Makine öğrenmesi kullanarak iletim hatlarında arıza türünün ve yerinin belirlenmesi

Öz

Arka Plan—Günümüzde hızla artan enerji talebi ile enerjinin kesintisiz ve sürdürülebilir bir şekilde sağlanabilmesi zorunlu hale gelmiştir. Bu durum, iletim hatlarında meydana gelen arızaların hızlı ve doğru teşhis edilerek oluşan anormalliklerin giderilmesinin önemini artırmaktadır. Meydana gelen arızaların teşhisinde geleneksel yöntemler bazı durumlarda yetersiz kalabilmektedir. Bu nedenle yapay zekâ tabanlı yöntemlerin kullanılması büyük önem kazanmıştır.

Amaç—Bu çalışmanın amacı enerji iletim hatlarında oluşabilecek arızaların türünün ve yerinin tespitinde farklı makine öğrenmesi modelleri oluşturularak, performanslarının karşılaştırılması ve bunun sonucunda en güvenilir modeli belirlemektir. Bu analizlerle, modellerin performanslarının farklı işletme koşullarında da tutarlı olması hedeflenmiştir.

Yöntem— MATLAB / Simulink ortamında 400kV’luk bir iletim hattı modeli çeşitli arıza türü ve yeri için simüle edilmiş ve problemin gerekliliklerine göre üç fazlı gerilim, üç fazlı akım, sıfır bileşen akımı (I₀), zaman ve konum bilgilerinden oluşan kapsamlı veri kümeleri elde edilmiştir. Arıza türünün tespitinde destek vektör makineleri (SVM) ve karar ağacı (DT) algoritmaları kullanılırken arıza yeri tespitinde k-en yakın komşu (KNN) regresyon ve rastgele orman regresyon algoritmaları kullanılmıştır. Bu algoritmalarla oluşturulan modellerin performansı, sınıflandırma ve regresyon problemi için ayrı ayrı metriklerle değerlendirilmiştir.

Bulgular—Arıza türü tespiti sonuçlarına göre, her iki model de %99’un üzerinde doğruluk değerlerine ulaşmış; SVM modeli %99.70 doğruluk oranına ulaşırken, Karar Ağacı %99.81 doğruluk oranı ile en yüksek başarıyı yakalayan model olmuştur. Arıza yeri tespitinde ise ortalama mutlak hata (MAE) değerlerinde belirgin farklar gözlemlenmiştir. KNN regresyon modeli 0.416 km ortalama mutlak hata sergilerken, Rastgele Orman Regresyonu 0.114 km gibi oldukça düşük bir hata payı ile arıza konumunu çok daha hassas bir şekilde belirlemiştir. Değerlendirme sonucunda, oluşturulan model performansları başarılı ve güvenilir sonuçlar verirken sınıflandırma probleminde karar ağacının doğruluk oranının daha yüksek olduğu, yer tespitinde ise rastgele orman algoritmasının daha yavaş fakat daha az hatalı sonuçlar verdiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Modellerin farklı senaryolar altındaki genelleme yeteneğini değerlendirmek üzere; arıza direnci, hat parametreleri ve faz farkı değişimleri analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, önerilen yapının değişken işletme koşulları altında bile yüksek hassasiyet, güvenilirlik ve kararlılık sunduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

Sonuç—Elde edilen bulgulara dayanarak, doğru öznitelik seçiminin ve problemin yapısına uygun model tercihinin genel sistem performansı üzerindeki önemi vurgulanmış ve böylece enerji iletim hatlarında arıza yönetim ve bakım süreçlerine entegre edilebilecek güvenilir bir çerçeve sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Enerji iletim hatları
• makine öğrenmesi
• arıza türü tespiti
• arıza yeri tespiti
• kısa devre arızaları

Fault type and location identification in transmission lines using machine learning

Öz

Context—With the rapidly increasing energy demand today, ensuring the uninterrupted and sustainable supply of energy has become essential. This situation increases the importance of quickly and accurately diagnosing faults occurring in transmission lines and eliminating the resulting abnormalities. Traditional methods used for fault diagnosis may be insufficient in some cases; therefore, the use of artificial intelligence-based methods has gained significant importance.

Objective—The aim of this study is to develop different machine learning models to identify the type and location of faults that may occur in power transmission lines, compare their performances, and determine the most reliable model. Through these analyses, it is also aimed to ensure that the performance of the models remains consistent under different operating conditions.

Method—A 400 kV transmission line model was simulated in the MATLAB / Simulink environment for various fault types and locations, and comprehensive datasets consisting of three-phase voltage, three-phase current, zero-sequence current (I₀), time, and location information were obtained according to the requirements of the problem. For fault type detection, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Decision Tree (DT) algorithms were used, while K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) regression and Random Forest regression algorithms were used for fault location detection. The performance of the models developed using these algorithms was evaluated using separate metrics for classification and regression problems.

Results—According to the results of fault type detection, both models achieved accuracy values above 99%; while the SVM model reached an accuracy of 99.70%, the Decision Tree achieved the highest performance with an accuracy of 99.81%. In fault location detection, significant differences were observed in the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) values: the KNN regression model exhibited an MAE of 0.416 km, whereas the Random Forest regression determined the fault location much more precisely with a very low error margin of 0.114 km. As a result of the evaluation, although all developed models produced successful and reliable results, it was concluded that the Decision Tree had a higher accuracy rate in the classification problem, whereas the Random Forest algorithm provided slower but less erroneous results in fault location detection. To evaluate the generalization capability of the models under different scenarios, variations in fault resistance, line parameters, and phase angle differences were analyzed, and the results revealed that the proposed structure provides high accuracy, reliability, and stability even under varying operating conditions.

Conclusion—Based on the findings, the importance of correct feature selection and selecting a model appropriate to the structure of the problem for overall system performance was emphasized, and thus a reliable framework that can be integrated into fault management and maintenance processes in power transmission lines has been presented.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Energy transmission lines
• machine learning
• fault type identification
• fault location identification
• short circuit faults

Kaynakça

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