Araştırma Makalesi

Contactless hemoglobin estimation from facial video using edge computing and sliding-window analysisUç bilişim ve kayan pencere analizi kullanarak yüz videosundan temassız hemoglobin tahmini

Sayı: Advanced Online Publication Erken Görünüm Tarihi: 25 Nisan 2026
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Contactless hemoglobin estimation from facial video using edge computing and sliding-window analysisUç bilişim ve kayan pencere analizi kullanarak yüz videosundan temassız hemoglobin tahmini

Abstract

Hemoglobin is a key biomarker for anemia screening and clinical decision support. Yet, standard measurement is invasive and can be difficult to deploy for rapid, repeatable assessment in field and disaster scenarios. This motivates contactless estimation approaches that can run reliably on resource-constrained edge devices. Objective—This study investigates contactless peripheral hemoglobin (SpHb) estimation from facial videos with an explicit edge-computing viewpoint. The central aim is to quantify how sliding-window length acts as a system-level design parameter that jointly governs (i) prediction accuracy, (ii) temporal stability of sequential outputs, and (iii) power/energy cost on an embedded platform. Method—The dataset contains 279 facial videos, each paired with a single SpHb label. Each video is divided into five segments, and training samples are generated using sliding-window configurations of 30, 60, 90, and 120 frames. Evaluation follows a subject-independent split to prevent data leakage. Algorithmically, 3D CNN baselines are compared with hybrid spatiotemporal architectures (CNN–VAN–Transformer). Performance is assessed using regression metrics (RMSE/MAE) and complemented by time-series inspection on representative videos to discuss output stability under different window lengths. Results—On 60-frame segments, the 3D CNN achieves an RMSE of 0.4808, while the CNN–VAN–Transformer yields an RMSE of 0.7128. On 90-frame segments, the CNN–VAN–Transformer provides the best accuracy with an RMSE of 0.6946, compared with 0.8894 for the 3D CNN; V1-3DCNN degrades to 1.5828, indicating that longer context does not guarantee improvement and that window–architecture interaction is substantial. Video-level MAE varies by content and target range: for example, the best MAE occurs at 120 frames for HEM022 (0.350) and HEM188 (0.150), at 60 frames for HEM086 (0.161), and at 30 frames for HEM028 (0.512), highlighting the absence of a universal optimum window length across subjects/videos. Conclusion—Edge measurements on a Raspberry Pi 5 using an ACS711 current sensor and microcontroller-triggered logging show a monotonic energy increase with window size: mean power rises from 2.481 W (30-frame) to 3.951 W (120-frame), and mean energy from 1.029 J to 5.047 J. The maximum measured energy is 7.14 J (HEM022, 120-frame), while the minimum is 0.48 J (HEM028, 30-frame); peak power reaches 6.80 W in the 120-frame setting. These findings demonstrate that sliding-window length is not merely a tuning knob but a primary design decision that directly balances accuracy, output stability, and energy budget in practical, deployable SpHb estimation systems.

Keywords

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

123E689 ve 1919B012417134

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma Helsinki Bildirgesi ilkelerine uygun olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylanmıştır (2024/2515).

Kaynakça

  1. [1] E. J. Wang, W. Li, D. Hawkins, T. Gernsheimer, C. Norby-Slycord, S. N. Patel, “HemaApp: noninvasive blood screening of hemoglobin using smartphone cameras”, ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp), Heidelberg, Germany, 12-16 September 2016, 593–604.
  2. [2] R. G. Mannino, D. R. Myers, E. A. Tyburski, C. Caruso, J. Boudreaux, T. Leong, G. D. Clifford, W. A. Lam, “Smartphone app for non-invasive detection of anemia using only patient-sourced photos,” Nature Communications, 9, (2018), 4924.
  3. [3] A. X. Zhang, J. J. Lou, Z. J. Pan, J. Q. Luo, X. M. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. P. Li, L. L. Wang, X. Cui, B. Ji, L. Chen, “Prediction of anemia using facial images and deep learning technology in the emergency department”, Frontiers in Public Health, 10, (2022), 964385.
  4. [4] Y. W. Chen, X. Y. Hu, Y. Z. T. Zhu, X. Liu, B. Yi, “Real-time non-invasive hemoglobin prediction using deep learning-enabled smartphone imaging”, BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 24(1), (2024), 187.
  5. [5] D. Botina-Monsalve, Y. Benezeth, J. Miteran, “RTrPPG: An ultra light 3DCNN for real-time remote photoplethysmography”, IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), New Orleans, LA, USA, 18-24 June 2022, 2145–2153.
  6. [6] U. Bal, F. E. Oguz, K. M. Sunnetci, A. Alkan, A. Bal, E. Akkus, H. Erol, A. Ç. Seçkin, “Estimation of Total Hemoglobin (SpHb) from Facial Videos Using 3D Convolutional Neural Network-Based Regression”, Biosensors-Basel, 15(8), (2025), 485.
  7. [7] P. P. Kumar, A. Pal, K. Kant, “Resource Efficient Edge Computing Infrastructure for Video Surveillance”, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing, 7(4), (2022), 774–785.
  8. [8] M. A. Khan, R. Hamila, A. Erbad, M. Gabbouj, “Distributed Inference in Resource-Constrained IoT for Real-Time Video Surveillance”, IEEE Systems Journal, 17(1), (2023), 1512–1523.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Siberfizik Sistemleri ve Nesnelerin İnterneti , Yapay Zeka (Diğer) , Elektronik , Gömülü Sistemler

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

25 Nisan 2026

Yayımlanma Tarihi

-

Gönderilme Tarihi

2 Şubat 2026

Kabul Tarihi

1 Nisan 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Sayı: Advanced Online Publication

Kaynak Göster

APA
Bal, U., Akgün, A., Pakel, S. N., Sezerol, H., Seçkin, A. Ç., & Bal, A. (2026). Contactless hemoglobin estimation from facial video using edge computing and sliding-window analysisUç bilişim ve kayan pencere analizi kullanarak yüz videosundan temassız hemoglobin tahmini. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1880275
AMA
1.Bal U, Akgün A, Pakel SN, Sezerol H, Seçkin AÇ, Bal A. Contactless hemoglobin estimation from facial video using edge computing and sliding-window analysisUç bilişim ve kayan pencere analizi kullanarak yüz videosundan temassız hemoglobin tahmini. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.65206/pajes.1880275
Chicago
Bal, Ufuk, Abdulbaki Akgün, Sahra Nur Pakel, Hüseyin Sezerol, Ahmet Çağdaş Seçkin, ve Alkan Bal. 2026. “Contactless hemoglobin estimation from facial video using edge computing and sliding-window analysisUç bilişim ve kayan pencere analizi kullanarak yüz videosundan temassız hemoglobin tahmini”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1880275.
EndNote
Bal U, Akgün A, Pakel SN, Sezerol H, Seçkin AÇ, Bal A (01 Nisan 2026) Contactless hemoglobin estimation from facial video using edge computing and sliding-window analysisUç bilişim ve kayan pencere analizi kullanarak yüz videosundan temassız hemoglobin tahmini. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi Advanced Online Publication
IEEE
[1]U. Bal, A. Akgün, S. N. Pakel, H. Sezerol, A. Ç. Seçkin, ve A. Bal, “Contactless hemoglobin estimation from facial video using edge computing and sliding-window analysisUç bilişim ve kayan pencere analizi kullanarak yüz videosundan temassız hemoglobin tahmini”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication, Nis. 2026, doi: 10.65206/pajes.1880275.
ISNAD
Bal, Ufuk - Akgün, Abdulbaki - Pakel, Sahra Nur - Sezerol, Hüseyin - Seçkin, Ahmet Çağdaş - Bal, Alkan. “Contactless hemoglobin estimation from facial video using edge computing and sliding-window analysisUç bilişim ve kayan pencere analizi kullanarak yüz videosundan temassız hemoglobin tahmini”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. Advanced Online Publication (01 Nisan 2026). https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1880275.
JAMA
1.Bal U, Akgün A, Pakel SN, Sezerol H, Seçkin AÇ, Bal A. Contactless hemoglobin estimation from facial video using edge computing and sliding-window analysisUç bilişim ve kayan pencere analizi kullanarak yüz videosundan temassız hemoglobin tahmini. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026. doi:10.65206/pajes.1880275.
MLA
Bal, Ufuk, vd. “Contactless hemoglobin estimation from facial video using edge computing and sliding-window analysisUç bilişim ve kayan pencere analizi kullanarak yüz videosundan temassız hemoglobin tahmini”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication, Nisan 2026, doi:10.65206/pajes.1880275.
Vancouver
1.Ufuk Bal, Abdulbaki Akgün, Sahra Nur Pakel, Hüseyin Sezerol, Ahmet Çağdaş Seçkin, Alkan Bal. Contactless hemoglobin estimation from facial video using edge computing and sliding-window analysisUç bilişim ve kayan pencere analizi kullanarak yüz videosundan temassız hemoglobin tahmini. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 01 Nisan 2026;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.65206/pajes.1880275