Recent advances in the synthesis and biological activity studies of pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives: A review

Abstract

Pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives are aromatic heterocyclic compounds containing one or more nitrogen atoms and have a wide range of applications in modern drug design and development. Their ability to interact at the molecular level, pharmacophore properties, and bioavailability potential make them highly suitable candidates for various therapeutic targets. These derivatives, which can exhibit pharmacological effects such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory, play a critical role in the development of molecules with multiple mechanisms of action. Recent studies show that these heterocyclic skeletons can be optimized by chemical modifications to increase their selectivity and efficacy against biological targets. This review discusses innovative methods for the synthesis of pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives, structural diversity strategies, and biological activities of these compounds in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, recent scientific advances on the mechanisms of action of these compounds in biological systems are discussed, and perspectives that will contribute to future drug discovery efforts are put forward.

Keywords

• Pyridine
• Pyrimidine
• Heterocyclic
• Drugs
• Biological Activity

Piridin ve pirimidin türevlerinin sentezi ve biyolojik aktivite çalişmalarindaki son gelişmeler: Bir inceleme

Öz

Piridin ve pirimidin türevleri, bir veya daha fazla azot atomu içeren aromatik heterosiklik bileşiklerdir ve modern ilaç tasarımı ve geliştirilmesinde geniş bir uygulama alanına sahiptir. Moleküler düzeyde etkileşime girme yetenekleri, farmakofor özellikleri ve biyoyararlanım potansiyelleri, onları çeşitli terapötik hedefler için oldukça uygun adaylar haline getirmektedir. Antibakteriyel, antifungal, antiviral, antikanser ve anti-inflamatuar gibi farmakolojik etkiler gösterebilen bu türevler, çoklu etki mekanizmalarına sahip moleküllerin geliştirilmesinde kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Son çalışmalar, bu heterosiklik iskeletlerin biyolojik hedeflere karşı seçiciliklerini ve etkinliklerini artırmak için kimyasal modifikasyonlarla optimize edilebileceğini göstermektedir. Bu derlemede, piridin ve pirimidin türevlerinin sentezi için yenilikçi yöntemler, yapısal çeşitlilik stratejileri ve bu bileşiklerin in vitro ve in vivo biyolojik aktiviteleri tartışılmaktadır. Ayrıca, bu bileşiklerin biyolojik sistemlerdeki etki mekanizmalarına ilişkin son bilimsel gelişmeler tartışılmakta ve gelecekteki ilaç keşif çabalarına katkıda bulunacak perspektifler ortaya konmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Piridin
• Pirimidin
• Heterosiklik
• İlaçlar
• Biyolojik Aktivite

Kaynakça

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