A guideline for karst spring discharge modeling: The example of Susuz karst aquifer conceptual model, Seydişehir, Türkiye

Abstract

Karstic aquifers are heterogeneous groundwater systems by means of recharge (diffuse and concentrated), storage (matrix and conduit), flow (local or regional), and discharge (laminar and turbulent) characteristics, hence giving quicker responses to both natural and artificial threats while compared to the porous aquifers. Considering the most devastating threats of climate change and increasing population, the stress on the karst groundwater is increasing inevitably. Sustainable usage of these groundwater systems could only be possible by developing the numerical models. Numerical models of the karst aquifers could be developed by using (i) black-box models, (ii) conceptual models, and (iii) physical models from simple to complicated, respectively. This study aims to explain how to build a successful numerical model to a karst aquifer by using the conceptual modelling approach from the very basic concepts such as data requirements and data collection methods, data processing techniques, structural adequacy of the model, and finally the application procedures. The given methodology is explained by the results of a case study of the Pınarbaşı spring, Susuz karst aquifer, Central Taurus karst belt.

Keywords

• Karst
• Groundwater
• Spring discharge
• Hydrological conceptual model

Karstik kaynak boşalım modelleme esasları: Susuz karst akifer kavramsal modeli örneği, Seydişehir, Türkiye

Öz

Karstik akiferler sahip oldukları beslenme (noktasal ve alansal), depolama (kanal ve matriks), dolaşım (yerel ve yaygın) ve boşalım (laminar ve türbülanslı) özellikleri bakımından heterojen yeraltısuyu sistemleri olup, hem doğal hem de doğal olmayan tehditlere karşı gözenekli akiferlere kıyasla çok hızlı tepki veren hassas ortamlardır. İklim değişikliği ve nüfus artışı gibi güncel tehditler dikkate alındığında karstik yeraltısuları üzerindeki baskının günden güne artması kaçınılmazdır. Karstik yeraltısularının sürdürülebilir kullanımı ise onların kavramsal ve sayısal modellerinin geliştirilmesi ile mümkün olmaktadır. Karstik akiferlerin sayısal modelleri ise basitten karmaşığa doğru (i) kara kutu modeller, (ii) kavramsal modeller ve (iii) fiziksel modeller olmak üzere üç farklı yaklaşıma göre oluşturulabilmektedir. Bu çalışma karstik bir akiferin sayısal boşalım modelinin kavramsal modelleme yaklaşımı kullanılarak nasıl oluşturulması gerektiği hususunu en temelden ele alarak açıklamıştır. Bu kapsamda veri ihtiyacı, veri toplama teknikleri, veri işleme yöntemleri, model yapısal yeterliliği ve son olarak model uygulamasının yapılması hususlarına değinilmiştir. Çalışmada değinilen metodolojinin örnek bir uygulaması Orta Toros karst kuşağında yer alan Susuz karst akiferi ve Pınarbaşı karst kaynağı boşalım modeli sonuçları üzerinden açıklanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Karst
• Yeraltısuyu
• Kaynak boşalımı
• Hidrolojik kavramsal model

Kaynakça

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