Statistical analysis of pesticide removal by natural and waste-based adsorbents: a novel method for quantitative and green suitability assessment (GSI)

Öz

The accumulation of pesticide residues in aquatic environments poses significant environmental risks to ecosystem integrity and human health. This study systematically reviewed 77 peer-reviewed studies (2008-2025) on natural and waste-based adsorbents used for pesticide removal from water and conducted a comprehensive evaluation based on green chemistry principles. Adsorbent types, target pesticide groups, and removal methods were classified and statistically analyzed. A novel Green Suitability Index (GSI) was developed to quantitatively assess the environmental compatibility of adsorbents. The index is based on four main criteria: raw material renewability, process chemical minimalism, post-use waste and environmental risk, and energy-carbon reduction, producing a composite score on a 0-12 scale, where higher scores indicate stronger alignment with green chemistry principles. The findings revealed that agricultural waste-based adsorbents were the most studied group and achieved the highest environmental suitability (mean GSI = 11/12, SD = 2.75; ≈92%), followed by plant-derived natural adsorbents (mean GSI=9/12, SD = 2.25; ≈75%). In contrast, nano/modified adsorbents showed the lowest green compatibility (mean GSI = 4/12, SD = 1.00; ≈33%) due to higher synthesis energy demands and reagent use. Organophosphate pesticides were the most frequently targeted contaminants. Overall, the results demonstrate that natural and waste-based adsorbents combine high removal efficiency with superior green chemistry compliance, offering sustainable and low-impact alternatives for pesticide pollution control and eco-friendly water treatment applications.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Pesticide adsorption
• natural and waste-based adsorbents
• green chemistry
• quantitative evidence synthesis
• statistical analysis

Doğal ve atık bazlı adsorbanlar tarafından pestisit gideriminin istatistiksel analizi: nicel ve yeşil uygunluk değerlendirmesi için yeni bir yöntem (GSI)

Öz

Su ortamlarında pestisit kalıntılarının birikimi, ekosistem bütünlüğü ve insan sağlığı açısından önemli çevresel riskler oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma, 2008-2025 yılları arasında yayımlanmış 77 akademik çalışmayı sistematik olarak incelemiş ve pestisit gideriminde kullanılan doğal ve atık bazlı adsorbanları yeşil kimya ilkeleri doğrultusunda kapsamlı biçimde değerlendirmiştir. Adsorban türleri, hedef pestisit grupları ve giderim yöntemleri sınıflandırılarak istatistiksel olarak analiz edilmiştir. Bu amaçla geliştirilen Yeşil Uygunluk İndeksi (GSI), adsorbanların çevresel uyumluluğunu nicel olarak değerlendiren özgün bir yöntemdir. İndeks; hammadde yenilenebilirliği, proses kimyasal sadeliği, kullanım sonrası atık ve çevresel risk, enerji-karbon azaltımı olmak üzere dört ana kriterden oluşmakta ve 0-12 ölçeğinde puan üretmektedir. Sonuçlar, tarımsal atık bazlı adsorbanların en yaygın kullanılan grup olduğunu ve en yüksek çevresel uygunluk skoruna (ortalama GSI = 11/12, SD = 2.75; ≈%92) ulaştığını göstermiştir. Bitkisel kökenli adsorbanlar 9/12 (SD = 2.25; ≈%75), nano/modifiye adsorbanlar ise 4/12 (SD = 1.00; ≈%33) değerleriyle daha düşük uyumluluk göstermiştir. Genel olarak bulgular, doğal ve atık bazlı adsorbanların yüksek giderim verimi ile güçlü yeşil kimya uyumluluğunu birleştirerek sürdürülebilir ve çevre dostu su arıtım teknolojileri için önemli bir potansiyel sunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Pestisit adsorpsiyonu
• doğal ve atık bazlı adsorbanlar
• yeşil kimya
• nicel kanıt sentezi
• istatistiksel analiz

Kaynakça

1. [1] Ahmad T, Rafatullah M, Ghazali A, Sulaiman O, Hashim R, Ahmad A. "Removal of pesticides from water and wastewater by different adsorbents: A review". Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part C: Environmental Carcinogenesis and Ecotoxicology Reviews, 28(4), 231-271, 2010.
2. [2] Ho S. "Low-cost adsorbents for the removal of phenol/phenolics, pesticides, and dyes from wastewater systems: A review". Water, 14(20), 3203, 2022.
3. [3] Tony MA. "Low-cost adsorbents for environmental pollution control: A concise systematic review from the perspective of principles, mechanisms and their applications". Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 43(11), 1612-1633, 2022.
4. [4] Kyzas GZ, Kostoglou M. "Green adsorbents for wastewaters: A critical review". Materials, 7(1), 333-364, 2014.
5. [5] Tran VS, Ngo HH, Guo W, Zhang J, Liang S, Ton-That C, Zhang X. "Typical low-cost biosorbents for adsorptive removal of specific organic pollutants from water". Bioresource Technology, 182, 353-363, 2015.
6. [6] Alsherbeny S, Jamil TS, El-Sawi SAM, Eissa FI. "Low-cost corn cob biochar for pesticides removal from water". Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 65(2), 639-650, 2022.
7. [7] Bergamasco R, Bergamasco VB, Vieira AMS, Vieira MF, Vieira MF, Fagundes-Klen MR, Vieira MGA. "Adsorption of atrazine from synthetic contaminated water using a packed-bed column with a low-cost adsorbent (Moringa oleifera Lam.)". Water, 15(7), 1260, 2023.
8. [8] Bartczak P, Norman M, Klapiszewski Ł, Karwańska N, Kawalec M, Borysiak S, Wysokowski M, Jesionowski T. "Saw-sedge Cladium mariscus as a functional low-cost adsorbent for effective removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid from aqueous systems". Adsorption, 22(4-6), 517-529, 2016.

9. [9] Blachnio M, Kusmierek K, Swiatkowski A, Derylo-Marczewska A. "Adsorption of phenoxyacetic herbicides from water on carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous adsorbents". Molecules, 28(14), 5404, 2023.
10. [10] Gao YQP. "Analysis of organophosphorus pesticides by HPLC using magnetic SPE with nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide/Fe3O4 nanocomposite as the adsorbent". LCGC Europe, 37(7), 438-447, 2025.
11. [11] N'diaye AD, Boudokhane C, Elkory MB, Kankou M, Dhaouadi H. "Methyl parathion pesticide removal from aqueous solution using Senegal River Typha australis". Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 18(5), 1545-1553, 2018.
12. [12] Tolcha T, Gemechu T, Megersa N. "Flower of Typha latifolia as a low-cost adsorbent for quantitative uptake of multiclass pesticide residues from contaminated waters". South African Journal of Chemistry, 73, 22-29, 2020.
13. [13] Gebrekidan A, Halefom A. "The efficiency of cactus leaves and wood charcoal as a potential low-cost adsorbent for removal of toxic heavy metals from industrial effluents". Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 10(2), 202-210, 2019.
14. [14] Boussahel R, Irinislimane H, Harik D, Moussaoui KM. "Adsorption, kinetics, and equilibrium studies on removal of 4,4'-DDT from aqueous solutions using low-cost adsorbents". Chemical Engineering Communications, 196(12), 1547-1558, 2009.
15. [15] Islam MA, Sakkas V, Albanis TA. "Application of statistical design of experiment with desirability function for the removal of organophosphorus pesticide from aqueous solution by low-cost material". Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170(1), 230-238, 2009.
16. [16] Abdelhameed RM, Mahdy F, Abdel-Gawad H, Hegazi B. "Green process for adsorptive removal of ethion (O,O,O',O'-tetraethyl S,S'-methylene bis(phosphorodithioate)) from agricultural wastewater using modified surface of orange peel and apricot kernel". Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 63(10), 3837-3845, 2020.
17. [17] Malheiros FB, Vicente EF, Gois Morales A, Alberto-Silva C. "Efficiency of the removal of tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP) pesticide in water: Use of cork granules as a natural adsorbent on acetylcholinesterase activity in neuronal PC12 cells". Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B: Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes, 57(7), 554-560, 2022.
18. [18] Carvalho D, Mendes A, Magalhães FD, Nunes OC. "Treatment of waters containing the thiocarbamate herbicide molinate through an adsorption/bio-regeneration system using a low-cost adsorbent". Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 207(1-4), 289-298, 2010.
19. [19] Ceolin LPW, Rodrigues MAS, Mertz LM, Gonçalves MR, Bergamasco R, Vieira AMS. "Biotite (black mica) as an adsorbent of pesticides in aqueous solution". Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 226, 231, 2015.
20. [20] El-Kammah M, Elkhatib E, Gouveia S, Cameselle C, Aboukila E. "Enhanced removal of thiamethoxam from wastewater using waste-derived nanoparticles: Adsorption performance and mechanisms". Environmental Technology and Innovation, 28, 102713, 2022.
21. [21] Essandoh M, Wolgemuth D, Pittman CU, Mohan D, Mlsna T. "Phenoxy herbicide removal from aqueous solutions using fast pyrolysis switchgrass biochar". Chemosphere, 174, 49-57, 2017.
22. [22] Gomes HO, Freire PTC, Nascimento RF, Pereira Teixeira RN. "Removal of contaminants from water using Moringa oleifera Lam. as biosorbent: An overview of the last decade". Journal of Water Process Engineering, 46, 102576, 2022.
23. [23] Karaağaç SU, Abudaia AMR. "Removal of dimethoate from contaminated water using corncob and rice husk as low-cost materials". Desalination and Water Treatment, 278, 293-300, 2022.
24. [24] Kumar A, Mandal A, Singh N. "Rice and wheat straw ashes: Characterization and modeling of pretilachlor sorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm". Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B: Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes, 54(4), 303-312, 2019.
25. [25] Kumrić K, Vujasin R, Egerić M, Petrović Đ, Devečerski A, Matović L. "Coconut shell activated carbon as solid-phase extraction adsorbent for preconcentration of selected pesticides from water samples". Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 230(12), 302, 2019.
26. [26] Kuśmierek K, Świątkowski A. "Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid from an aqueous solution on fly ash". Water Environment Research, 88(3), 231-238, 2016.
27. [27] Loffredo E, Taskin E. "Adsorptive removal of ascertained and suspected endocrine disruptors from aqueous solution using plant-derived materials". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(23), 19159-19166, 2017.
28. [28] Thuy PT, Anh NV, Van Der Bruggen B. "Evaluation of two low-cost high-performance adsorbent materials in the waste-to-product approach for the removal of pesticides from drinking water". Clean: Soil, Air, Water, 40(3), 246-253, 2012.
29. [29] Memon GZ, Bhanger MI, Akhtar M, Talpur FN, Memon JR. "Adsorption of methyl parathion pesticide from water using watermelon peels as a low-cost adsorbent". Chemical Engineering Journal, 138(1-3), 616-621, 2008.
30. [30] Mendes CB, Lima GDF, Alves VN, Coelho NMM, Dragunski DC, Tarley CRT. "Evaluation of vermicompost as a raw natural adsorbent for adsorption of pesticide methyl parathion". Environmental Technology, 33(2), 167-172, 2012.
31. [31] Mohammad SG, Ahmed SM. "Adsorptive removal of acetamiprid pesticide from aqueous solution using environmentally friendly natural and agricultural wastes". Desalination and Water Treatment, 145, 280-290, 2019.
32. [32] Mohammad SG, Ahmed SM, Amr AEGE, Kamel AH. "Porous activated carbon from lignocellulosic agricultural waste for the removal of acetamiprid pesticide from aqueous solutions". Molecules, 25(10), 2339, 2020.
33. [33] Mohammad SG, Ahmed SM, Badawi AFM. "A comparative adsorption study with different agricultural waste adsorbents for removal of oxamyl pesticide". Desalination and Water Treatment, 55(8), 2109-2120, 2015.
34. [34] Pourali P, Rashtbari Y, Behzad A, Ahmadfazeli A, Poureshgh Y, Dargahi A. "Loading of zinc oxide nanoparticles from green synthesis on the low-cost and eco-friendly activated carbon and its application for diazinon removal: Isotherm, kinetics and retrieval study". Applied Water Science, 13(4), 101, 2023.
35. [35] Rojas R, Morillo J, Usero J, Vanderlinden E, El Bakouri H. "Adsorption study of low-cost and locally available organic substances and a soil to remove pesticides from aqueous solutions". Journal of Hydrology, 520, 461-472, 2015.
36. [36] Roudani A, Mamouni R, Saffaj N, Laknifli A, Lazar S. "Evaluation of performance of calcined bones as a new adsorbent for the removal of carbaryl pesticide from aqueous solutions". Desalination and Water Treatment, 92, 98-107, 2017.
37. [37] Saha A, Gajbhiye VT, Gupta S, Kumar R, Ghosh RK. "Simultaneous removal of pesticides from water by rice husk ash: Batch and column studies". Water Environment Research, 86(11), 2176-2185, 2014.
38. [38] Schwantes D, Gonçalves AC, Fuentealba D, Hornos Carneiro MF, Tarley CRT, Prete MC. "Removal of chlorpyrifos from water using biosorbents derived from cassava peel, crambe meal, and pinus bark". Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 188, 142-165, 2022.
39. [39] Hayder SM, Hussain S, Ahmad W, Jahanzaib M, Ullah A. "Optimization of low-cost cow dung-based activated carbon for the removal of carbofuran from aqueous solution". Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, 27(2), 143-153, 2021.
40. [40] Aziz K, Mamouni R, Kaya S, Aziz F. "Low-cost materials as vehicles for pesticides in aquatic media: A review of the current status of different biosorbents employed, optimization by response surface methodology approach". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(28), 39907-39944, 2024.
41. [41] Boudesocque S, Guillon E, Aplincourt M, Martel F, Noël S. "Use of a low-cost biosorbent to remove pesticides from wastewater". Journal of Environmental Quality, 37(2), 631-638, 2008.
42. [42] Baigorria E, Fraceto LF. "Low-cost biosorbent hybrid hydrogels for paraquat remediation of water". Journal of Water Process Engineering, 49, 103088, 2022.
43. [43] Burch E, Hussein MA, Zaki M, Kamal LT, Zaki G, Shoeib T, Dawood M, Sewilam H, Abdelnaser A. "Assessing the effects of pesticides on aquacultured fish and ecosystems: A comprehensive environmental health review". Fishes, 10(5), 223, 2025.
44. [44] Gasparini M, Prestini G, Rainini F, Cancemi G, De Palo S, Colombari L, Mortarino M. "Safeguarding bee health: Insights from a collaborative monitoring and prevention project against pesticide poisonings". Animals, 15(3), 449, 2025.
45. [45] Hladik ML, Kolpin DW, De Parsia MD, Snow DD, Bartelt-Hunt S, Densmore BK, Hubbard LE, Rus DL, Spurgeon JJ, Perrotta BG, Kidd KA, Kraus JM, Givens CE, Kotalik CJ, Walters DM. "Pesticide concentrations in multiple physical and biological stream matrices are impacted by a bioenergy production facility receiving pesticide-coated corn seeds". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 44(8), 2143-2153, 2025.
46. [46] Kumar SN, Khan NH, Reda Y, Beigh HH, Bastia B, Vaibhav K, Jain AK, Raisuddin S. "Pesticide exposure in agricultural workplaces and resultant health effects in women". Birth Defects Research, 117(4), e2460, 2025.
47. [47] Apú N, Rommes F, Alvarado-Arias M, Méndez-Rivera M, Lizano-Fallas V. "Endocrine-disrupting pesticide exposure relevant to reproductive health: A case study from Costa Rica". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 197(5), 559, 2025.
48. [48] Rodrigues MB, Silva CAM, Chong-Silva DC, Chong-Neto HJ. "Pesticides and human health". Journal of Pediatrics (Rio de Janeiro), 101, 70-76, 2025.
49. [49] Salari E, Esmaeilian M, Faryabi R, Mahdavi V, Mashayekhi-Sardoo H, Askarpour H. "Evaluation of pesticide residues in greenhouse workers' blood serum using QuEChERS-UHPLC-MS/MS method and associated health risks". Food and Chemical Toxicology, 203, 115612, 2025.
50. [50] Muñoz-Quezada MT, Iglesias V, Zúñiga-Venegas L, Pancetti F, Foerster C, Landeros N, Lucero B, Schwantes D, Cortés S. "Exposure to pesticides in Chile and its relationship with carcinogenic potential: A review". Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1531751, 2025.
51. [51] Shakeel O, Wood NM, Thompson HM, Scheurer ME, Miller MD. "Environmental exposures increase health risks in childhood cancer survivors". Cancers, 17(13), 2223, 2025.
52. [52] Terreros G, Cifuentes-Cabello C, D'Espessailles A, Munoz F. "Impact of pesticide exposure on auditory health: Mechanisms, efferent system disruption, and public health implications". Toxicology, 512, 154071, 2025.
53. [53] Fierro-Barrientos GN, Casarrubias-González E, Moreno-Godínez ME, Flores-Alfaro E, Atrisco-Morales J, Cisneros-Pano J, Ramírez-Vargas MA. "Effect of pesticide exposure on systemic inflammatory biomarkers: A meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis". Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 23(2), 24, 2025.
54. [54] Riedo J, Rillig MC, Walder F. "Beyond dosage: The need for more realistic research scenarios to understand pesticide impacts on agricultural soils". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 73(17), 10093-10100, 2025.
55. [55] Tang KHD. "Effects of microplastics on bioavailability, persistence and toxicity of plant pesticides: An agricultural perspective". Agriculture, 15(4), 356, 2025.
56. [56] Guo W, Xu J, Tang Z, Li W, Zhang D. "Green development of molecularly imprinted polymers and the application in CO₂ adsorption and separation: A review". Separation and Purification Technology, 362(2), 131784, 2025.
57. [57] Fuente-Ballesteros A, Samanidou V, Ares AM, Bernal J. "Ten principles for developing and implementing tools in the context of white analytical chemistry". Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 45, 102031, 2025.
58. [58] Chatel G. "Scaling-up green chemistry: Bridging innovation and industrial applications". Chemical Communications, 61, 9558-9568, 2025.
59. [59] Kerton FM. "Applying the principles of green chemistry to achieve a more sustainable polymer life cycle". Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 51, 100996, 2025.
60. [60] Mansour FR, Bedair A, Belal F, Magdy G, Locatelli M. "Analytical Green Star Area (AGSA) as a new tool to assess greenness of analytical methods". Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 46, 102051, 2025.
61. [61] Hamadeen HM, Elkhatib EA. "Nanostructured modified biochar for effective elimination of chlorpyrifos from wastewater: Enhancement, mechanisms and performance". Journal of Water Process Engineering, 47, 102703, 2022.
62. [62] Hellar-Kihampa H. "Applicability of green chemistry principles for optimum environmental conservation and sustainability in sub-Saharan Africa". Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 18(1), 2507331, 2025.
63. [63] Mojiri A, Zhou JL, Robinson B, Ohashi A, Ozaki N, Kindaichi T, Farraji H, Vakili M. "Pesticides in aquatic environments and their removal by adsorption methods". Chemosphere, 253, 126646, 2020.
64. [64] Saghir Y, Chaoui A, Farsad S, Ben Hamou A, Amjlef A, Benafqir M, El Alem N, Ez-Zahery M. "Improving the adsorption efficiency of a low-cost natural adsorbent for the removal of an organic pollutant: Optimization and mechanism study". Materials Advances, 6, 4857-4873, 2025.
65. [65] Almehizia AA, Al-Omar MA, Naglah AM, Alkahtani HM, Obaidullah AJ, Bhat MA. "Synthesis of low-cost, bio-based novel adsorbent material using charge-transfer interaction for water treatment from several pollutants: Waste to worth". Crystals, 13(4), 619, 2023.
66. [66] Farine DR, Strandburg-Peshkin A. "Estimating uncertainty and reliability of social network data using Bayesian inference". Royal Society Open Science, 2(9), 150367, 2015.
67. [67] Pena-Pereira F, Wojnowski W, Tobiszewski M. "AGREE - Analytical GREEnness Metric Approach and Software". Analytical Chemistry, 92(14), 10076-10082, 2020.
68. [68] Wojnowski W. "AGREE GitLab". https://git.pg.edu. pl/p174235/AGREE (13.10.2025).
69. [69] Cohen Y. "Estimating the intra-rater reliability of essay raters". Frontiers in Education, 2, 1-11, 2017.
70. [70] Chicco D, Sichenze A, Jurman G. "A simple guide to the use of Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-squared test, and Kruskal-Wallis test in biostatistics". BioData Mining, 18(1), 1-51, 2025.
71. [71] Yang Y, Ma X, Li Z, Wang Y, Ju C, Cao L, Zheng Y, Zhang Q. "ZIF-8 and humic acid modified magnetic corn stalk biochar: An efficient, magnetically stable, and eco-friendly adsorbent for imidacloprid and thiamethoxam removal". Chemical Engineering Journal, 465, 142788, 2023.
72. [72] de Freitas DA, Barbosa JA, Labuto G, Nocelli RCF, Carrilho ENVM. "Removal of the pesticide thiamethoxam from sugarcane juice by magnetic nanomodified activated carbon". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(53), 79855-79865, 2022.
73. [73] Jacob MM, Ponnuchamy M, Kapoor A, Sivaraman P. "Achieving up to 95% removal efficiency of chlorpyrifos pesticide using sugarcane bagasse-based biochar alginate beads in a continuous fixed-bed adsorption column". Environmental Research, 269, 120902, 2025.
74. [74] Rayane S, Chaza C, Sopheak N, Moomen B, Baghdad O. "Application of continuous column adsorption of organochlorine pesticides from contaminated water onto date stones activated carbon". International Journal of Environmental Research, 15(4), 585-595, 2021.
75. [75] Joshi V, Jindal MK, Sar SK. "Approaching a discussion on the detachment of chlorpyrifos in contaminated water using different leaves and peels as bio adsorbents". Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1186, 2023.
76. [76] Teju E, Legesse A, Megersa N. "The non-edible and disposable parts of oyster mushroom, as novel adsorbent for quantitative removal of atrazine and its degradation products from synthetic wastewater". Heliyon, 10(4), e26278, 2024.
77. [77] Dolatabadi M, Meftahizade H, Ahmadzadeh S, Abbasi F, Falakian M, Ghorbanpour M. "Efficiency of modified plant guar gum as aid coagulant for removal of diazinon from aqueous solution: Optimization by response surface methodology". Chemical Papers, 77(3), 1339-1349, 2023.
78. [78] Pangarkar BL, Shrimal P, Daware GB, Dabhade GB. "4-picoline adsorption from aqueous solution by using baggage fly ash (BFA): Parametric, kinetic and thermodynamic aspects". Water Practice and Technology, 17(11), 2386-2395, 2022.
79. [79] Yang J, Sun H, Liu Y, Wang X, Valizadeh K. "The sorption of tebuconazole and linuron from an aqueous environment with a modified sludge-based biochar: Effect, mechanisms, and its persistent free radicals study". Journal of Chemistry, 1, 2912054, 2021.
80. [80] Cabrera-Barjas G, Gallardo F, Nesic A, Taboada E, Marican A, Mirabal-Gallardo Y, Avila-Salas F, Delgado N, De Armas-Ricard M, Valdes O. "Utilization of industrial by-product fungal biomass from Aspergillus niger and Fusarium culmorum to obtain biosorbents for removal of pesticide and metal ions from aqueous solutions". Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8(5), 104355, 2020.
81. [81] Matias CA, Vilela PB, Becegato VA, Paulino AT. "Adsorption kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide in novel alternative natural adsorbents". Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 230(12), 276, 2019.
82. [82] Ignatowicz K. "Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers adsorption from water solution using natural sorbent". Desalination and Water Treatment, 134, 161-166, 2018.
83. [83] Ramos JL, Monteiro JOF, dos Santos MS, Labuto G, Carrilho ENVM. "Sustainable alternative for removing pesticides in water: Nanomodified activated carbon produced from yeast residue biomass". Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 29, 100794, 2022.
84. [84] Ghaemi N, Madaeni SS, Alizadeh A, Rajabi H, Daraei P. "Preparation, characterization and performance of polyethersulfone/organically modified montmorillonite nanocomposite membranes in removal of pesticides". Journal of Membrane Science, 382(1-2), 135-147, 2011.
85. [85] Gámiz B, Hermosín MC, Cornejo J, Celis R. "Hexadimethrine-montmorillonite nanocomposite: Characterization and application as a pesticide adsorbent". Applied Surface Science, 332, 606-613, 2015.
86. [86] Ouardi ME, Alahiane S, Qourzal S, Abaamrane A, Assabbane A, Douch J. "Removal of carbaryl pesticide from aqueous solution by adsorption on local clay in Agadir". American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 4(7), 72-79, 2013.
87. [87] Yang J, Chen A, Zhu S, Shang C, Yang Z, Cao L, Bai M. "Adsorption behavior of neonicotinoid pesticides on typical soil minerals". Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 13(3), 116939, 2025.
88. [88] Liu Y, Ji X, Gao Z, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Sun H, Li W, Duan J. "Adsorption characteristics and removal mechanism of malathion in water by high and low temperature calcium-modified water hyacinth-based biochar". Journal of Cleaner Production, 411, 137258, 2023.
89. [89] Nejadshafiee V, Islami MR. "Bioadsorbent from magnetic activated carbon hybrid for removal of dye and pesticide". ChemistrySelect, 5(28), 8814-8822, 2020.
90. [90] Milanković V, Tasić T, Brković S, Potkonjak N, Unterweger C, Pašti IA, Lazarević-Pašti T. "Transforming food biowaste into selective and reusable adsorbents for pesticide removal from water". Materials, 17(22), 5499, 2024.