Hydrothermal liquefaction for bio-fuel production from loquat seeds

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 6, 1102 - 1107, 13.11.2025

Koray Alper , Betül Usta

https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2025.93903

https://izlik.org/JA48XZ39HN

Öz

In this study, Loquat seeds were used as a biomass source and liquefied by hydrothermal process. Hydrothermal liquefaction experiments were carried out at various temperatures (250, 300, 350 °C), reaction times (5, 15, 30, 60 min.) and, initial pressures (5, 10 and 20 bar). The effect of experimental variables on product yields was examined. Light and heavy bio-oils were characterized by elemental analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Of the three parameters examined, it was observed that the most important parameter affecting product distribution was temperature. The increase in temperature and pressure generally decreased the bio-char yield, while it caused a decrease in the yield of light and heavy bio-oil. The higher heating value of bio-oils was found to be 27 MJ/kg. Both light and heavy bio-oil consist of hydrocarbons containing oxygen. This study revealed that Loquat seeds, which are waste biomass, can be converted into bio-oil and bio-char by hydrothermal liquefaction. After bio-oil upgrading, bio-oil can be used as fuel or as a source of chemical materials. Bio-char have the potential to be used as solid fuels or adsorbents.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Loquat seed , Hydrothermal liquefaction , Light bio-oil , Heavy bio-oil , Bio-char , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Hidrotermal sıvılaştırma ile malta eriği çekirdeklerinden biyo-yakıt eldesi

https://izlik.org/JA48XZ39HN

Öz

Bu çalışmada biyokütle kaynağı olarak malta eriği çekirdekleri hidrotermal işlemle sıvılaştırılmıştır. Hidrotermal sıvılaştırma deneyleri 250, 300, 350 °C sıcaklıklarda farklı reaksiyon sürelerinde (5, 15, 30, 60 dk.) ve farklı başlangıç basınçlarında (5, 10 ve 20 bar) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneysel parametrelerin elde edilen hafif ve ağır biyo-yağ verimleri ve biyo-çar verimlerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Hafif ve ağır biyo-yağlar elementel analiz ve gaz kromatografisi kütle spektrometresi ile karakterize edilmişlerdir. İncelenen üç parametreden ürün dağılımını etkileyen en önemli parametrenin sıcaklık olduğu görülmüştür. Sıcaklık ve basınçtaki artış genelde biyo-çar verimini azaltırken hafif ve ağır biyo-yağ veriminde azalmaya neden olmuştur. Biyo-yağların üst ısıl değerleri 27 MJ/kg olarak bulunmuştur. Hem hafif hem de ağır biyo-yağ oksijen içeren hidrokarbonlardan oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışma atık biyokütle olan malta eriği çekirdeklerinin hidrotermal sıvılaştırma ile biyo-yağ ve biyo-çara dönüştürülebileceğini ortaya koymuştur. Biyo-yağ iyileştirmeden sonra yakıt olarak veya kimyasal hammadde kaynağı olarak kullanılabilir. Biyo-çarlar katı yakıt veya adsorbent olarak kullanım potansiyeline sahiptir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Malta eriği çekirdeği , Hidrotermal sıvılaştırma , Hafif biyo-yağ , Ağır biyo-yağ , Biyo-çar

Kaynakça

• [1] Ding CK, Chachin K, Ueda Y, Imahori Y, Wang CY. “Metabolism of phenolic compounds during loquat fruit development”. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(6), 2883-2888, 2001.
• [2] Ferreres F, Gomes D, Valentão P, Gonçalves R, Pio R, Chagas EA, Andrade PB. “Improved loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) cultivars: Variation of phenolics and antioxidative potential”. Food Chemistry, 114(3), 1019-1027, 2009.
• [3] Isikgor FH, Becer CR. “Lignocellulosic biomass: a sustainable platform for the production of bio-based chemicals and polymers”. Polymer Chemistry, 6(25), 4497-4559, 2015.
• [4] Segers B, Nimmegeers P, Spiller M, Tofani G, Grojzdek EJ, Dace E, Billen P. “Lignocellulosic biomass valorisation: A review of feedstocks, processes and potential value chains, and their implications for the decision-making process”. RSC Sustainability, 2, 3730, 2024.
• [5] Alper K, Tekin K, Karagöz S, Ragauskas AJ. “Sustainable energy and fuels from biomass: a review focusing on hydrothermal biomass processing”. Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 4(9), 4390-4414, 2020.
• [6] Tekin K, Karagöz S, Bektaş S. “A review of hydrothermal biomass processing”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40, 673-687, 2014.
• [7] Yedro F, García-Serna J, Cantero D, Sobrón F, Cocero MJ. “Hydrothermal hydrolysis of grape seeds to produce bio-oil”. RSC Advances, 4(57), 30332-30339, 2014.
• [8] Wang F, Chang Z, Duan P, Yan W, Xu Y, Zhang L, Fan Y. “Hydrothermal liquefaction of Litsea cubeba seed to produce bio-oils”. Bioresource Technology, 149, 509-515, 2013.
• [9] Aykaç GN, Tekin K, Akalın MK, Karagöz S, Srinivasan MP. “Production of crude bio-oil and biochar from hydrothermal conversion of jujube stones with metal carbonates”. Biofuels, 9(5), 613-623, 2018.
• [10] Teramoto Y, Tanaka N, Lee SH, Endo T. “Pretreatment of eucalyptus wood chips for enzymatic saccharification using combined sulfuric acid-free ethanol cooking and ball milling”. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 99(1), 75-85, 2008.
• [11] Tekin K, Karagöz S, Bektaş S. “Hydrothermal liquefaction of beech wood using a natural calcium borate mineral”. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 72, 134-139, 2012.
• [12] Yang TH, Liu Z, Li BS, Zhang HJ, Wang HY. “Experimental study on preparation of bio-oil by hydrothermal liquefaction of three kinds of lignin”. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 51(8), 1084-1095, 2023.
• [13] Shahbeik H, Panahi HKS, Dehhaghi M, Guillemin GJ, Fallahi A, Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha H, Aghbashlo M. “Biomass to biofuels using hydrothermal liquefaction: A comprehensive review”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 189, 113976, 2024.
• [14] Peterson AA, Vogel F, Lachance RP, Fröling M, Antal MJ Jr, Tester JW. “Thermochemical biofuel production in hydrothermal media: a review of sub- and supercritical water technologies”. Energy & Environmental Science, 1(1), 32-65, 2008.
• [15] Duan P, Savage PE. “Hydrothermal liquefaction of a microalga with heterogeneous catalysts”. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 50(1), 52-61, 2011.
• [16] Yeh TM, Dickinson JG, Franck A, Linic S, Thompson LT Jr, Savage PE. “Hydrothermal catalytic production of fuels and chemicals from aquatic biomass”. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 88(1), 13-24, 2013.
• [17] Gollakota A, Savage PE. “Biocrude production from fast and isothermal hydrothermal liquefaction of chitin”. Energy & Fuels, 33(11), 11328-11338, 2019.
• [18] Alper K, Tekin K, Karagöz S. “Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass using potassium fluoride-doped alumina”. Energy & Fuels, 33(4), 3248-3256, 2019.
• [19] Tekin K, Akalın MK, Bektaş S, Karagöz S. “Hydrothermal wood processing using borax decahydrate and sodium borohydride”. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 104, 68-72, 2013.
• [20] Akalın MK, Tekin K, Karagöz S. “Hydrothermal liquefaction of cornelian cherry stones for bio-oil production”. Bioresource Technology, 110, 682-687, 2012.