The role of welding parameters in enhancing joint strength and durability for AISI 1040 and 316 steels

Abstract

This study evaluates the effects of welding parameters, particularly amperage, on the mechanical properties and microstructures of AISI 1040 and AISI 316 steels joined using Electric Arc Welding (EAW), Metal Inert Gas (MIG), and Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding techniques. Experimental samples were subjected to tensile, bending, and microhardness tests, followed by microstructural analysis using optical microscopy. The results showed that welding amperage significantly influences tensile and bending strengths, as well as hardness values. For AISI 1040 steel, TIG welding at 100 amperes achieved the highest tensile strength (543 MPa) and bending strength (181 N), while EAW at 70 amperes exhibited the lowest values. For AISI 316 stainless steel, MIG welding at 70 amperes yielded the highest tensile strength (491 MPa), and EAW at 90 amperes demonstrated the highest bending strength (150 N). Microhardness analysis indicated that rapid cooling in surface regions increased hardness. Microstructural examination revealed grain refinement and uniformity at optimal amperages, contributing to improved mechanical properties. The study underscores the importance of selecting appropriate welding parameters to enhance joint performance and weld quality.

Keywords

• Welding parameters
• AISI 1040 steel
• AISI 316 stainless steel
• Mechanical properties
• Microstructural analysis

AISI 1040 ve 316 çeliklerinde birleşim dayanımı ve dayanıklılığın artırılmasında kaynak parametrelerinin rolü

Öz

Bu çalışma, kaynak parametrelerinin, özellikle akım şiddetinin, Electric Arc Welding (EAW), Metal Inert Gas (MIG) ve Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) kaynak teknikleri ile birleştirilen AISI 1040 ve AISI 316 çeliklerinin mekanik özellikleri ve mikro yapıları üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmektedir. Deneysel örnekler, gerilme, eğilme ve mikrosertlik testlerine tabi tutulmuş ve ardından optik mikroskopi ile mikro yapı analizi yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar, kaynak akımının, gerilme ve eğilme dayanımları ile sertlik değerlerini önemli ölçüde etkilediğini göstermiştir. AISI 1040 çeliği için, 100 amperde yapılan TIG kaynağı en yüksek gerilme dayanımını (543 MPa) ve eğilme dayanımını (181 N) sağlarken, 70 amperde yapılan EAW kaynak işlemi en düşük değerlere sahiptir. AISI 316 paslanmaz çelik için ise, 70 amperde yapılan MIG kaynağı en yüksek gerilme dayanımını (491 MPa), 90 amperde yapılan EAW kaynağı ise en yüksek eğilme dayanımını (150 N) göstermiştir. Mikrosertlik analizi, yüzey bölgelerinde hızlı soğumanın sertliği artırdığını belirtmiştir. Mikroyapı incelemesi, optimal akım şiddetlerinde tane incelmesi ve homojenlik sağlandığını, bunun da mekanik özellikleri iyileştirdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Çalışma, uygun kaynak parametrelerinin seçilmesinin, birleşim performansını ve kaynak kalitesini artırmadaki önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kaynak parametreleri
• AISI 1040 çeliği
• AISI 316 paslanmaz çeliği
• Mekanik özellikler
• Mikroyapı analizleri

Kaynakça

1. [1] Den Ouden G, Hermans M. Welding Technology. 1th ed. Delft, Netherlands, VSSD, 2009.
2. [2] Messler Jr RW. Principles of Welding: Processes, Physics, Chemistry, and Metallurgy. 2nd ed. Singapore, John Wiley & Sons, 2024.
3. [3] Kah P, Latifi H, Suoranta R, Martikainen J, Pirinen M. “Usability of arc types in industrial welding”. International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 9(15), 1-12. 2014.
4. [4] Apay S. “Optimization of welding parameters in MAG lap welding of DD13 sheet metal with taguchi method and FEM analysis”. Manufacturing Technologies and Applications, 3(3), 20-30, 2022.
5. [5] Uygur I, Dogan I. “The effect of TIG welding on microstructure and mechanical properties of a butt-joined-unalloyed titanium”. Metalurgija, 44(2), 119-123, 2005.
6. [6] Uygur I, Gulenc B. “The effect of shielding gas compositions for MIG welding process on mechanical behavior of low carbon steel”. Metalurgija, 43(1), 35-40, 2004.
7. [7] Venkatratnam D, Kesava Rao VVS. "Effect of MIG welding parameters on mechanical properties of dissimilar weld joints of AISI 202 and AISI 316 steels". International Journal of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology, 13(2), 51-64, 2020.
8. [8] Açar I, Çevik B, Gülenç B. "Weldability of dissimilar stainless steels by MIG welding with different gas combinations". Sādhanā, 48(2), 69, 2023.

9. [9] Ogbonna OS, Akinlabi Akinlabi S, Madushele N, Fatoba OS, Akinlabi ET. "Multi-response optimization of TIG dissimilar welding of AISI 1008 mild steel and AISI 316 stainless steel using grey-based Taguchi method". The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 126(1-2), 749-758, 2023.
10. [10] Ramakrishnan A, Rameshkumar T, Rajamurugan G, Sundarraju G, Selvamuthukumaran D. "Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of TIG welded dissimilar AISI 304 and AISI 316 stainless steel using 308 filler rod". Materials Today: Proceedings, 45, 8207-8211, 2021.
11. [11] Ongun A, Uzun İ, Turgut OK. "Investigation of mechanical properties AISI 1040 steel welding with electric arc and MIG, applied various heat treatments". Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 23(1), 1-5, 2017.
12. [12] Adin MŞ. "A parametric study on the mechanical properties of MIG and TIG welded dissimilar steel joints". Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 38(1), 115-138, 2024.
13. [13] Sakthivel P, Sivakumar P. "Effect of vibration in TIG and arc welding using AISI316 stainless steel". International Journal of Engineering. Research and Science. & Technology, 3(4), 116-130, 2014.
14. [14] Math P, Praveen Kumar BS. "Optimization of Gas Metal Arc Welding Process Parameters on Structural Steel Plates by Taguchi Method". Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels, 70(10A), 254-259, 2022.
15. [15] Ates H, Tamer Ozdemir A, Uzun M, Uygur I. “Effect of deep sub-zero treatment on mechanical properties of AA5XXX aluminum plates adjoined by MIG welding technique”. Scientia Iranica, 24(4), 1950-1957, 2017.
16. [16] Silwal B, Li L, Deceuster A, Griffiths B. “Effect of postweld heat treatment on the toughness of heat-affected zone for grade 91 steel”. Welding Journal, 92(3), 80-87, 2013.
17. [17] Silwal B, Li L, Deceuster A, Griffiths B. “Effect of postweld heat treatment on the toughness of heat-affected zone for grade 91 steel”. Welding Journal, 92(3), 80-87, 2003.
18. [18] Uygur I. “Microstructure and wear properties of AISI 1038 H steel weldments”. Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, 58(6), 303-311, 2006.
19. [19] Uygur I. “Influence of shoulder diameter on mechanical response and microstructure of FSW welded 1050 Al-alloy”. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 57(1), 53-60, 2012.