Statistical analysis of pesticide removal by natural and waste-based adsorbents: a novel method for quantitative and green suitability assessment (GSI)

Abstract

The accumulation of pesticide residues in aquatic environments poses significant environmental risks to ecosystem integrity and human health. This study systematically reviewed 77 peer-reviewed studies (2008–2025) on natural and waste-based adsorbents used for pesticide removal from water and conducted a comprehensive evaluation based on green chemistry principles. Adsorbent types, target pesticide groups, and removal methods were classified and statistically analyzed. A novel Green Suitability Index (GSI) was developed to quantitatively assess the environmental compatibility of adsorbents. The index is based on four main criteria: raw material renewability, process chemical minimalism, post-use waste and environmental risk, and energy–carbon reduction, producing a composite score on a 0–12 scale, where higher scores indicate stronger alignment with green chemistry principles. The findings revealed that agricultural waste-based adsorbents were the most studied group and achieved the highest environmental suitability (mean GSI = 11/12, SD = 2.75; ≈92%), followed by plant-derived natural adsorbents (mean GSI=9/12, SD = 2.25; ≈75%). In contrast, nano/modified adsorbents showed the lowest green compatibility (mean GSI = 4/12, SD = 1.00; ≈33%) due to higher synthesis energy demands and reagent use. Organophosphate pesticides were the most frequently targeted contaminants. Overall, the results demonstrate that natural and waste-based adsorbents combine high removal efficiency with superior green chemistry compliance, offering sustainable and low-impact alternatives for pesticide pollution control and eco-friendly water treatment applications.

Keywords

• Pesticide adsorption
• natural and waste-based adsorbents
• green chemistry
• quantitative evidence synthesis
• statistical analysis

Doğal ve atık bazlı adsorbanlar tarafından pestisit gideriminin istatistiksel analizi: nicel ve yeşil uygunluk değerlendirmesi için yeni bir yöntem (GSI)

Öz

Su ortamlarında pestisit kalıntılarının birikimi, ekosistem bütünlüğü ve insan sağlığı açısından önemli çevresel riskler oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma, 2008–2025 yılları arasında yayımlanmış 77 akademik çalışmayı sistematik olarak incelemiş ve pestisit gideriminde kullanılan doğal ve atık bazlı adsorbanları yeşil kimya ilkeleri doğrultusunda kapsamlı biçimde değerlendirmiştir. Adsorban türleri, hedef pestisit grupları ve giderim yöntemleri sınıflandırılarak istatistiksel olarak analiz edilmiştir. Bu amaçla geliştirilen Yeşil Uygunluk İndeksi (GSI), adsorbanların çevresel uyumluluğunu nicel olarak değerlendiren özgün bir yöntemdir. İndeks; hammadde yenilenebilirliği, proses kimyasal sadeliği, kullanım sonrası atık ve çevresel risk, enerji–karbon azaltımı olmak üzere dört ana kriterden oluşmakta ve 0–12 ölçeğinde puan üretmektedir. Sonuçlar, tarımsal atık bazlı adsorbanların en yaygın kullanılan grup olduğunu ve en yüksek çevresel uygunluk skoruna (ortalama GSI = 11/12, SD = 2,75; ≈%92) ulaştığını göstermiştir. Bitkisel kökenli adsorbanlar 9/12 (SD = 2,25; ≈%75), nano/modifiye adsorbanlar ise 4/12 (SD = 1,00; ≈%33) değerleriyle daha düşük uyumluluk göstermiştir. Genel olarak bulgular, doğal ve atık bazlı adsorbanların yüksek giderim verimi ile güçlü yeşil kimya uyumluluğunu birleştirerek sürdürülebilir ve çevre dostu su arıtım teknolojileri için önemli bir potansiyel sunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Pestisit adsorpsiyonu
• doğal ve atık bazlı adsorbanlar
• yeşil kimya
• nicel kanıt sentezi
• istatistiksel analiz

Kaynakça

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