Araştırma Makalesi

Interpretable XGBoost modeling using SHAP and LIME: A real-world electric vehicle study

Sayı: Advanced Online Publication Erken Görünüm Tarihi: 10 Haziran 2026
PDF İndir
EN TR

Interpretable XGBoost modeling using SHAP and LIME: A real-world electric vehicle study

Öz

ContextAs the global automotive market transitions to electric powertrains, the technical determinants of electric vehicle (EV) pricing are still not fully understood, particularly under complex, non-linear interactions among engineering variables. Traditional valuation frameworks tied to mechanical attributes, such as engine displacement and drivetrain layout, are increasingly inadequate for capturing the multidimensional, technology-driven nature of EV market value formation. This limitation underscores the need for data-driven approaches that directly link engineering specifications to economic outcomes.

ObjectiveThis study investigates the key determinants of electric vehicle pricing. By moving beyond vague "black box" predictive models, we established an interpretable machine learning framework. This framework aims to provide stakeholders, from engineers to executives, with clear insight into which specific technical specifications drive market value.

MethodWe deployed XGBoost, a high-performance ensemble learning algorithm, on a dataset of 1,137 European EVs. To deconstruct the model’s internal logic, SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) and LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations) were employed. In parallel, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to consolidate four highly intercorrelated technical variables into a single composite predictor, thereby enabling a system-level representation of vehicle performance rather than an isolated specification-based analysis.

ResultsThe model explains approximately 96% of the price variance on the held-out test set (RMSE = €6,618; MAE = €3,516). Integrated performance characteristics emerged as the dominant factor, followed by vehicle physical dimensions. Notably, these dimensions exhibit pronounced “threshold effects", where significant price premiums are triggered once specific physical benchmarks are met. In particular, wheelbases above 2,750 mm and electric range plateauing at approximately 450 km. Traditional automotive differentiators, such as drivetrain configuration, had a minimal statistical impact, suggesting that engineering integration and physical specifications are the dominant pricing determinants in the current EV market.

ConclusionThe findings demonstrate that EV market valuation is increasingly shaped by integrated engineering performance and platform-level design parameters rather than legacy mechanical attributes. The study establishes quantitatively grounded design thresholds and shows how interpretable machine learning can translate complex statistical relationships into actionable engineering guidelines. By explicitly connecting model outputs with physical design parameters, this work provides a practical basis for data-driven vehicle development and strategic positioning in the evolving EV landscape.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

N/a

Etik Beyan

Ethics committee approval is not required for this study. The author declares that there is no conflict of interest with any person, institution, or organization related to this article.

Teşekkür

N/a

Kaynakça

  1. A. Recalde, R. Cajo, W. Velasquez, M. S. Alvarez-Alvarado, "Machine learning and optimization in energy management systems for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: a comprehensive review", Energies, 17(13), 3059, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133059.
  2. I. Demirsoy, "Estimating the Intensity of Point Processes on Linear Networks", Ph.D. dissertation, Florida State University, Florida, USA, 2020.
  3. A. M. Salih, Z. Raisi-Estabragh, I. B. Galazzo, P. Radeva, S. E. Petersen, K. Lekadir, G. Menegaz, "A Perspective on Explainable Artificial Intelligence Methods: SHAP and LIME", Advanced Intelligent Systems, 7(1), 2400304, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400304.
  4. C. Y. Zhang, S. Cho, M. Vasarhelyi, "Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) in auditing", International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 46(SI), 100572, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accinf.2022.100572.
  5. M. Chakraborty, “Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): A Perspective”, Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, M. Chakraborty, S. P. Chakrabarty, A. Penteado, V. E. Balas, Eds., Singapore. Springer, vol 1148, 2025, 47–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8457-8_5.
  6. M. Yildirim, F. Y. Okay, S. Özdemir, "A comparative analysis on the reliability of interpretable machine learning", Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(4), 494-508, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2023.49473.
  7. C. Van Zyl, X. M. Ye, R. Naidoo, "Harnessing eXplainable artificial intelligence for feature selection in time series energy forecasting: A comparative analysis of Grad-CAM and SHAP", Applied Energy, 353, 122079, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122079.
  8. A. Gramegna, P. Giudici, "SHAP and LIME: An Evaluation of Discriminative Power in Credit Risk", Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 4, 752558, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2021.752558.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Makine Öğrenmesi Algoritmaları, Makine Öğrenme (Diğer), Veri Madenciliği ve Bilgi Keşfi

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

10 Haziran 2026

Yayımlanma Tarihi

-

Gönderilme Tarihi

27 Ocak 2026

Kabul Tarihi

18 Mayıs 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Sayı: Advanced Online Publication

Kaynak Göster

APA
Demirsoy, I. (2026). Interpretable XGBoost modeling using SHAP and LIME: A real-world electric vehicle study. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1873321
AMA
1.Demirsoy I. Interpretable XGBoost modeling using SHAP and LIME: A real-world electric vehicle study. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.65206/pajes.1873321
Chicago
Demirsoy, Idris. 2026. “Interpretable XGBoost modeling using SHAP and LIME: A real-world electric vehicle study”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1873321.
EndNote
Demirsoy I (01 Haziran 2026) Interpretable XGBoost modeling using SHAP and LIME: A real-world electric vehicle study. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi Advanced Online Publication
IEEE
[1]I. Demirsoy, “Interpretable XGBoost modeling using SHAP and LIME: A real-world electric vehicle study”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication, Haz. 2026, doi: 10.65206/pajes.1873321.
ISNAD
Demirsoy, Idris. “Interpretable XGBoost modeling using SHAP and LIME: A real-world electric vehicle study”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. Advanced Online Publication (01 Haziran 2026). https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1873321.
JAMA
1.Demirsoy I. Interpretable XGBoost modeling using SHAP and LIME: A real-world electric vehicle study. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026. doi:10.65206/pajes.1873321.
MLA
Demirsoy, Idris. “Interpretable XGBoost modeling using SHAP and LIME: A real-world electric vehicle study”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication, Haziran 2026, doi:10.65206/pajes.1873321.
Vancouver
1.Idris Demirsoy. Interpretable XGBoost modeling using SHAP and LIME: A real-world electric vehicle study. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 01 Haziran 2026;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.65206/pajes.1873321