and wide conversion range”. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 31(11), 7747-7760, 2016.
34. [34] Xiao H, Xie S. “A ZVS bidirectional DC-DC converter with phase-shift plus PWM control scheme”. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 23(2), 813-823, 2008.
35. [35] Monteiro V, Ferreira JC, Melendez AAN, Couto C, Afonso JL. “Experimental validation of a novel architecture based on a dual-stage converter for off-board fast battery chargers of electric vehicles”. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 67(2), 1000-1011, 2017.
36. [36] Mortezaei A, Abdul-Hak M, Simoes MG. “A bidirectional NPC-based level 3 EV charging system with added active filter functionality in smart grid applications”. In 2018 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC), Long Beach, CA, USA, 13-15 June 2018.
37. [37] Yüksel A, Özkop E. “A single phase standalone photovoltaic system with HERIC inverter control”. In 2016 National Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Biomedical Engineering (ELECO), Bursa, Turkey, 01-03 December 2016.